The efficacy of the combination of venetoclax and hypomethylating agents versus HAG agents in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: a retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the combination of venetoclax and hypomethylating agents with the HAG regimen. METHODS: We studied 52 cases of newly diagnosed AML and 26 cases of relapsed refractory AML, (including AML patients with treatment-related and ELN-adverse risk disease (n = 50)). These patients were treated with venetoclax and hypomethylating agents and HAG regimens, respectively. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients newly diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia were treated with VEN-HMA (venetoclax-hypomethylating agent), while 23 patients were treated with HAG. The median age of the VEN-HMA group was 70 years, while the HAG group had a median age of 69 years. The VEN-HMA group achieved a significantly higher rate of complete remission (82.7%) compared to the cohort treated with the HAG regimen (21.7%) (P < 0.001). At the same time, the VEN-HMA group exhibited a significant survival advantage compared to the HAG treatment group(HR = 0.328, 95%CI: 0.158-0.683, P = 0.003).In patients with relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukaemia, 43.8% of patients in the VEN-HMA treatment group achieved complete remission, which was similar to the 50% in the HAG treatment group (P > 0.99). The median overall survival was similar between the VEN-HMA and HAG groups, with 4 and 3.67 months, respectively (P = 0.290). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our analyses indicated that VEN-HMA resulted in better therapeutic outcomes compared to HAG for newly diagnosed AML patients, with higher rates of complete remission and overall survival. In relapsed/refractory AML patients, there was no significant difference in the efficacy of the two treatments and further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted.

Meta­analysis of the efficacy of venetoclax and azacitidine combination therapy and azacitidine monotherapy for treating acute myeloid leukemia.

The present study aimed to compare the efficacy of combination therapy with venetoclax and azacitidine with that of azacytidine monotherapy in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Weipu Database, Wanfang Digital Periodicals, Sinomed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature were searched for publications on the treatment of AML with venetoclax combined with azacitidine or with azacitidine monotherapy. A total of 5,271 relevant studies were retrieved, of which 10 were included. Literature quality was evaluated according to the Cochrane systematic review methodology, and data were extracted for meta-analysis using Review Manager 5.4. The combination of venetoclax and azacitidine demonstrated greater overall efficacy than azacitidine monotherapy for AML treatment. Notably, combination therapy resulted in a higher frequency of complete remission. By contrast, combined treatment and monotherapy showed no significant differences in partial remission, whereas there was a statistically significant decrease in the frequency of no remission in the combination therapy group compared with in the monotherapy group. The results also revealed a significantly higher incidence of adverse reactions when venetoclax and azacitidine were combined in the treatment of AML compared with the observed rates in response to azacitidine monotherapy. Moreover, subgroup analyses showed that no statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups regarding adverse events, including hypokalemia and liver insufficiency. In conclusion, the combination of venetoclax and azacitidine was more effective than azacitidine alone, and had a good clinical application value in the treatment of AML. Although some adverse reactions occurred in response to the combination therapy, they did not significantly affect the prognosis of AML. To better evaluate the efficacy and safety of this treatment regimen, multicenter clinical studies with larger sample sizes are required.

First In Vivo Experiment with PulmValve Endobronchial Valve: Feasibility, Efficiency, and Safety.

INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic Lung Volume Reduction (ELVR) with endobronchial valves has been widely recognized for treating hyperinflation in advanced COPD and emphysema patients. The main challenges include the technical complexity of upper lobe implantation and the number of endobronchial valves required. These issues might be addressed by placing larger-diameter valves in the lobar bronchus. This study evaluated the feasibility, efficiency, and safety of the new valve PulmValve (model PV-13) in porcine models. METHODS: Six PV-13 valves were bronchoscopically implanted into the caudal lobe bronchus of six healthy pigs. The procedure time, valve deployment, and removability were recorded. Follow-up examinations included blood tests, chest CT scans, and bronchoscopy at 30 minutes, 14 days, 28 days, and 84 days post-procedure, with necropsy and pathological evaluations after the final follow-up examination. RESULTS: The successful in vivo deployment and removal of PV-13 valves was established, with a median procedure time of 6.5 minutes. The distal lung volume reduction was evident at 30 minutes post-operation and was persistently monitored on day 84. No migration or malfunction of any PV-13 valves was detected, but a mild angle deviation was found in three cases. Coughing was observed in four pigs within the first seven days, and localized granulation tissue was observed in all pigs. No cases of pneumothorax, diffuse pneumonia, or hemoptysis were detected. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we report the successful implantation and removal of a new valve PulmValve in a short operation time. Complete lobar atelectasis was induced without device migration, malfunction, or severe complications. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the long-term, sustained effects, and potential benefits in human patients.

SHP-1 inhibition targets leukaemia stem cells to restore immunosurveillance and enhance chemosensitivity by metabolic reprogramming.

Leukaemia stem cells (LSCs) in acute myeloid leukaemia present a considerable treatment challenge due to their resistance to chemotherapy and immunosurveillance. The connection between these properties in LSCs remains poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that inhibition of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in LSCs increases their glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, enhancing their sensitivity to chemotherapy and vulnerability to immunosurveillance. Mechanistically, SHP-1 inhibition leads to the upregulation of phosphofructokinase platelet (PFKP) through the AKT-ß-catenin pathway. The increase in PFKP elevates energy metabolic activities and, as a consequence, enhances the sensitivity of LSCs to chemotherapeutic agents. Moreover, the upregulation of PFKP promotes MYC degradation and, consequently, reduces the immune evasion abilities of LSCs. Overall, our study demonstrates that targeting SHP-1 disrupts the metabolic balance in LSCs, thereby increasing their vulnerability to chemotherapy and immunosurveillance. This approach offers a promising strategy to overcome LSC resistance in acute myeloid leukaemia.

Promotion of Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Inhibition of Autophagy by Overexpression of lncRNA SNHG12 in Acute Kidney Injury.

\Introduction. There is a dispute regarding the roles of newly discovered lncRNAs in acute kidney injury (AKI). Therefore, this study discussed long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) small nuclear host gene 12 (SNHG12) in AKI and its molecular mechanism. METHODS: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction was treated into renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2 cells) to induce septic AKI in vitro. In the cell model, SNHG12, miR-1270, and tubulin beta class I (TUBB) expression patterns, along with p-p65, cleaved caspase-3, Beclin-1, p62, and autophagy related 7 (ATG7) protein expressions, were determined by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. Cell viability was evaluated by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assay, while apoptosis and inflammation were assessed by flow cytometry and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. At last, the mechanistic interaction between SNHG12, miR-1270, and TUBB was identified. RESULTS: SNHG12 was highly expressed in LPS-induced HK-2 cells. Functionally, knocking down SNHG12 increased cell viability and autophagy, while inhibited LDH release, inflammation, and apoptosis. Mechanically, SNHG12 absorbed miR-1270 to upregulate TUBB expression, thereby aggravating inflammation, apoptosis, and inhibiting autophagy in AKI. CONCLUSION: SNHG12 promotes inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy by targeting the miR-1270/TUBB axis in AKI.  DOI: 10.52547/ijkd.7903.

City-level building operation and end-use carbon emissions dataset from China for 2015-2020.

The building sector, which accounts for over 20% of China's total energy-related carbon emissions, has great potential to reduce emissions and is critical to achieving China's emissions peak and carbon neutrality targets. However, the lack of data on operational carbon emissions and end-use carbon emissions in the building sector at the city level has become a major barrier to the development of building energy conservation policies and carbon peaking action plans. This study uses a combination of "top-down" and "bottom-up" methods to account for the operational carbon emissions of buildings in 321 cities in China from 2015 to 2020. The energy consumption in buildings is further broken down into six end uses: central heating, distributed heating, cooking and water heating (C&W), lighting, cooling, appliances and others (A&O). The dataset can serve as a reference to support city-level policies on peak building emissions and is of great value for the improvement of the carbon emissions statistical accounting system.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress-related signature predicts prognosis and immune infiltration analysis in acute myeloid leukemia.

OBJECTIVES: To construct an endoplasmic reticulum stress-related prognostic risk score (RS) model to predict prognosis and perform a preliminary analysis of immune infiltration in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). METHODS: The whole-genome expression data for AML and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress)-related genes were downloaded from the GEO and GSEA databases, respectively. The samples were divided into death and survival groups, combined with clinical prognosis information. LASSO regression was used to construct a prognostic RS model. The Kaplan-Meier curve method was used to evaluate the association between different risk groups and actual survival prognosis information. A cox regression analysis was used to screen for independent survival prognostic clinical factors and construct a nomogram. CIBERSORT and ssGSEA was used for immune-related analysis. RESULTS: Eighteen ER-stress related genes were identified and a comprehensive network was constructed. Further, 5 CC, 8 MF, 17 BP, and 2 KEGG pathways were enriched. Ten optimal DEGs were obtained and a prognostic risk model was constructed. Compared to the low RS group, the OS values of the high RS group were significantly lower. A significant correlation between the different risk groups and the actual prognosis was demonstrated. Ten immune cells with significantly different distributions in different risk groups were screened. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that there were 5 signaling pathways in the high-risk group. CONCLUSIONS: The RS model can effectively predict the prognosis and has clinical implications for the prognosis of AML, combined with the correlation between different RS groups and the immune microenvironment.

Rapid, sensitive, and visual detection of Clonorchis sinensis with an RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a-based dual readout portable platform.

Clonorchis sinensis is a food-borne parasite that parasitizes the liver and bile ducts of humans and many animals. This parasite exerts a high burden due to diverse hepatobiliary morbidities (e.g., cholangitis, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, and cholangiocarcinoma), and an effective detection strategy is urgently needed. CRISPR/Cas12a exhibits nonspecific trans-cleavage activity upon binding to its specific target and has been widely used for nucleic acid detection. In this study, an RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a-based dual readout portable detection platform was established, which shows high sensitivity (one copy/µl) and specificity (no cross-reactivity with common pathogens) by rapid preamplification and combines lateral flow strips and visual fluorescence for visualization of results by the naked eye within 1 h. Moreover, 50 human fecal swabs and 50 fish flesh samples were detected by this platform and nested PCR. The CRISPR/Cas12a-based dual readout portable platform showed 10.0 % (5/50) C. sinensis-positive samples in human fecal swabs and 28.0 % (14/50) in fish flesh, which was consistent with the results of nested PCR. The results demonstrate that our portable platform has the advantages of stability, sensitivity, accuracy, and low equipment requirements. Furthermore, we provide novel point-of-care testing (POCT) for clinical use in remote rural and resource-constrained areas.

TLR3 activation by Clonorchis sinensis infection alleviates the fluke-induced liver fibrosis.

Clonorchis sinensis is a zoonotic parasite associated with liver fibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma development. The role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in C. sinensis infection has not yet been fully elucidated. Here, the TLR3 signaling pathway, cytokine expression and liver fibrosis were examined in C. sinensis-infected wildtype (WT) and TLR3-/- mice. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly (I:C)) was used to treat C. sinensis infections. The results showed that TLR3 deficiency caused severe clonorchiasis with increased parasite burden, exacerbated proinflammatory cytokine expression and liver lesions, promoted the TGF-ß1/Smad2/3 pathway and myofibroblast activation, exacerbated liver fibrosis (compared to WT mice). Poly (I:C) intervention increased the body weight, decreased mouse mortality and parasite burden, reduced liver inflammation, and alleviated C. sinensis-induced liver fibrosis. Furthermore, C. sinensis extracellular vesicles (CsEVs) promote the production of IL-6, TNF in WT biliary epithelial cells (BECs) via p38/ERK pathway, compared with control group, while TLR3 deletion induced much higher levels of IL-6 and TNF in TLR3-/- BECs than that in WT BECs. Taken together, TLR3 inhibit IL-6 and TNF production via p38/ERK signaling pathway, a phenomenon that resulted in the alleviation of C. sinensis-induced liver fibrosis. Poly (I:C) is a potential treatment for clonorchiasis.

A Ferroptosis-Inducing and Leukemic Cell-Targeting Drug Nanocarrier Formed by Redox-Responsive Cysteine Polymer for Acute Myeloid Leukemia Therapy.

Ferroptosis is an alternative strategy to overcome chemoresistance, but effective therapeutic approaches to induce ferroptosis for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treatment are limited. Here, we developed glutathione (GSH)-responsive cysteine polymer-based ferroptosis-inducing nanomedicine (GCFN) as an efficient ferroptosis inducer and chemotherapeutic drug nanocarrier for AML treatment. GCFN depleted intracellular GSH and inhibited glutathione peroxidase 4, a GSH-dependent hydroperoxidase, to cause lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis in AML cells. Furthermore, GCFN-loaded paclitaxel (PTX@GCFN) targeted AML cells and spared normal hematopoietic cells to limit the myeloablation side effects caused by paclitaxel. PTX@GCFN treatment extended the survival of AML mice by specifically releasing paclitaxel and simultaneously inducing ferroptosis in AML cells with restricted myeloablation and tissue damage side effects. Overall, the dual-functional GCFN acts as an effective ferroptosis inducer and a chemotherapeutic drug carrier for AML treatment.

Clonorchis sinensis aggravates biliary fibrosis through promoting IL-6 production via toll-like receptor 2-mediated AKT and p38 signal pathways.

Clonorchis sinensis is an important food-borne zoonotic parasite which has been linked to biliary fibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma. However, the details of the pathogenesis of C. sinensis were unclear. To explore the role and regulatory mechanism of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in C. sinensis-induced biliary fibrosis, we established the C. sinensis-infected C57BL/6 mouse model with TLR2-/- and wild type (WT) mice. The mortality rate, liver lesions, TLR2 and TGF-ß1 expression, phosphorylation of Smad2/3, AKT, p38, ERK and p65, and cytokine productions were analyzed. Furthermore, similar parameters were examined in mouse biliary epithelial cells (BECs) co-cultured with C. sinensis excretory/secretory proteins (ESPs). The results showed that TLR2 expression was enhanced significantly in C. sinensis-infected WT mice and mouse BECs. C. sinensis-infected TLR2-/- mice exhibited an increased weight and a decreased mortality rate; significantly alleviated liver lesions and biliary fibrosis, reduced numbers of myofibroblasts; decreased expression of TGF-ß1 and phosphorylation level of AKT, p38 and Smad2/3; significantly decreased production of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-4, while increased production of IFN-γ compared with C. sinensis-infected WT mice. Furthermore, C. sinensis ESPs could activate TLR2-mediated AKT and p38 pathways to increase the production of IL-6 in mouse BECs. In conclusion, these data indicate that C. sinensis infection activated TGF-ß1-Smad2/3 through TLR2-mediated AKT and p38 pathways to promote IL-6 production, which resulted in myofibroblast activation and aggravating biliary fibrosis in mice.

PD-1 signalling defines and protects leukaemic stem cells from T cell receptor-induced cell death in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive malignancy with poor prognosis, but a decisive marker and effective treatment for leukaemia stem cells (LSCs) remain unclear. Here, using lineage tracing, limiting dilution assays and in vivo live imaging approaches, we identify rare inhibitory receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)-expressing cells that reside at the apex of leukaemia hierarchy for initiation and relapse in T-ALL. Ablation of PD-1-expressing cells, deletion of PD-1 in T-ALL cells or blockade of PD-1 or PD-1 ligand 1 significantly eradicated LSCs and suppressed disease progression. Combination therapy using PD-1 blockade and chemotherapy substantially extended the survival of mice engrafted with mouse or human T-ALL cells. Mechanistically, PD-1+ LSCs had high NOTCH1-MYC activity for disease initiation. Furthermore, PD-1 signalling maintained quiescence and protected LSCs against T cell receptor-signal-induced apoptosis. Overall, our data highlight the hierarchy of leukaemia by identifying PD-1+ LSCs and provide a therapeutic approach for the elimination of LSCs through PD-1 blockade in T-ALL.

Circ_0044411 silencing protects infantile pneumonia from lipopolysaccharide-induced cell injury by sponging miR-141-3p to inhibit CCL16 expression.

BACKGROUND: Circular RNA (circRNA) has been found to play an important role in the progression of many diseases, including infantile pneumonia. However, the role of circ_0044411 in infantile pneumonia progression is still unclear. METHODS: MRC-5 cells were incubated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 12 h to establish the in vitro cellular model for infantile pneumonia. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the levels of circ_0044411, miR-141-3p (micoRNA-141-3p) and CCL16 (CC motif chemokine ligand 16). Cell viability and proliferation was assessed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-y1)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay. The levels of inflammatory factors IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Cell apoptosis and caspase-3 activity were detected by flow cytometry analysis and caspase-3 activity assay kit. The target interaction was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation assay and RNA pull-down assay. RESULTS: Circ_0044411 was highly repressed in the serum of infantile pneumonia patients and LPS-induced MRC-5 cells. Circ_0044411 could promote the cell viability and proliferation, inhibit inflammatory response and apoptosis in LPS-induced MRC-5 cells. Circ_0044411 could serve as a sponge of miR-141-3p, and miR-141-3p could reverse the function of circ_0044411 on LPS-induced MRC-5 cell injury. In addition, miR-141-3p could target CCL16, and miR-141-3p could protect MRC-5 cells from LPS-induced cell injury by targeting CCL16. Furthermore, circ_0044411 sponged miR-141-3p to positively regulate CCL16 expression. CONCLUSION: Circ_0044411 knockdown promoted cell viability and proliferation, inhibited inflammatory response and apoptosis by regulating miR-141-3p/CCL16 axis, indicating that circ_0044411 might be a potential therapeutic target for IP.

Interprovincial differences in the historical peak situation of building carbon emissions in China: Causes and enlightenments.

Scientific assessment of the historical carbon peak situation of provincial buildings in China is the premise and basis for understanding the country's development trends and formulating carbon peak goals. The population size, urbanization stages, economic development levels, natural resources endowment, and energy structure characteristics vary significantly for the different provinces in China, resulting in significant differences in the peaking situation of building carbon emissions (BCE). The differences require more attention given the current environmental status. Based on the judgment function of carbon peaking conditions and the statistical Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test method, this study evaluates the historical peak situation of building carbon emissions at the provincial level in China. The peaking sequence of BCE, building carbon emissions per capita (BCEP), and carbon emissions per unit floor area (BCEA) were analyzed, and the driving factors that cause different carbon peak situations were discussed. Further, with reference to the experience of the United States, a peak strategy for building carbon emissions in China was proposed. The research results showed that BCE in Beijing and Yunnan have peaked, and the three provinces of Shanghai, Sichuan, and Hubei have plateaued. The most important factors that cause different peaking situations for BCE are the floor area per capita and carbon emissions per unit of energy consumption. In addition, the peak order of building carbon emissions was BCEA, BCEP, and BCE. A strategy that should be adopted in the promotion of buildings' carbon peak in China is to formulate phased peak goals for BCE, BCEP, and BCEA at a national level and differentiated echelon peak goals at a provincial level considering interprovincial differences. This study provides a scientific basis and decision-making reference for formulating a path to buildings' carbon peak at a provincial level in China.

Silencing CircEIF3I/miR-526b-5p Axis Epigenetically Targets HGF/c-Met Signal to Hinder the Malignant Growth, Metastasis and Angiogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-Met) is important for the diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are key regulators of HCC progression, and this study focused on circRNA eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit I (circEIF3I) with HGF/c-Met in HCC. METHODS: Levels of circEIF3I, microRNA (miR)-526b-5p, HGF, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and Vimentin were detected by Gene Expression Omnibus database, quantitative PCR and western blotting. Cell functions were measured by detecting cell growth (cell proliferation assay with WST-1 and EdU, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, caspase 3 activity assay, and nude mouse tumorigenicity assay), metastasis (transwell assay and western blotting), angiogenesis (endothelial tube formation assay). Molecular interaction was determined dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation, and Pearson correlation analysis. RESULTS: Expression of circEIF3I was upregulated in HCC tissues. Knockdown of circEIF3I suppressed cell proliferation epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, invasion and tube formation ability but promoted apoptosis of HCC cells. CircEIF3I could sponge miR-526b-5pto regulate downstream HGF. Functionally, circEIF3I regulation in HCC cell progression was associated with miR-526b-5p sponging function and HGF upregulation could attenuate tumor-inhibiting roles of miR-526b-5p. HCC tumor growth was delayed by interfering circEIF3I. CONCLUSION: CircEIF3I was an oncogenic circRNA in HCC-, and interfering circEIF3I exhibited anti-HCC activity via circEIF3I-miR-526b-5p-HGF/c-Met pathway.

Extracellular vesicles of Clonorchis sinensis promote IL-6 and TNF-α secretion via the Toll-like receptor 9-mediated ERK pathway in biliary epithelial cells.

Clonorchis sinensis is closely associated with cholangitis, cholecystitis, biliary fibrosis and cholangiocarcinoma. The present study elucidated the role of extracellular vesicles of C. sinensis (CsEVs) in activating Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and regulating inflammatory responses. The results showed that TLR9 expression was increased in the livers of C. sinensis-infected mice. CsEVs were cup-shaped or saucer-shaped and 80-120 nm in diameter. CsEVs activated TLR9 and promoted IL-6 and TNF-α expression in mouse biliary epithelial cells (BECs), and TLR9 siRNA interference reduced the secretion of the two cytokines. CsEV stimulation promoted the phosphorylation of ERK, p38, AKT, and p65, and TLR9 siRNA interference regulated the phosphorylated ERK, AKT and p65 levels. The ERK inhibitor decreased the CsEVs-induced IL-6 and TNF-α secretion. The present study elucidated for the first time that CsEVs induced IL-6 and TNF-α production in BECs via the TLR9-mediated ERK pathway.

Cryptosporidium parvum regulates HCT-8 cell autophagy to facilitate survival via inhibiting miR-26a and promoting miR-30a expression.

BACKGROUND: Cryptosporidium parvum is an important zoonotic parasite, which not only causes economic losses in animal husbandry but also harms human health. Due to the lack of effective measures for prevention and treatment, it is important to understand the pathogenesis and survival mechanism of C. parvum. Autophagy is an important mechanism of host cells against parasite infection through key regulatory factors such as microRNAs and MAPK pathways. However, the regulatory effect of C. parvum on autophagy has not been reported. Here, we demonstrated that C. parvum manipulated autophagy through host cellular miR-26a, miR-30a, ERK signaling and P38 signaling for parasite survival. METHODS: The expression of Beclin1, p62, LC3, ERK and P38 was detected using western blotting in HCT-8 cells infected with C. parvum as well as treated with miR-26a-mimic, miR-30a-mimic, miR-26a-mimic or miR-30a-inhibitor post C. parvum infection. The qPCR was used to detect the expression of miR-26a and miR-30a and the number of C. parvum in HCT-8 cells. Besides, the accumulation of autophagosomes was examined using immunofluorescence. RESULTS: The expression of Beclin1 and p62 was increased, whereas LC3 expression was increased initially at 0-8 h but decreased at 12 h and then increased again in C. parvum-infected cells. C. parvum inhibited miR-26a-mimic-induced miR-26a but promoted miR-30a-mimic-induced miR-30a expression. Suppressing miR-30a resulted in increased expression of LC3 and Beclin1. However, upregulation of miR-26a reduced ERK/P38 phosphorylation, and inhibiting ERK/P38 signaling promoted Beclin1 and LC3 while reducing p62 expression. Treatment with miR-26a-mimic, autophagy inducer or ERK/P38 signaling inhibitors reduced but treatment with autophagy inhibitor or miR-30a-mimic increased parasite number. CONCLUSIONS: The study found that C. parvum could regulate autophagy by inhibiting miR-26a and promoting miR-30a expression to facilitate the proliferation of parasites. These results revealed a new mechanism for the interaction of C. parvum with host cells.

Fatty acid metabolism predicts prognosis and NK cell immunosurveillance of acute myeloid leukemia patients.

Background: Cell metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of tumor prognosis, and fatty acid metabolism (FAM) plays a crucial role in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, the relationship between FAM, TME, and prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients remains elusive. Methods: We extracted the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) and bulk transcriptome data of AML patients from the TCGA and GEO databases and assessed the relationship between FAM, TME, and AML patient prognosis. We also performed functional enrichment (FE) assay to evaluate the significance of FAM in anti-AML immunosurveillance. Results: Our scRNA-Seq analysis revealed that the leukemic stem cell (LSC)-enriched population exhibited elevated levels of FAM-related genes. Using these FAM-related genes, we developed a prognostic model that accurately estimated AML patient outcome. FE analysis showed that FAM was strongly related to alterations of TME-based immunosurveillance in AML patients. More importantly, we demonstrated that FAM inhibition via pharmaceutical targeting of PLA2G4A, a highly expressed FAM gene in AML patients with poor prognosis, enhanced the NK cell-mediated immunosurveillance in leukemia cells. Conclusions: Leukemic stem cell (LSC)-enriched population exhibited elevated levels of FAM-related genes. We have successfully established the FAM formula that predicts AML patient prognosis and alterations in the TME-based immunosurveillance. We also found that PLA2G4A was a highly expressed FAM gene in AML patients with poor prognoses. Pharmaceutical targeting of PLA2G4A increased the expression of NKG2DL in leukemia cells in vitro and thus enhanced the NK cell-mediated immunosurveillance.