Third nationwide surveillance of bacterial pathogens in patients with acute uncomplicated cystitis conducted by the Japanese surveillance committee during 2020 and 2021: Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

The Japanese surveillance committee conducted a third nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility of acute uncomplicated cystitis at 55 facilities throughout Japan between April 2020 and September 2021. In this surveillance, we investigated the susceptibility of Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae), and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (S. saprophyticus) for various antimicrobial agents by isolating and culturing bacteria from urine samples. In total, 823 strains were isolated from 848 patients and 569 strains of target bacteria, including E. coli (n = 529, 92.9 %), K. pneumoniae (n = 28, 4.9 %), and S. saprophyticus (n = 12, 2.2 %) were isolated. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of 18 antibacterial agents were determined according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute manual. In premenopausal patients, there were 31 (10.5 %) and 20 (6.8 %) fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant E. coli and extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli, respectively. On the other hand, in postmenopausal patients, there were 75 (32.1 %) and 36 (15.4 %) FQ-resistant E. coli and ESBL-producing E. coli, respectively. The rate of FQ-resistant E. coli and ESBL-producing E. coli in post-menopausal women was higher than that for our previous nationwide surveillance (20.7 % and 32.1 %: p = 0.0004, 10.0 % and 15.4 %; p = 0.0259). For pre-menopausal women, there was no significant difference in the rate of FQ-resistant E. coli and ESBL-producing E. coli between this and previous reports, but the frequency of FQ-resistant E. coli and ESBL-producing E. coli exhibited a gradual increase. For appropriate antimicrobial agent selection and usage, it is essential for clinicians to be aware of the high rate of these antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in acute uncomplicated cystitis in Japan.

Nuclear Imaging Data-Driven Classification of Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and nonmotor symptoms. Several features have prognostic importance and have been used as key indicators for identifying clinical subtypes. However, the symptom-based classification approach has limitations with respect to the stability of the obtained subtypes. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to identify subtypes of PD using nuclear imaging biomarkers targeting the cardiac sympathetic nervous and nigro-striatal systems and to compare patterns of cortical morphological change among obtained subtypes. METHODS: We performed unbiased hierarchical cluster analysis using 123 I-metaiodobenzylguanidine cardiac scintigraphy and 123 I-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2ß-carbomethoxy-3ß-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane single photon emission computed tomography data for 56 patients with PD. We compared clinical characteristics and the patterns of cortical atrophy in the obtained clusters. RESULTS: Three clusters were identified and showed distinct characteristics in onset ages and dopamine-replacement therapy and deep brain stimulation requirements. According to the characteristics, clusters were classified into two subtypes, namely, "cardio-cortical impairment (CC)" and "dopaminergic-dominant dysfunction (DD)" subtype. The three clusters were named according to subtype and time since onset in which 14 patients were classified as "early DD," 25 as "advanced DD," and 17 as "early CC." Compared with the early DD subtype, the early CC subtype showed parietal-dominant diffuse cortical atrophy and the advanced DD subtype showed left-side predominant mild cortical atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Nuclear imaging biomarker-based classification can be used to identify clinically and pathologically relevant PD subtypes with distinct disease trajectories. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Simulating the impact of varying vegetation on West African monsoon surface fluxes using a regional convection-permitting model.

This study assessed the sensitivity of the West African climate to varying vegetation fractions. The assessment of a such relationship is critical in understanding the interactions between land surface and atmosphere. Two sets of convection-permitting simulations from the UK Met Office Unified Model at 12 km horizontal resolution covering the monsoon period May-September (MJJAS) were used, one with fixed vegetation fraction (MF-V) and the other with time-varying vegetation fraction (MV-V). Vegetation fractions are based on MODIS retrievals between May and September. We focused on three climatic zones over West Africa: Guinea Coast, Sudanian Sahel, and the Sahel while investigating heat fluxes, temperature, and evapotranspiration. Results reveal that latent heat fluxes are the most strongly affected by vegetation fraction over the Sahelian and Sudanian regions while sensible heat fluxes are more impacted over the Guinea Coast and Sudanian Sahel. Also, in MV-V simulation there is an increase in evapotranspiration mainly over the Sahel and some specific areas in Guinea Coast from June to September. Moreover, it is noticed that high near-surface temperature is associated with a weak vegetation fraction, especially during May and June. Finally, varying vegetation seems to improve the simulation of surface energy fluxes and in turn impact on climate parameters. This suggests that climate modelers should prioritize the use of varying vegetation options to improve the representation of the West African climate system.

Bedside evaluation of swallowing function to predict aspiration pneumonia in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

OBJECTIVE: Aspiration pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death in patients with muscular dystrophy; therefore, it is important to predict its occurrence in the clincal setting. We aimed to examine the usefulness of repeated saliva swallowing test (RSST), modified water swallowing test (MWST), and flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) for evaluating the Hyodo score at the bedside, to predict the risk of aspiration pneumonia in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study involving 43 patients, we evaluated the swallowing function using the RSST, MWST, and FEES, and predicted the likelihood of aspiration pneumonia within 2 years after the assessment. The Hyodo score, a scoring system for evaluating the swallowing function determined by the FEES, was used. RESULTS: Pneumonia was observed in 14 patients (32.6%). The RSST was not significantly useful for predicting the onset of pneumonia. The MWST was reported to have a cutoff value of < 4 points. Significantly more patients in the pneumonia group had an MWST score of < 4 points. The results revealed that the occurrence of pneumonia could be predicted based on a Hyodo cutoff score of ≥ 6. Significantly more patients in the pneumonia group had an MWST score of < 4 or a Hyodo score of ≥ 6. CONCLUSIONS: Combining MWST and FEES is useful for evaluating the bedside swallowing function and predicting the onset of pneumonia.

The characteristics of dysphagia and the incidence of pneumonia in Myotonic dystrophy type 1 patients especially concerning swallowing function evaluated by endoscopy.

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of the study were to clarify the characteristics of dysphagia and the incidence of pneumonia in Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) patients, and to investigate the relationship between the development of pneumonia and the DM1 patient's background, especially concerning swallowing function evaluated by endoscopy. METHODS: The subjects were 88 DM1 patients who underwent swallowing function evaluation. The severity of disease in DM1patients was assessed based on the muscular impairment rating scale (MIRS), and the number of CTG repeats. Patients were divided into two groups; those who developed aspiration pneumonia within two years after swallowing assessment and those who did not develop aspiration pneumonia. Swallowing function was assessed using the food intake level scale (FILS), repetitive saliva swallowing test (RSST), the modified water swallowing test (MWST), and the Hyodo score. RESULTS: Onset of pneumonia within two years of assessment was observed in 22 cases (25%). Age, FILS, and Hyodo score were significantly different between pneumonia and non-pneumonia groups. There was a significant difference in swallowing function tests such as FILS, RSST, and Hyodo score between males and females. The Hyodo score cutoff value for predicting pneumonia within two years was determined by ROC analysis. A cutoff value of 6 was found to have a sensitivity of 0.545 and a specificity of 0.833 (area under the curve=0.722). CONCLUSION: It is important to evaluate the swallowing function of DM1 patients by endoscopy to prevent aspiration pneumonia. In addition, male patients are more likely to deteriorate in swallowing function and should be carefully monitored.

Second nationwide surveillance of bacterial pathogens in patients with acute uncomplicated cystitis conducted by Japanese Surveillance Committee from 2015 to 2016: antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

The Japanese Surveillance Committee conducted a second nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of uropathogens responsible for acute uncomplicated cystitis (AUC) in premenopausal patients aged 16-40 years old at 31 hospitals throughout Japan from March 2015 to February 2016. In this study, the susceptibility of causative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus saprophyticus) for various antimicrobial agents was investigated by isolation and culturing of organisms obtained from urine samples. In total, 324 strains were isolated from 361 patients, including E. coli (n = 220, 67.9%), S. saprophyticus (n = 36, 11.1%), and K. pneumoniae (n = 7, 2.2%). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 20 antibacterial agents for these strains were determined according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) manual. At least 93% of the E. coli isolates showed susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins, whereas 100% of the S. saprophyticus isolates showed susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. The proportions of fluoroquinolone-resistant and extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli strains were 6.4% (13/220) and 4.1% (9/220), respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility of K. pneumoniae was retained during the surveillance period, while no multidrug-resistant strains were identified. In summary, antimicrobial susceptibility results of our second nationwide surveillance did not differ significantly from those of the first surveillance. Especially the numbers of fluoroquinolone-resistant and ESBL-producing E. coli strains were not increased in premenopausal patients with AUC in Japan.

Evaluation of global simulations of aerosol particle and cloud condensation nuclei number, with implications for cloud droplet formation.

A total of 16 global chemistry transport models and general circulation models have participated in this study; 14 models have been evaluated with regard to their ability to reproduce the near-surface observed number concentration of aerosol particles and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), as well as derived cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC). Model results for the period 2011-2015 are compared with aerosol measurements (aerosol particle number, CCN and aerosol particle composition in the submicron fraction) from nine surface stations located in Europe and Japan. The evaluation focuses on the ability of models to simulate the average across time state in diverse environments and on the seasonal and short-term variability in the aerosol properties. There is no single model that systematically performs best across all environments represented by the observations. Models tend to underestimate the observed aerosol particle and CCN number concentrations, with average normalized mean bias (NMB) of all models and for all stations, where data are available, of -24% and -35% for particles with dry diameters > 50 and > 120nm, as well as -36% and -34% for CCN at supersaturations of 0.2% and 1.0%, respectively. However, they seem to behave differently for particles activating at very low supersaturations (< 0.1 %) than at higher ones. A total of 15 models have been used to produce ensemble annual median distributions of relevant parameters. The model diversity (defined as the ratio of standard deviation to mean) is up to about 3 for simulated N3 (number concentration of particles with dry diameters larger than 3 nm) and up to about 1 for simulated CCN in the extra-polar regions. A global mean reduction of a factor of about 2 is found in the model diversity for CCN at a supersaturation of 0.2% (CCN0.2) compared to that for N3, maximizing over regions where new particle formation is important. An additional model has been used to investigate potential causes of model diversity in CCN and bias compared to the observations by performing a perturbed parameter ensemble (PPE) accounting for uncertainties in 26 aerosol-related model input parameters. This PPE suggests that biogenic secondary organic aerosol formation and the hygroscopic properties of the organic material are likely to be the major sources of CCN uncertainty in summer, with dry deposition and cloud processing being dominant in winter. Models capture the relative amplitude of the seasonal variability of the aerosol particle number concentration for all studied particle sizes with available observations (dry diameters larger than 50, 80 and 120 nm). The short-term persistence time (on the order of a few days) of CCN concentrations, which is a measure of aerosol dynamic behavior in the models, is underestimated on average by the models by 40% during winter and 20% in summer. In contrast to the large spread in simulated aerosol particle and CCN number concentrations, the CDNC derived from simulated CCN spectra is less diverse and in better agreement with CDNC estimates consistently derived from the observations (average NMB -13% and -22% for updraft velocities 0.3 and 0.6 ms-1, respectively). In addition, simulated CDNC is in slightly better agreement with observationally derived values at lower than at higher updraft velocities (index of agreement 0.64 vs. 0.65). The reduced spread of CDNC compared to that of CCN is attributed to the sublinear response of CDNC to aerosol particle number variations and the negative correlation between the sensitivities of CDNC to aerosol particle number concentration (∂N d/∂N a) and to updraft velocity (∂N d/∂w). Overall, we find that while CCN is controlled by both aerosol particle number and composition, CDNC is sensitive to CCN at low and moderate CCN concentrations and to the updraft velocity when CCN levels are high. Discrepancies are found in sensitivities ∂N d/∂N a and ∂N d/∂w; models may be predisposed to be too "aerosol sensitive" or "aerosol insensitive" in aerosol-cloud-climate interaction studies, even if they may capture average droplet numbers well. This is a subtle but profound finding that only the sensitivities can clearly reveal and may explain inter-model biases on the aerosol indirect effect.

Characteristic findings of skeletal muscle MRI in caveolinopathies.

Caveolinopathies, caused by CAV3 mutations, can include several phenotypes such as rippling muscle disease, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1C, distal myopathy, familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and idiopathic hyperCKemia. Here we present characteristic skeletal muscle imaging findings in four patients with genetically defined childhood-onset RMD caused by CAV3 mutations and in one patient with congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 4 with muscular dystrophy due to polymerase I and transcript release factor (PTRF) mutations, which may have caused secondary deficiency of caveolin-3. Muscle MRI revealed that the rectus femoris and semitendinosus muscles were most commonly affected in the rippling muscle disease patients. Peripheral changes in the rectus femoris were specific and observed even in one of the younger patients in this study. Furthermore, muscle involvement extended to the semitendinosus muscles, biceps femoris, and gracilis with disease progression or increase in its severity. Similar patterns of involvement were observed on reviewing skeletal muscle images of various previously reported phenotypes of caveolinopathy; interestingly, patients with secondary deficiency of caveolin due to PTRF mutations revealed the same pattern. Thus, primary caveolinopathies and secondary deficiency of caveolin demonstrated specific findings on skeletal muscle imaging, regardless of the broad phenotypic spectrum of these two conditions.

The detection of microorganisms related to urethritis from the oral cavity of male patients with urethritis.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the presence of microorganisms related to urethritis in the oral cavity of male patients with urethritis and the efficacies of antimicrobials for urethritis on microorganisms in the oral cavity. METHODS: Ninety-two male patients with urethritis and 17 male controls participated to this study at 12 urology clinics in Japan between March 2014 and March 2015. The first voided urine (FVU) and oral wash fluid (OWF) specimens were collected from the participants. The microorganisms in both FVU and OWF specimens were detected by nucleic acid amplification tests at the first and follow-up visit. The efficacies of antimicrobials were evaluated after 1-4 weeks treatment completion. RESULTS: In a total of 92 male patients with urethritis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Trichomonas vaginalis and Gardnerella vaginalis were detected from OWF specimens of 12%, 3%, 9%, 0%, 12%, 3%, 3% and 15% patients, respectively. From control males, no microorganism was detected from OWF specimens. Among 46 patients who could be evaluated for antimicrobial efficacies at the follow-up visit, 5 in FVU specimens failed by azithromycin (AZM), and 10 failed in OWF specimens (7 by AZM, 2 by tetracycline, 1 by spectinomycin; p = 0.002). Especially, a high prevalence of G. vaginalis remained positive after treatment for urethritis in the oral cavity. CONCLUSION: Microorganisms related to urethritis were detected in the oral cavity of male patients with urethritis. Antimicrobials that focused on urethritis, especially AZM regimen seem to be less effective for microorganisms in the oral cavity.

Nationwide surveillance of the antimicrobial susceptibility of Chlamydia trachomatis from male urethritis in Japan.

Genital chlamydial infection is a principal sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Chlamydia trachomatis can cause male urethritis, acute epididymitis, cervicitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease as sexually transmitted infections. Fortunately, homotypic resistant C. trachomatis strains have not been isolated to date; however, several studies have reported the isolation of heterotypic resistant strains from patients. In this surveillance study, clinical urethral discharge specimens were collected from patients with urethritis in 51 hospitals and clinics in 2009 and 38 in 2012. Based on serial cultures, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) could be determined for 19 isolates in 2009 and 39 in 2012. In 2009 and 2012, the MICs (MIC90) of ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, tosufloxacin, sitafloxacin, doxycycline, minocycline, erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin were 2 µg/ml and 1 µg/ml, 0.5 µg/ml and 0.5 µg/ml, 0.125 µg/ml and 0.125 µg/ml, 0.063 µg/ml and 0.063 µg/ml, 0.125 µg/ml and 0.125 µg/ml, 0.125 µg/ml and 0.125 µg/ml, 0.016 µg/ml and 0.016 µg/ml, and 0.063 µg/ml and 0.063 µg/ml, respectively. In summary, this surveillance project did not identify any resistant strain against fluoroquinolone, tetracycline, or macrolide agents in Japan.

The characteristics of camptocormia in patients with Parkinson's disease: A large cross-sectional multicenter study in Japan.

PURPOSE: The goal of the present study was to clarify the clinical characteristics and laboratory results of parkinsonian symptoms among patients with and without camptocormia. METHODS: Seventy-eight Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with camptocormia and 78 PD patients without camptocormia underwent a neurological examination, a blood test, and spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). PD with camptocormia group and PD with non-camptocormia group were matched on age, age at PD onset, and sex. PRINCIPAL RESULTS: Camptocormia group had significantly higher prevalence of compression fractures, more severe parkinsonian symptoms, and a greater incidence of dementia than those without camptocormia. Serum creatine kinase levels in camptocormia group significantly elevated compared with non-camptocormia group. There were higher prevalence of abnormal findings in spine MRI including compression fractures and paravertebral muscle changes in camptocormia group compared with non-camptocormia group. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: Camptocormia is associated with a greater prevalence of compression fractures and associated with greater UPDRS part II, part III score, axial score, and lower MMSE in this cross-sectional study. Thus, it can be concluded that camptocormia in PD is predominantly myopathic.

The second nationwide surveillance of the antimicrobial susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from male urethritis in Japan, 2012-2013.

Worldwide, the most important concern in the treatment of sexually transmitted infections is the increase in antimicrobial resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains including resistance to cephalosporins, penicillins, fluoroquinolones or macrolides. To investigate the trends of antimicrobial susceptibility among N. gonorrhoeae strains isolated from male patients with urethritis, a Japanese surveillance committee conducted the second nationwide surveillance study. Urethral discharge was collected from male patients with urethritis at 26 medical facilities from March 2012 to January 2013. Of the 151 specimens, 103 N. gonorrhoeae strains were tested for susceptibility to 20 antimicrobial agents. None of the strains was resistant to ceftriaxone, but the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 90% of ceftriaxone increased to 0.125 µg/ml, and 11 (10.7%) strains were considered less susceptible with an MIC of 0.125 µg/ml. There were 11 strains resistant to cefixime, and the MICs of these strains were 0.5 µg/ml. The distributions of the MICs of fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and tosufloxacin, were bimodal. Sitafloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, showed strong activity against all strains, including strains resistant to other three fluoroquinolones, such as ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and tosufloxacin. The azithromycin MICs in 2 strains were 1 µg/ml.

Nationwide surveillance of bacterial pathogens from patients with acute uncomplicated cystitis conducted by the Japanese surveillance committee during 2009 and 2010: antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

The Japanese surveillance committee conducted the first nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of uropathogens responsible for female acute uncomplicated cystitis at 43 hospitals throughout Japan from April 2009 to November 2010. In this study, the causative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus) and their susceptibility to various antimicrobial agents were investigated by isolation and culturing of bacteria from urine samples. In total, 387 strains were isolated from 461 patients, including E. coli (n = 301, 77.8 %), S. saprophyticus (n = 20, 5.2 %), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 13, 3.4 %), and Enterococcus faecalis (n = 11, 2.8 %). S. saprophyticus was significantly more common in premenopausal women (P = 0.00095). The minimum inhibitory concentrations of 19 antibacterial agents used for these strains were determined according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute manual. At least 87 % of E. coli isolates showed susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins, and 100 % of S. saprophyticus isolates showed susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. The proportions of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli strains and extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli strains were 13.3 % and 4.7 %, respectively. It is important to confirm the susceptibility of causative bacteria for optimal antimicrobial therapy, and empiric antimicrobial agents should be selected by considering patient characteristics and other factors. However, the number of isolates of fluoroquinolone-resistant or ESBL-producing strains in gram-negative bacilli may be increasing in patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Japan. Therefore, these data present important information for the proper treatment of UTIs and will serve as a useful reference for future surveillance studies.

Clinical features and a mutation with late onset of limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2B.

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: Dysferlin encoded by DYSF deficiency leads to two main phenotypes, limb girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) 2B and Miyoshi myopathy. To reveal in detail the mutational and clinical features of LGMD2B in Japan, we observed 40 Japanese patients in 36 families with LGMD2B in whom dysferlin mutations were confirmed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Three mutations (c.1566C>G, c.2997G>T and c.4497delT) were relatively more prevalent. The c.2997G>T mutation was associated with late onset, proximal dominant forms of dysferlinopathy, a high probability that muscle weakness started in an upper limb and lower serum creatine kinase (CK) levels. The clinical features of LGMD2B are as follows: (1) onset in the late teens or early adulthood, except patients homozygous for the c.2997G>T mutation; (2) lower limb weakness at onset; (3) distal change of lower limbs on muscle CT at an early stage; (4) impairment of lumbar erector spinal muscles on muscle CT at an early stage; (5) predominant involvement of proximal upper limbs; (6) preservation of function of the hands at late stage; (7) preservation of strength in neck muscles at late stage; (8) lack of facial weakness or dysphagia; (9) avoidance of scoliosis; (10) hyper-Ckaemia; (11) preservation of cardiac function; and (12) a tendency for respiratory function to decline with disease duration. It is important that the late onset phenotype is found with prevalent mutations.

Efficacy and tolerance of gastrostomy feeding in Japanese muscular dystrophy patients.

Although muscular dystrophy patients often have feeding difficulty and need long-term enteral nutrition, only a few reports have described gastrostomy feeding in these patients. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of gastrostomy feeding in patients with muscular dystrophy. We performed a retrospective, multicenter study on 144 patients with muscular dystrophy who received gastrostomy feeding between 2007 and 2009 in 25 neuromuscular centers in Japan. There were 77 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (median age at gastrostomy placement 26 years, range 13-47 years), 40 myotonic dystrophy (median age 54.5 years, range 13-70 years), 11 Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (median age 22 years, range 13-29 years), 5 limb girdle muscular dystrophy (median age 62 years, range 43-78 years), and 5 facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (median age 52 years, range 28-67 years) patients. Many benefits including amelioration of malnutrition, swallowing difficulty and respiratory status were observed after the introduction of gastrostomy feeding. Especially in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, mean body weight significantly increased after gastrostomy placement. Although most complications, which are commonly observed in other populations, were tolerable, respiratory failure and peritonitis were important concerns. These findings suggest that gastrostomy placement at an appropriate time is advisable in patients with muscular dystrophy.

Clinical efficacy of oral administration of 200 mg gatifloxacin once daily for 3 days for the treatment of patients with uncomplicated cystitis.

To assess the clinical efficacy of oral antibiotic administration for the treatment of lower urinary tract infection (UTI), 102 female patients were given gatifloxacin (200 mg once daily for 3 days). Five to nine days after treatment, drug safety and clinical efficacy were assessed by evaluation of urinalysis and symptoms. Further, the patients were asked to report by mail whether they had persistent or recurrent symptoms at 4-6 weeks after treatment. The overall clinical cure rate was 93.1% (95/102). Of 94 patients with susceptible pathogens and 8 with resistant pathogens, 89 (94.7%) and 6 (75.0%), respectively, were judged as clinically cured. Four to 6 weeks after treatment, 57 (55.9%) of the 102 patients reported their micturition status by mail, and 6 (10.5%) of them claimed that they had some symptoms. The outcomes of this study suggest that a therapeutic regimen such as administration of fluoroquinolones once daily for 3 days can be recommended for the treatment of uncomplicated cystitis.

[A case of retention cyst in the prostate complicated of dysuria: a case report].

A 42-year-old man presented with the chief complaint of dysuria which occurred suddenly. He showed a large quantity of post-voiding residue. Abdominal ultrasonography and cystoscope revealed a hypo-echoic mass with a diameter of 15 mm at the bladder neck. Transurethral resection of the cyst was performed, and dysuria was markedly improved. Pathological examination showed a retention cyst of the prostate.

A case of dysferlinopathy presenting choreic movements.

Mutations in the dysferlin gene cause limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B). The involvement of the central nervous system in dysferlinopathy has not been described. We describe the clinical features of a patient with LGMD2B associated with dysferlin mutations (homozygous G3370T) who presented progressive choreic movements. The patient had no evidence of other causes of chorea. It is suggested that the chorea may be associated with the altered expression of the brain isoform of dysferlin.

Detection of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide messenger RNA in ganglioneuroblastoma by in situ hybridization.

Using in situ hybridization with35S-labeled prepro-VIP cDNA probes, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) mRNA was detected in tumor tissues from two cases of ganglioneuroblastoma associated with watery diarrhea syndrome. The distribution of VIP mRNA was confined to the cytoplasm of the cells showing ganglionic differentiation, whereas the undifferentiated neuroblastic cells failed to be labeled by the probe. These findings were consistent with the localization of VIP-like immunoreactivity in the same tumor tissues. Direct evidence is presented at the single cell level for the production of VIP by ganglionic cells in ganglioneuroblastoma.