Home Meal Replacement Fortified with Eggshell Powder and Vitamin D Prevents Bone Loss in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Study.

Calcium and vitamin D deficiencies have been ongoing problems in Koreans due to a lack of food sources of calcium and vitamin D. Postmenopausal women aged 50 to 64 years (n = 25) were randomly assigned to consume three home meal replacements (HMRs)/week with (treatment) and without (control) eggshell powder and vitamin D for 6 months. Additionally, subjects who agreed to continue the study consumed the same three HMRs/week for an additional 6 months in this randomized double-blind study. We confirmed the high compliance of the study participants by analyzing carotenoids, the bioactive substances of HMRs, in the blood. The treatment group consumed an additional 261 mg/d of calcium and 10.3 µg/d of vitamin D from the HMRs, thus meeting the recommended intakes of calcium and vitamin D for Koreans. As a result of consuming fortified HMRs for 6 months, the decline in femoral neck bone density was significantly reduced in the treatment group (p = 0.035). This study indicates that inexpensive eggshell powder may be a good source of calcium for populations with low consumption of milk and dairy products. Additionally, functional HMRs fortified with eggshell powder and vitamin D can be a good dietary strategy for bone health.

Oat (Avena sativa) Extract against Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis in Human Keratinocytes.

Oat (Avena sativa) is well known for its various health benefits. The protective effect of oat extract against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes HaCaT was determined. First, extracts of two varieties of oat, Daeyang and Choyang, were analyzed for fat-soluble antioxidants such as α-tocotrienol, γ-oryzanols, lutein and zeaxanthin using an UPLC system and for antioxidant activity using a DPPH assay. Specifically, an 80% ethanol extract of Daeyang oat (Avena sativa cv. Daeyang), which had high amounts of antioxidants and potent radical scavenging activity, was further evaluated for protective effect against oxidative stress-induced cell death, intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, the phosphorylation of DNA damage mediating genes such as H2AX, checkpoint kinase 1 and 2, and p53 and the activation of apoptotic genes such as cleaved caspase-3 and 7 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in HaCaT cells. The Daeyang and Choyang oat 80% ethanol extracts had 26.9 and 24.1 mg/100 g γ-oryzanols, 7.69 and 8.38 mg/100 g α-tocotrienol, 1.25 and 0.34 mg/100 g of lutein and 1.20 and 0.17 mg/100 g of zeaxanthin, respectively. The oat 80% ethanol extract treatment (Avena sativa cv. Daeyang) had a protective effect on oxidative stress-induced cell death in HaCaT cells. In addition, the oat 80% ethanol extracts led to a significant decrease in the intracellular ROS level at a concentration of 50-200 µg/mL, the attenuation of DNA damage mediating genes and the inhibition of apoptotic caspase activities in a dose dependent manner (50-200 µg/mL). Thus, the current study indicates that an oat (Avena sativa cv. Daeyang) extract rich in antioxidants, such as polyphenols, avenanthramides, γ-oryzanols, tocotrienols and carotenoids, has a protective role against oxidative stress-induced keratinocyte injuries and that oat may a useful source for oxidative stress-associated skin damage.

Black rice with giant embryo ameliorates serum C-reactive protein in adults with metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome is well known to increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. We have reported that phytochemicals rich black rice with giant embryo reduced fat mass and metabolic disorders in an animal model. However, such effects have not been evaluated in humans. Subjects with metabolic syndrome (n = 49, 38 male, 44.3 ± 6.1 years) were randomly assigned into two groups and ingested roasted black-rice with giant embryo (BR, n = 26, 20 male) or white-rice (WR, n = 23, 18 male) powders mixed with water for breakfast for three months. Subjects were evaluated for various metabolic parameters before and after intervention. All parameters were not significantly different between groups before starting the intervention. After three months of consumption of either BR or WR, changes of body weight in BR vs WR groups (-1.54 kg vs -1.29 kg, p = 0.649) as well as waist circumference (-1.63 cm vs -1.02 cm, p = 0.365) were not significantly different between groups. However, changes in highly-sensitive C reactive proteins in BR vs WR groups (-0.110 mg/dl vs 0.017 mg/dl, p = 0.003) had significant differences. Three months of meal replacement with BR had a significant reduction of highly-sensitive C reactive protein compared to those with WR in adults with metabolic syndrome.

Black soybeans protect human keratinocytes from oxidative stress-induced cell death.

Black soybeans are functional foods containing a variety of bioactives such as isoflavones, carotenoids, tocopherols, phenolic acid as well as anthocyanins. Here, we examined whether Cheongja#3 black soybean extract has a protective effect on oxidative stress-induced cell death in human keratinocytes HaCaT. First, we identified fat-soluble bioactives in three varieties of soybean extracts (Saedanbaek, Daechan, and Cheongja#3). In particular, black soybean Cheongja#3 had high amounts of lutein than other varieties. We demonstrated that Cheongja#3 extract reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, Cheongja#3 protected cells from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress and triggered cell death determined by cell viabilities and apoptotic caspase activities. Next, we identified the underlying mechanism is due to increased Nrf2 antioxidant system by Cheongja#3, thus increasing the expression of heme oxygenases (HO)-1. These results indicated that Cheongja#3 soybean extract has protective role against oxidative stress by upregulating the Nrf-2 antioxidant system in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells.

Fat Mass Is Associated with Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration Regardless of Body Size in Men.

There are no large community-based studies examining the association of body size vs. body fat with vitamin D status. Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) with body weight and subcategories of body weight defined by fat mass were evaluated in a large, free living population. Out of a total of 29,235 subjects from the 2008⁻2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the relevant data included 6458 subjects over 50 years of age who were analyzed cross-sectionally. Serum 25OHD concentrations were compared in men (n = 3164) and in women (n = 3294) by tertiles of body weight and body fat mass, as measured by Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) within sex-specific tertiles of body weight. Serum 25OHD was weakly inversely correlated with body weight in the men and the women after adjustment for age (r = −0.075 and −0.073, respectively, p < 0.001 for both). Within each tertile of body weight, serum 25OHD decreased progressively as fat mass increased in men. This pattern was similar in the women but not consistently significant. Whereas body weight predicted a small decrease in serum 25OHD in the men and the women, greater adiposity, for any given weight, predicted larger decreases in the men, but not consistently in women.

Isotopic labelling for the characterisation of HNE-sequestering agents in plant-based extracts and its application for the identification of anthocyanidins in black rice with giant embryo.

Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) are cytotoxic molecules that originate from lipid peroxidation and sugar oxidation. Natural derivatives can be an attractive source of potential RCS scavenger. However, the lack of analytical methods to screen and identify bioactive compounds contained in complex matrices has hindered their identification. The sequestering actions of various rice extracts on RCS have been determined using ubiquitin and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) as a protein and RCS model, respectively. Black rice with giant embryo extract was found to be the most effective among various rice varieties. The identification of bioactive compounds was then carried out by an isotopic signature profile method using the characteristic isotopic ion cluster generated by the mixture of HNE: 2H5-HNE mixed at a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. An in-house database was used to obtain the structures of the possible bioactive components. The identified compounds were further confirmed as HNE sequestering agents through HPLC-UV analysis.

Enhanced Antioxidant Activity of Bioactives in Colored Grains by Nano-Carriers in Human Lens Epithelial Cells.

The use of phytochemicals for preventing chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress such as cataracts is hindered by their low bioavailability. The effects of nano-carriers on the antioxidant activities of extracts of black rice with giant embryo (BRGEx) and soybeans (SBx) have been determined in human lens epithelial B3 cells. Scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that rGO (reduced graphene oxide) has a flat surface unlike GO (graphene oxide), which has a distinctive wrinkled structure with defects. UPLC analysis revealed 41.9 µg/100 g of γ-oryzanols in water extract of BRGE, and 111.8 µg /100 g of lutein, 757.7 µg/100 g of γ-tocotrienol, 4071.4 µg/100 g of γ-tocopherol in 40% ethanol extract of soybeans, respectively. Even though a low concentration of BRGEx alone did not show any antioxidant activity in B3 cells, co-treatment of BRGEx with rGO together substantially reduced hydrogen peroxide and methylglyoxal-induced DNA damage, as determined by phosphorylated γH2AX. In addition, SBx with rGO also attenuated DNA damage. Furthermore, intracellular reactive oxygen species were significantly decreased by combining extracts of these colored grains with rGO. These results suggest a potential application of nanocarriers for enhancing the bioavailability of phytochemicals.

Dietary Anthocyanins against Obesity and Inflammation.

Chronic low-grade inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of obesity, due to its associated chronic diseases such as type II diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary diseases and cancer. Thus, targeting inflammation is an attractive strategy to counter the burden of obesity-induced health problems. Recently, food-derived bioactive compounds have been spotlighted as a regulator against various chronic diseases due to their low toxicity, as opposed to drugs that induce severe side effects. Here we describe the beneficial effects of dietary anthocyanins on obesity-induced metabolic disorders and inflammation. Red cabbage microgreen, blueberry, blackcurrant, mulberry, cherry, black elderberry, black soybean, chokeberry and jaboticaba peel contain a variety of anthocyanins including cyanidins, delphinidins, malvidins, pelargonidins, peonidins and petunidins, and have been reported to alter both metabolic markers and inflammatory markers in cells, animals, and humans. This review discusses the interplay between inflammation and obesity, and their subsequent regulation via the use of dietary anthocyanins, suggesting an alternative dietary strategy to ameliorate obesity and obesity associated chronic diseases.

Peanut butter increases the bioavailability and bioconversion of kale ß-carotene to vitamin A.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Kale is a rich source of provitamin A- ß-carotene. This study used intrinsically labeled kale [2H9] ß-carotene to determine the effect of peanut butter on the bioconversion of kale ß-carotene to vitamin A in preschool children. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Preschool children (n=37; age 12-36 mo) were randomly assigned to 50 g cooked kale (1.5 mg ß-carotene content) with either 33 g peanut butter (PBG) or with 16 g lard (LG) and a reference dose of 1 mg [13C10] retinyl acetate capsule. Blood samples were processed to serum and analyzed by Negative Chemical Ionization-Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (NCI-GCMS) for the enrichments of [2H] retinol from kale [2H9] ß-carotene and [13C10] retinol from reference dose. RESULTS: The area under curves (AUCs) of molar enrichment at days 1, 2, 3, 6, 15, and 21 after the labeled doses was 56.3±10.5 and 84.8±16.2 (nmole) for [2H] retinol from LG and PBG kale [2H9] ß-carotene, respectively. The AUC of [13C10] retinol from reference dose was 432.6±54.9 (LG) and 560.3±156.7 (nmole) (PBG), respectively. The calculated ß-carotene conversion factors were 13.4±3.1 and 11.0±3.9 to 1 (p>0.05) by weight for LG and PBG, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that peanut butter enhances the vitamin A value of kale.

Implications of red Panax ginseng in oxidative stress associated chronic diseases.

The steaming process of Panax ginseng has been reported to increase its major known bioactive components, ginsenosides, and, therefore, its biological properties as compared to regular Panax ginseng. Biological functions of red Panax ginseng attenuating pro-oxidant environments associated with chronic diseases are of particular interest, since oxidative stress can be a key contributor to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases. Additionally, proper utilization of various biomarkers for evaluating antioxidant activities in natural products, such as ginseng, can also be important to providing validity to their activities. Thus, studies on the effects of red ginseng against various diseases as determined in cell lines, animal models, and humans were reviewed, along with applied biomarkers for verifying such effects. Limitations and future considerations of studying red ginseng were been discussed. Although further clinical studies are warranted, red ginseng appears to be beneficial for attenuating disease-associated symptoms via its antioxidant activities, as well as for preventing oxidative stress-associated chronic diseases.

Dietary Calcium Intake May Contribute to the HOMA-IR Score in Korean Females with Vitamin D Deficiency (2008-2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey).

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D and calcium are important factors involved in the regulation of blood glucose and insulin secretion. The Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) score is a useful variable for evaluating insulin resistance, and therefore we cross-sectionally compared HOMA-IR scores according to serum vitamin D levels and dietary calcium intake. METHODS: We selected data from healthy males (n=5,163) and females (n=7,506) analyzed over 5 years (2008-2012) via the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). We calculated HOMA-IR scores and compared them according to serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration classification (<20, 20-30, >30 ng/mL) and dietary calcium quintile after adjustment for relevant variables using complex sample analysis. Comparisons were done after data weighting. RESULTS: The mean dietary calcium intake in males and females was 558.1 mg/day and 445.9 mg/day, respectively. The mean serum 25(OH)D concentration in males and females was 19.4 ng/mL and 16.8 ng/mL, respectively. After adjustment for relevant variables, HOMA-IR score was significantly correlated with serum 25(OH)D concentration and dietary calcium intake in females, whereas it was only correlated with serum 25(OH)D concentration in males. HOMA-IR was significantly lower in the top quintile of dietary calcium intake (mean, 866 mg/day) within females with vitamin D deficiency (P=0.047). CONCLUSION: Adequate dietary calcium intake may be important for normal HOMA-IR in females with vitamin D deficiency.

Identification of Enzymatic Cleavage Products of ß-Carotene-Rich Extracts of Kale and Biofortified Maize.

Provitamin A carotenoids in plant foods provide more than 80% of vitamin A intake for people in developing countries. Therefore, the conversion efficiency of ß-carotene to vitamin A is important, as it determines the effectiveness of plant foods as sources of vitamin A in humans. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of plant food antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol, γ-tocotrienol and total γ-oryzanol on the cleavage of ß-carotene in vitro. Rat intestinal mucosa post mitochondrial fractions were incubated with ß-carotene-rich extracts of kale and biofortified maize for an hour at 37°C. Rat intestinal mucosa post mitochondrial fractions were also incubated with ß-carotene in the presence of either α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol, γ-tocotrienol or γ-oryzanol for 60 min at 37°C. The ß-carotene cleavage products were extracted and analyzed by an HPLC equipped with a C18 column at 340nm and 450nm. When ß-carotene alone was incubated without intestinal mucosa homogenate (control), no cleavage products were detected. When ß-carotene alone was incubated with intestinal mucosa homogenate, ß-apo-13-carotenone, ß-apo-14-carotenal, retinal, retinol and retinoic acid were formed. However, incubation of ß-carotene with either α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol or α-tocotrienol resulted in a 10 fold inhibition of ß-apo-14-carotenal and ß-apo-13-carotenone formation. Antioxidant rich biofortified maize extract incubated with postmitochondrial fraction produced less ß-apo-13-carotenone compared to the kale extract. These results suggest that antioxidants inhibit the cleavage of ß-carotene and the formation of excentric cleavage products (ß-apo-13-carotenone, ß-apo-14-carotenal).

Antiadipogenic Activity of γ-Oryzanol and Its Stability in Pigmented Rice.

γ-Oryzanol, a prevalent compound in pigmented rice varieties, has been reported to ameliorate obesity-associated metabolic disorders. Antiadipogenic activities of γ-oryzanol were determined in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and mouse-derived 3T3-L1 cells. γ-Oryzanol significantly decreased lipid accumulation and reduced glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in both adipocytes. In addition, γ-oryzanol in four pigmented rice varieties (black with giant embryo, brown, sugary brown, and red) was stable when stored at 4°C and also at room temperature for 22 weeks, whereas other bioactives such as lutein and ß-carotene were stable only at -80°C. Furthermore, the yield of γ-oryzanol from these rice varieties was significantly increased through steaming and roasting processes. Therefore, γ-oryzanol exerts antiadipogenic activity by suppressing adipocyte differentiations and is stable in pigmented rice for an extended period of time during storage and after cooking. Thus, the intake of pigmented rice may be a useful strategy for preventing obesity.

Targeting Reactive Carbonyl Species with Natural Sequestering Agents.

Reactive carbonyl species generated by the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and sugars are highly reactive due to their electrophilic nature, and are able to easily react with the nucleophilic sites of proteins as well as DNA causing cellular dysfunction. Levels of reactive carbonyl species and their reaction products have been reported to be elevated in various chronic diseases, including metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. In an effort to identify sequestering agents for reactive carbonyl species, various analytical techniques such as spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography, western blot, and mass spectrometry have been utilized. In particular, recent advances using a novel high resolution mass spectrometry approach allows screening of complex mixtures such as natural products for their sequestering ability of reactive carbonyl species. To overcome the limited bioavailability and bioefficacy of natural products, new techniques using nanoparticles and nanocarriers may offer a new attractive strategy for increased in vivo utilization and targeted delivery of bioactives.

Cut-off values of blood mercury concentration in relation to increased body mass index and waist circumference in Koreans.

Blood mercury (methyl-mercury) from environmental exposure may be related to inflammation in our body. We investigated the cut-off values of blood mercury concentration in relation to increased body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. On the basis of data obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2008-2012), 11,159 subjects (5543 males and 5616 females) were analyzed cross-sectionally. Partial correlation, linear regression, and analysis of covariance (according to the mercury quartile) tests were performed to evaluate the relationship between blood mercury and BMI or waist circumference. In addition, we determined the cut-off values of blood mercury concentration in relation to increased BMI and waist circumference in both genders. Mean values of blood mercury concentration were 5.07 ± 0.07 µg/L in males and 3.59 ± 0.04 µg/L in females. After log transformation of blood mercury, significant (p < 0.001) correlation was found between blood mercury concentration and BMI or waist circumference. BMI and waist circumference showed a significant and gradual increase as mercury quartile increased in both genders. Blood mercury concentration was weakly but significantly (p < 0.001) associated with BMI and waist circumference. Cut-off values of blood mercury concentration correlated with increased BMI and waist circumference were around 3.95 µg/L in males and 3.40 µg/L in females.

Impact of Geographic Location on Vitamin D Status and Bone Mineral Density.

A significant decline of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration [25(OH)D] with increasing latitude has been reported only for Caucasians. To determine the association between serum 25(OH)D and geographic location and its impact on bone mineral density (BMD) in an Asian population, a total of 17,508 subjects (8910 men and 8598 women) from the 2008-2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were stratified into four age groups and analyzed for 25(OH)D and BMD according to geographic location (South, 33° N-35° N; Middle, 36° N; North, 37° N-38° N). Mean 25(OH)D were 47.7 and 41.2 nmol/L; calcium intake, 564.9 & 442.3 mg/d; femoral neck BMD, 0.829 & 0.721 g/cm²; and lumbar spine BMD, 0.960 & 0.918 g/cm² for men and women, respectively. Both men and women living in the South had significantly higher 25(OH)D and femoral neck BMD for those ≥50 years old. Lumbar spine BMD was significantly higher in men ≥50 years old, and for women 10-29 & 50-69 years old living in the South. A 1 or 2 degree difference in latitude has a significant effect on serum 25(OH)D and BMD in this low vitamin D status population. Thus, consideration of geographic location for a recommendation of vitamin D intake may be necessary.

Milk Consumption and Framingham Risk Score: Analysis of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data (2008-2011).

PURPOSE: The benefit of milk intake remains controversial. The association between milk consumption and Framingham Risk Score (FRS) in a population consuming relatively low amounts of dairy products is undetermined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 13736 adults (5718 male and 8018 female) aged 20-80 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2011) were divided into groups according to milk consumption (rarely, monthly, weekly, and daily) and compared according to FRS after relevant variable adjustments. RESULTS: The mean FRS in males and females were 6.53 and 5.74, respectively. Males who consumed milk daily (15.9%) had a significantly lower FRS than males having milk rarely (31.6%) or monthly (17.4%; p=0.007). Females who consumed milk daily (22.3%) also had significantly lower FRS than rarely (29.8%), monthly (13.8%), or weekly (34%; p=0.001) consumers. In particular, males ≥60 years old who consumed milk daily had a significantly lower FRS than males who consumed less milk (p<0.001). The odds ratio in this age group showed a significant and gradual increase in the weekly [OR=2.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14-4.03], monthly (OR=2.29; 95% CI 1.15-4.54), and rarely (OR=3.79; 95% CI 2.01-7.14) milk consumption groups when compared with the daily milk consumption group. CONCLUSION: Milk consumption was associated with a lower FRS in a low milk-consuming population. In particular, daily milk consumption in males over 60 years old may be beneficial for those at risk for cardiovascular disease.

Black Rice with Giant Embryo Attenuates Obesity-Associated Metabolic Disorders in ob/ob Mice.

Obesity is closely associated with metabolic disorders such as hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. Leptin-deficient ob/ob mice (C57BL/6J-ob/ob) and C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to a diet of black rice with giant embryo (BR), white rice (WR), or AIN-93G (control) and pair-fed for 14 weeks. Although there was no significant difference in body weight, BR-fed ob/ob mice had (1) significantly lower body fat mass than WR- and control-fed ob/ob mice determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; (2) significantly lower blood glucose, serum insulin, and triacylglycerol levels than control-fed ob/ob mice; and (3) significantly lower liver weight, hepatic triacylglycerol, and hepatic lipid droplets than both WR- and control-fed ob/ob mice. Furthermore, DNA damage in the liver, determined by phosphorylated H2AX protein, and in the kidney, determined by single-cell gel electrophoresis, was significantly lower in BR-fed than WR- and control-fed ob/ob mice. This study indicates that BR ameliorates obesity and its related metabolic disorders.

Bioactives in Commonly Consumed Cereal Grains: Implications for Oxidative Stress and Inflammation.

Oxidative stress and inflammation are closely linked to various chronic diseases. Thus, targeting this axis of oxidative stress and inflammation is a particularly interesting area of study for reducing the risk of chronic diseases, including, but not limited to, metabolic disorders, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease. It is well known that antioxidants play a pivotal role in tuning this axis. In this review, we introduce five different cereal grains, which are the most commonly consumed throughout the world and are functionally reported to have antioxidant activity: oat (Avena spp.), barley (Hordeum spp.), rice (Oryza spp.), wheat (Triticum spp.), and rye (Secale spp.). Bioactive components of these grains, partial grains or whole grains, have demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in cells and animals. Although further study is required to establish their efficacy for treating patients with chronic diseases, we suggest that grains, which are a great source of antioxidants, have potential in the prevention of oxidative stress and inflammation-related chronic diseases.

Isoflurane and Propofol Contribute to Increasing the Antioxidant Status of Patients During Minor Elective Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Study.

Isoflurane is a volatile halogenated anesthetic used especially for anesthesia maintenance whereas propofol is a venous anesthetic utilized for anesthesia induction and maintenance, and reportedly an antioxidant. However, there are still controversies related to isoflurane-induced oxidative stress and it remains unanswered whether the antioxidant effects occur in patients under propofol anesthesia.Taking into account the importance of better understanding the role of anesthetics on oxidative stress in anesthetized patients, the present study was designed to evaluate general anesthesia maintained with isoflurane or propofol on antioxidant status in patients who underwent minimally invasive surgeries.We conducted a prospective randomized trial in 30 adult patients without comorbidities who underwent elective minor surgery (septoplasty) lasting at least 2 h admitted to a Brazilian tertiary hospital.The patients were randomly allocated into 2 groups, according to anesthesia maintenance (isoflurane, n = 15 or propofol, n = 15). Peripheral blood samples were drawn before anesthesia (baseline) and 2-h after anesthesia induction.The primary outcomes were to investigate the effect of either isoflurane or propofol anesthesia on aqueous plasma oxidizability and total antioxidant performance (TAP) by fluorometry as well as several individual antioxidants by high-performance liquid chromatography. As secondary outcome, oxidized genetic damage (7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine, known as 8-oxo-Gua) was investigated by the comet assay.Both anesthesia techniques (isoflurane or propofol) for a 2-h period resulted in a significant decrease of plasma α-tocopherol, but not other antioxidants including uric acid, carotenoids, and retinol (P > 0.05). Propofol, in contrast to isoflurane anesthesia, significantly increased (P < 0.001) anti-inflammatory/antioxidant plasma γ-tocopherol concentration in patients. Both anesthesia types significantly enhanced hydrophilic antioxidant capacity and TAP, with no significant difference between them, and 8-oxo-Gua remained unchanged during anesthesia in both groups. In addition, both anesthetics showed antioxidant capacity in vitro.This study shows that anesthesia maintained with either propofol or isoflurane increase both hydrophilic and total antioxidant capacity in plasma, but only propofol anesthesia increases plasma γ-tocopherol concentration. Additionally, both types of anesthetics do not lead to oxidative DNA damage in patients without comorbidities undergoing minimally invasive surgery.