Isoquercitrin Played a Neuroprotective Role in Rats After Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Through Up-Regulating Neuroglobin and Anti-Oxidative Stress.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to investigate whether isoquercitrin (Iso) exerts a neuroprotective role effect after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CIR) via up-regulating neuroglobin (Ngb) or reducing oxidative stress. METHODS: The middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) model was constructed using Sprague Dawley rats. First, we divided 40 mice into 5 groups (n = 8): sham, MCAO/R, Low-dosed Iso (5 mg/kg Iso), Mid-dosed Iso (10 mg/kg Iso), and High-dosed Iso (20 mg/kg Iso). Then, 48 rats were separated into 6 groups (n = 8): sham, MCAO/R, Iso, artificial cerebrospinal fluid, Ngb antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs), and AS-ODNs ± Iso. The effects of Iso on brain tissue injury and oxidative stress were evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay, immunofluorescence, western blotting, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection. RESULTS: The neurologic score, infarct volume, histopathology, apoptosis rate, and ROS production were reduced in Iso dose-dependent. The Ngb expression enhanced in Iso dose-dependent. The oxidative stress-related factors SOD, GSH, CAT, Nrf2, HO-1, and HIF-1α levels also increased in Iso dose-dependent, whereas the MDA levels decreased. However, related regulation of Iso on brain tissue damage and oxidative stress were reversed after low expression of Ngb. CONCLUSION: Isoquercitrin played a neuroprotective role after CIR through up-regulating of Ngb and anti-oxidative stress.

Isoquercitrin Upregulates Aldolase C Through Nrf2 to Ameliorate OGD/R-Induced Damage in SH-SY5Y Cells.

Isoquercitrin (ISO), an extract from Chinese traditional herb, exhibits potent neuroprotective roles in various disease models. However, its role in stroke is not fully understood. We established oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in SH-SY5Y cell to study the roles of ISO in stroke. In the experiment, the changes of LDH level and cell viability (MTT) were analyzed. Apoptotic cells stained with anti-Annexin V antibody and propidium iodide (PI) were detected by flow cytometry. The mRNA and protein level of aldolase C (ALDOC) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) was determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blotting assay, respectively. The localization of Nrf2 was investigated by immunofluorescent assay. OGD/R reduced cell viability via inducing cell apoptosis, while ISO treatment reduced the level of apoptosis in OGD/R-treated SH-SY5Y cells ISO rescued OGD/R-treated cells. Mechanistically, the expression of Nrf2 and ALDOC was upregulated upon ISO treatment, while knockdown of ALDOC diminished the activation of autophagy and hence inhibited ISO-mediated protective activity. We further demonstrated that ISO enhanced ALDOC transcription by promoting nuclear translocation of Nrf2, and suppression of Nrf2 decreased the expression of ALDOC. Our data revealed that ISO exhibited neuroprotective activity in OGD/R model through Nrf2-ALDOC-autopagy axis and highlighted the potential application of ISO in stroke treatment.

Primary Mediastinal B-Cell Lymphoma: Novel Precision Therapies and Future Directions.

Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL) is a distinct clinicopathologic disease from other types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with unique prognostic features and limited availability of clinical data. The current standard treatment for newly diagnosed PMBCL has long been dependent on a dose-intensive, dose-adjusted multi-agent chemotherapy regimen of rituximab plus etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin (DA-R-EPOCH). Recent randomized trials have provided evidence that R-CHOP followed by consolidation radiotherapy (RT) is a valuable alternative option to first-line treatment. For recurrent/refractory PMBCL (rrPMBCL), new drugs such as pembrolizumab and CAR-T cell therapy have proven to be effective in a few studies. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) is the preferred imaging modality of choice for the initial phase of lymphoma treatment and to assess response to treatment. In the future, baseline quantitative PET-CT can be used to predict prognosis in PMBCL. This review focuses on the pathology of PMBCL, underlying molecular basis, treatment options, radiotherapy, targeted therapies, and the potential role of PET-CT to guide treatment choices in this disease.

Oleanolic Acid Inhibits Neuronal Pyroptosis in Ischaemic Stroke by Inhibiting miR-186-5p Expression.

Ischaemic stroke is a common condition leading to human disability and death. Previous studies have shown that oleanolic acid (OA) ameliorates oxidative injury and cerebral ischaemic damage, and miR-186-5p is verified to be elevated in serum from ischaemic stroke patients. Herein, we investigated whether OA regulates miR-186-5p expression to control neuroglobin (Ngb) levels, thereby inhibiting neuronal pyroptosis in ischaemic stroke. Three concentrations of OA (0.5, 2, or 8 µM) were added to primary hippocampal neurons subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R), a cell model of ischaemic stroke. We found that OA treatment markedly inhibited pyroptosis. qRT-PCR and western blot revealed that OA suppressed the expression of pyroptosis-associated genes. Furthermore, OA inhibited LDH and proinflammatory cytokine release. In addition, miR-186-5p was downregulated while Ngb was upregulated in OA-treated OGD/R neurons. MiR-186-5p knockdown repressed OGD/R-induced pyroptosis and suppressed LDH and inflammatory cytokine release. In addition, a dual luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-186-5p directly targeted Ngb. OA reduced miR-186-5p to regulate Ngb levels, thereby inhibiting pyroptosis in both OGD/R-treated neurons and MCAO mice. In conclusion, OA alleviates pyroptosis in vivo and in vitro by downregulating miR-186-5p and upregulating Ngb expression, which provides a novel theoretical basis illustrating that OA can be considered a drug for ischaemic stroke.

A rapid, highly efficient and economical method of Agrobacterium-mediated in planta transient transformation in living onion epidermis.

Transient transformation is simpler, more efficient and economical in analyzing protein subcellular localization than stable transformation. Fluorescent fusion proteins were often used in transient transformation to follow the in vivo behavior of proteins. Onion epidermis, which has large, living and transparent cells in a monolayer, is suitable to visualize fluorescent fusion proteins. The often used transient transformation methods included particle bombardment, protoplast transfection and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Particle bombardment in onion epidermis was successfully established, however, it was expensive, biolistic equipment dependent and with low transformation efficiency. We developed a highly efficient in planta transient transformation method in onion epidermis by using a special agroinfiltration method, which could be fulfilled within 5 days from the pretreatment of onion bulb to the best time-point for analyzing gene expression. The transformation conditions were optimized to achieve 43.87% transformation efficiency in living onion epidermis. The developed method has advantages in cost, time-consuming, equipment dependency and transformation efficiency in contrast with those methods of particle bombardment in onion epidermal cells, protoplast transfection and Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation in leaf epidermal cells of other plants. It will facilitate the analysis of protein subcellular localization on a large scale.

[Effects of temperature on CH4 emission from subtropical common tree species leaves].

Laboratory incubation test was conducted to study the effects of temperature on the CH4 emission from the leaves of subtropical common tree species Castanopsis carlesii, Schima superb, Cinnamomum chekiangense, Castsanopsis fabri, Cunninghamia lanceolata, and Citrus reticulata. Among the six tree species, only S. superb, C. reticulate, and C. fabri emitted CH4 at 10 degrees C. At above 20 degrees C, all the six species emitted CH4, and the average CH4 emission rate at above 30 degrees C (1.010 ng CH4 x g(-1) DM x h(-1)) was 2.96 times higher than that at 10-30 degrees C (0.255 ng CH4 x g(-1) DM x h(-1)). Moreover, increasing temperature had much more effects on the CH4 emission rate of C. reticulata and C. lanceolata than on that of the other four tree species. Incubation time affected the CH4 emission rate of all test tree species significantly, suggesting that the effects of temperature stress on the CH4 emission could be controlled by plant activity. Dry leaves could not emit CH4 no matter the temperature was very high or low. It was suggested that high temperature stress had important effects on the CH4 emission from subtropical tree leaves, and global warming could increase the CH4 emission from plants.

[Synthesis and luminescence properties of ternary complexes of europium with aromatic carboxylic acid and acrylonitrile].

Five ternary complexes were synthesized from europium with aromatic carboxylic acid (p-methylbenzoic acid, methoxybenzoic acid, m-chlorobenzoic acid and benzoic acid, p-hydroxylbenzoic acid) and acrylonitrile, and characterized by means of elemental analysis, thermal analysis, FTIR spectra and UV spectra. The fluorescence spectra show that five ternary complexes have good luminescence properties, and the sequence of the ability of the aromatic carboxylic acids to transfer light energy to europium ion is as follows: p-methylbenzoic acid>benzoic acid>m-chlorobenzoic acid>p-hydroxylbenzoic acid>methoxybenzoic acid. Meanwhile, the ternary europium complexes containing a reactive ligand acrylonitrile will possibly have a potential application to the fabrication of bonding-type europium polymer luminescent materials.