Bacteria and Eucarya utilize the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway to direct the ribose moieties of nucleosides to central carbon metabolism. Many archaea do not possess this pathway, and instead, Thermococcales utilize a pentose bisphosphate pathway involving ribose-1,5-bisphosphate (R15P) isomerase and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). Intriguingly, multiple genomes from halophilic archaea seem only to harbor R15P isomerase, and do not harbor Rubisco. In this study, we identify a previously unrecognized nucleoside degradation pathway in halophilic archaea, composed of guanosine phosphorylase, ATP-dependent ribose-1-phosphate kinase, R15P isomerase, RuBP phosphatase, ribulose-1-phosphate aldolase, and glycolaldehyde reductase. The pathway converts the ribose moiety of guanosine to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and ethylene glycol. Although the metabolic route from guanosine to RuBP via R15P is similar to that of the pentose bisphosphate pathway in Thermococcales, the downstream route does not utilize Rubisco and is unique to halophilic archaea.
Ribose , Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase , Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/genetics , Ribulose-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/metabolism , Ribose/metabolism , Pentoses/metabolism , Archaea/genetics , Archaea/metabolism , Guanosine/metabolism , Phosphates
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/complications , Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/complications , Poroma/complications , Sweat Gland Neoplasms/complications , Eccrine Glands , Humans , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy , Male , Middle Aged , Neoplasms, Multiple Primary/pathology , Poroma/pathology , Sweat Gland Neoplasms/pathology
Cellulitis/virology , Coxsackievirus Infections/virology , Enterovirus/pathogenicity , Eosinophilia/virology , Skin/virology , Administration, Oral , Biopsy , Cellulitis/diagnosis , Cellulitis/drug therapy , Cellulitis/immunology , Coxsackievirus Infections/diagnosis , Coxsackievirus Infections/immunology , Enterovirus/immunology , Eosinophilia/diagnosis , Eosinophilia/drug therapy , Eosinophilia/immunology , Glucocorticoids/administration & dosage , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Remission Induction , Skin/drug effects , Skin/immunology , Skin/pathology , Treatment Outcome
Hemoplasma (hemotropic mycoplasma) often causes hemolytic anemia in infected cats, especially those with immune suppression. An updated nationwide epidemiological survey of feline hemoplasmosis was conducted in Japan. Blood samples were collected from 1,770 outdoor-accessing cats from March to October 2008. The infections were molecularly detected by PCR analyses, which are able to distinguish Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf), `Candidatus M. haemominutum' (CMhm), and `Candidatus M. turicensis' (CMt) infections. Of the 1,770 cats, 468 cases (26.4%) revealed a single- or co-infection of feline hemoplasmas [Mhf alone, 42 cases (2.4%); CMhm alone, 280 cases (15.8%); CMt alone, 48 cases (2.7%); Mhf+CMhm, 28 cases (1.6%); Mhf+CMt, 6 cases (0.3%); CMhm+CMt, 50 cases (2.8%); Mhf+CMhm+CMt, 14 cases (0.8%)]. In addition, male gender, middle to old age, history of fight wounds, and feline immunodeficiency virus infection were shown to be risk factors for hemoplasma infection. Close attention must be paid to the acute onset of disease in feline practice because a prevalence of hemoplasma infection was detected even in clinically healthy cats.
Cat Diseases/epidemiology , Mycoplasma Infections/veterinary , Mycoplasma/classification , Animals , Cats , Female , Japan/epidemiology , Male , Mycoplasma Infections/epidemiology , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Risk Factors , Sensitivity and Specificity
