Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α-Alkyl-Substituted ß-Keto Esters and Amides through Dynamic Kinetic Resolution.

Asymmetric hydrogenation of α-alkyl-substituted ß-keto esters and amides with the DIPSkewphos/3-AMIQ-Ru(II) catalyst system through dynamic kinetic resolution was examined. A series of ß-keto esters and amides with a simple or functionalized α-alkyl group were applicable to this reaction, affording the α-substituted ß-hydroxy esters and amides in ≥99% ee (anti/syn ≥ 99:1) in many cases. The 5 g scale reaction was readily achieved. The mode of enantio- and diastereoselection in the transition state model was proposed.

Asymmetric Cyanation of α-Ketimino Ester Derivatives with Chiral Ru-Li Combined Catalysts.

Asymmetric cyanation of α-ketimino esters catalyzed by combined systems of amino acid/BINAP derivative/Ru(II) complexes and lithium compounds was examined. The use of an appropriate combination of amino acid and BINAP ligands achieved high enantioselectivity for a variety of α-alkynyl (Val/XylBINAP/Ru), α-alkenyl (Val/TolBINAP/Ru), and α-aryl imino esters (Val/XylBINAP/Ru) as well as an isatin-derived cyclic imino amide (t-Leu/BINAP/Ru) to afford the α-cyano-α-amino esters and the amide with an α-nitrogen-substituted quaternary chiral center with up to 98% ee.

Ag-Catalyzed Cyanomethylation of Amines Using Nitromethane as a C1 Source.

A new methodology to afford α-amino nitriles through oxidative cyanomethylation of amines using nitromethane as the methylene source in the presence of Me3SiCN without the addition of an external oxidant was developed. A catalytic amount of AgCN and a stoichiometric amount of LiBF4 cooperatively promoted the transformation. A wide variety of the amines, including both aromatic compounds and aliphatic ones, which are labile under oxidative conditions, were applicable to the reaction.

Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α-Amino Esters into Optically Active ß-Amino Alcohols through Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Catalyzed by Ruthenabicyclic Complexes.

Racemic α-substituted α-amino esters were hydrogenated into enantioenriched ß-amino alcohols through dynamic kinetic resolution with chiral ruthenabicyclic complexes. The reaction was carried out with a substrate/catalyst molar ratio of 200-1000 under 15 atm of H2 at 25 °C to afford a variety of ß-substituted ß-aminoethanols in up to 96% ee (24 examples). The mechanistic studies including deuteration experiments suggested that the reaction proceeds with 1,2-hydride migration of the α-amino acetalate intermediate into the α-hydroxy imine followed by the continuous reduction of the imino compound, affording the amino alcohol product.

Aerobic Allylic Amination Catalyzed by a Pd(OAc)2/P(OPh)3 System with Low Catalyst Loading.

A Pd(OAc)2/P(OPh)3 combination catalyzed Tsuji-Trost-type allylic amination under aerobic conditions. Both aromatic and aliphatic secondary amines were transformed into the corresponding allylic amines with a tiny amount of the catalyst system (typically 0.02 mol % Pd), only when allylic phosphates were employed as electrophiles. Other typical electrophiles, such as allylic acetate and carbonate, were marginally reactive. A Pd(0) complex, Pd[P(OPh)3]3, formed in situ was suggested as an active species by mechanistic experiments.

Nucleophilic Isocyanation.

Isonitriles are frequently employed as both substrates for organic transformations and ligands for organometallic chemistry. However, despite the wide application of the isonitriles, their synthesis generally depends on the traditional dehydration of N-formamide. "Nucleophilic isocyanation" using cyanide as an N-nucleophile is another straightforward strategy affording the corresponding isonitriles. This method has been available since the 19th century but is still an immature procedure and is therefore more rarely used. In this review, we summarize the concepts and recent progress in nucleophilic isocyanation, including the relatively rare examples of catalytic isocyanation.

Nickel-catalyzed cyanation of aryl halides and triflates using acetonitrile via C-CN bond cleavage assisted by 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-dihydropyrazine.

We developed a non-toxic cyanation reaction of various aryl halides and triflates in acetonitrile using a catalyst system of [Ni(MeCN)6](BF4)2, 1,10-phenanthroline, and 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-dihydropyrazine (Si-Me4-DHP). Si-Me4-DHP was found to function as a reductant for generating nickel(0) species and a silylation reagent to achieve the catalytic cyanation via C-CN bond cleavage.

In situ generation of N-Boc-protected alkenyl imines: controlling the E/Z geometry of alkenyl moieties in the Mukaiyama-Mannich reaction.

Readily available Boc-protected Z-alkenyl aminals could be used as Z-alkenyl and E-alkenyl imine precursors under acidic conditions. In the Mukaiyama-Mannich reaction of Z-alkenyl Boc-aminals, the E/Z geometry of the products was controlled by the catalyst used. The present method was also applied to asymmetric Mukaiyama-Mannich reactions.

Salt-Free Reduction of Nonprecious Transition-Metal Compounds: Generation of Amorphous Ni Nanoparticles for Catalytic C-C Bond Formation.

A salt-free procedure for the generation of a wide variety of metal(0) particles, including Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, was achieved using 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1,4-diaza-2,5-cyclohexadiene (1), which reduced the corresponding metal precursors under mild conditions. Notably, Ni particles formed in situ from the treatment of Ni(acac)2 (acac = acetylacetonate) with 1 in toluene exhibited significant catalytic activity for reductive C-C bond-forming reactions of aryl halides in the presence of excess amounts of 1. By examination of high-magnification transmission electron microscopy images and electron diffraction patterns, we concluded that amorphous Ni nanoparticles (Ni aNPs) were essential for the high catalytic activity.

Organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of propargylamines with two adjacent stereocenters: mannich-type reactions of in situ generated C-alkynyl imines with ß-keto esters.

Side by side: The title reaction is catalyzed by the chiral Brønsted acid (S)-1, and affords hitherto less accessible chiral propargylamines, having two adjacent stereocenters, in good to excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities. Boc=tert-butoxycarbonyl.

Enantioselective construction of quaternary N-heterocycles by palladium-catalysed decarboxylative allylic alkylation of lactams.

The enantioselective synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocycles (N-heterocycles) represents a substantial chemical research effort and resonates across numerous disciplines, including the total synthesis of natural products and medicinal chemistry. In this Article, we describe the highly enantioselective palladium-catalysed decarboxylative allylic alkylation of readily available lactams to form 3,3-disubstituted pyrrolidinones, piperidinones, caprolactams and structurally related lactams. Given the prevalence of quaternary N-heterocycles in biologically active alkaloids and pharmaceutical agents, we envisage that our method will provide a synthetic entry into the de novo asymmetric synthesis of such structures. As an entry for these investigations we demonstrate how the described catalysis affords enantiopure quaternary lactams that intercept synthetic intermediates previously used in the synthesis of the Aspidosperma alkaloids quebrachamine and rhazinilam, but that were previously only available by chiral auxiliary approaches or as racemic mixtures.

Catalytic enantioselective construction of all-carbon quaternary stereocenters by an organocatalytic Diels-Alder reaction of alpha-substituted alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes.

A binaphthyl-based primary amine (R)- was designed for the Diels-Alder reaction of alpha-substituted alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes; in the presence of the TfOH salt of (R)-, the Diels-Alder reaction of alpha-substituted alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes with cyclopentadiene proceeded to afford the corresponding cycloadducts having one all-carbon quaternary stereocenter in good yield with good to high stereoselectivity.

Facile synthesis of structurally diverse 3,3'-disubstituted 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diamines in optically pure forms.

A new synthetic route to 3,3'-dihalo BINAMs based on the direct halogenation of H8-BINAM and subsequent rearomatization to the binaphthyl core has been developed. The combination of this new procedure and Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions enabled us to synthesize various 3,3'-disubstituted BINAMs in only three steps starting from H8-BINAM.