Effectiveness of Histopathological Examination of Ultrasound-guided Puncture Biopsy Samples for Diagnosis of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic value of histopathological examination of ultrasound-guided puncture biopsy samples in extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). Methods: This study was conducted at the Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center. A total of 115 patients underwent ultrasound-guided puncture biopsy, followed by MGIT 960 culture (culture), smear, GeneXpert MTB/RIF (Xpert), and histopathological examination. These assays were performed to evaluate their effectiveness in diagnosing EPTB in comparison to two different diagnostic criteria: liquid culture and composite reference standard (CRS). Results: When CRS was used as the reference standard, the sensitivity and specificity of culture, smear, Xpert, and histopathological examination were (44.83%, 89.29%), (51.72%, 89.29%), (70.11%, 96.43%), and (85.06%, 82.14%), respectively. Based on liquid culture tests, the sensitivity and specificity of smear, Xpert, and pathological examination were (66.67%, 72.60%), (83.33%, 63.01%), and (92.86%, 45.21%), respectively. Histopathological examination showed the highest sensitivity but lowest specificity. Further, we found that the combination of Xpert and histopathological examination showed a sensitivity of 90.80% and a specificity of 89.29%. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided puncture sampling is safe and effective for the diagnosis of EPTB. Compared with culture, smear, and Xpert, histopathological examination showed higher sensitivity but lower specificity. The combination of histopathology with Xpert showed the best performance characteristics.