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We developed a focused series of original phenyl-glycinamide derivatives which showed potent activity across in vivo mouse seizure models, namely, maximal electroshock (MES) and 6 Hz (using both 32 and 44 mA current intensities) seizure models. Following intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration, compound (R)-32, which was identified as a lead molecule, demonstrated potent protection against all seizure models with ED50 values of 73.9 mg/kg (MES test), 18.8 mg/kg (6 Hz, 32 mA test), and 26.5 mg/kg (6 Hz, 44 mA test). Furthermore, (R)-32 demonstrated efficacy in both the PTZ-induced kindling paradigm and the ivPTZ seizure threshold test. The expression of neurotrophic factors, such as mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (mBDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF), in the hippocampus and/or cortex of mice, and the levels of glutamate and GABA were normalized after PTZ-induced kindling by (R)-32. Importantly, besides antiseizure activity, (R)-32 demonstrated potent antinociceptive efficacy in formalin-induced pain, capsaicin-induced pain, as well as oxaliplatin- and streptozotocin-induced peripheral neuropathy in mice (i.p.). No influence on muscular strength and body temperature in mice was observed. Pharmacokinetic studies and in vitro ADME-Tox data (i.e., high metabolic stability in human liver microsomes, a weak influence on CYPs, no hepatotoxicity, satisfactory passive transport, etc.) proved favorable drug-like properties of (R)-32. Thermal stability of (R)-32 shown in thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry gives the opportunity to develop innovative oral solid dosage forms loaded with this compound. The in vitro binding and functional assays indicated its multimodal mechanism of action. (R)-32, beyond TRPV1 antagonism, inhibited calcium and sodium currents at a concentration of 10 µM. Therefore, the data obtained in the current studies justify a more detailed preclinical development of (R)-32 for epilepsy and pain indications.
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Identification of transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), also known as capsaicin receptor, in 1997 was a milestone achievement in the research on temperature sensation and pain signalling. Very soon after it became evident that TRPV1 is implicated in a wide array of physiological processes in different peripheral tissues, as well as in the central nervous system, and thereby could be involved in the pathophysiology of numerous diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that modulation of TRPV1 may also affect seizure susceptibility and epilepsy. This channel is localized in brain regions associated with seizures and epilepsy, and its overexpression was found both in animal models of seizures and in brain samples from epileptic patients. Moreover, modulation of TRPV1 on non-neuronal cells (microglia, astrocytes, and/or peripheral immune cells) may have an impact on the neuroinflammatory processes that play a role in epilepsy and epileptogenesis. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive and critical overview of currently available data on TRPV1 as a possible molecular target for epilepsy management, trying to identify research gaps and future directions. Overall, several converging lines of evidence implicate TRPV1 channel as a potentially attractive target in epilepsy research but more studies are needed to exploit the possible role of TRPV1 in seizures/epilepsy and to evaluate the value of TRPV1 ligands as candidates for new antiseizure drugs.
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In the present study, a series of original alaninamide derivatives have been designed applying a combinatorial chemistry approach, synthesized, and characterized in the in vivo and in vitro assays. The obtained molecules showed potent and broad-spectrum activity in basic seizure models, namely, the maximal electroshock (MES) test, the 6 Hz (32 mA) seizure model, and notably, the 6 Hz (44 mA) model of pharmacoresistant seizures. Most potent compounds 26 and 28 displayed the following pharmacological values: ED50 = 64.3 mg/kg (MES), ED50 = 15.6 mg/kg (6 Hz, 32 mA), ED50 = 29.9 mg/kg (6 Hz, 44 mA), and ED50 = 34.9 mg/kg (MES), ED50 = 12.1 mg/kg (6 Hz, 32 mA), ED50 = 29.5 mg/kg (6 Hz, 44 mA), respectively. Additionally, 26 and 28 were effective in the ivPTZ seizure threshold test and had no influence on the grip strength. Moreover, lead compound 28 was tested in the PTZ-induced kindling model, and then, its influence on glutamate and GABA levels in the hippocampus and cortex was evaluated by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. In addition, 28 revealed potent efficacy in formalin-induced tonic pain, capsaicin-induced pain, and oxaliplatin- and streptozotocin-induced peripheral neuropathy. Pharmacokinetic studies and in vitro ADME-Tox data proved favorable drug-like properties of 28. The patch-clamp recordings in rat cortical neurons showed that 28 at a concentration of 10 µM significantly inhibited fast sodium currents. Therefore, 28 seems to be an interesting candidate for future preclinical development in epilepsy and pain indications.
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Analgésicos , Anticonvulsivantes , Convulsiones , Animales , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacología , Anticonvulsivantes/química , Anticonvulsivantes/síntesis química , Analgésicos/farmacología , Convulsiones/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Ratas , Ratones , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ratas Wistar , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Electrochoque , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Neuropsychiatric disorders are anticipated to be a leading health concern in the near future, emphasizing an outstanding need for the development of new effective therapeutics to treat them. Stilbenes, with resveratrol attracting the most attention, are an example of multi-target compounds with promising therapeutic potential for a broad array of neuropsychiatric and neurological conditions. This review is a comprehensive summary of the current state of research on stilbenes in several neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative disorders. We describe and discuss the results of both in vitro and in vivo studies. The majority of studies concentrate on resveratrol, with limited findings exploring other stilbenes such as pterostilbene, piceatannol, polydatin, tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside, or synthetic resveratrol derivatives. Overall, although extensive preclinical studies show the potential benefits of stilbenes in various central nervous system disorders, clinical evidence on their therapeutic efficacy is largely missing.
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Lesiones Traumáticas del Encéfalo , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas , Estilbenos , Humanos , Resveratrol , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/tratamiento farmacológico , Lesiones Traumáticas del Encéfalo/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Daily living and functioning under stress can lead to mental health problems such as anxiety or depression. Over the past decades, a number of studies have been conducted to determine the relationship between the central nervous system (CNS), intestinal flora and bidirectional communication along the gut brain axis (GBA) in the maintaining of homeostasis. One of the most important factors regulating GBA functioning in exposure to stress may be a proper diet enriched in the supplementation with pre-, pro-and synbiotics. In the present study, we examined whether a 10-week oral preventive supplementation with natural prebiotics: topinambur powder (TPB) and chicory root inulin (INU) influenced an anxiety, depressive behavior and cognition in mice exposed to the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Additionally, a fluoxetine (FLU) has been used as a reference antidepressive drug. Furthermore, we assessed the effect of TPB, INU and FLU administration on neurogenesis in mice exposed to CUMS and finally analyzed fecal microbiota for possible changes after TPB and INU supplementation in CUMS induced mice. Results obtained from the behavioral studies (elevated plaze maze, forced swim and Morris water maze test) indicated, that 10 week supplementation with TPB (250 mg/kg) and INU (66 mg/kg), similarly to FLU (12 mg/kg), significantly mitigated an anxiety and stress as well as protected learning and memory functions in the CUMS induced mice compared to the control stressed group. Additionally, TPB and INU CUMS mice showed significantly higher level of neurogenesis in comparison to control CUMS group. Interestingly, results obtained from the fecal microbiota analysis showed a beneficial effect of TPB and INU supplementation against CUMS-induced intestinal dysbiosis in mice. In conclusion, the obtained results showed that a long-term, preventive supplementation with TPB or INU alleviates the negative effects such as anxiety, cognitive disorders or dysbiosis in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable stress.
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Inulina , Microbiota , Animales , Ratones , Inulina/farmacología , Disbiosis , Ansiedad/tratamiento farmacológico , Ansiedad/prevención & control , Cognición , Neurogénesis , Fluoxetina , Suplementos DietéticosRESUMEN
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder involving a number of disease syndromes with a complex etiology. A properly matched antiseizure drug (ASD) gives remission in up to 70% of patients. Nevertheless, there is still a group of about 30% of patients suffering from drug-resistant epilepsy. Consequently, the development of new more effective and/or safer ASDs is still an unmet clinical need. Thus, our current studies were focused on the structural optimization/modifications of one of the leading compounds, KA-11, aiming at the improvement of its antiseizure activity. As a result, we designed and synthesized two close analogs with highly pronounced drug-like physicochemical properties according to in silico predictions, namely KA-228 and KA-232, which were subsequently tested in a panel of animal seizure models, i.e., MES, 6 Hz (32 mA), scPTZ and ivPTZ. Among these compounds, KA-232, which was designed as a water-soluble salt, was distinctly more effective than KA-228 and assured similar antiseizure protection as its chemical prototype KA-11. With the aim of a more detailed characterization of both new molecules, in vitro binding tests were performed to evaluate the potential mechanisms of action. Furthermore, KA-232 was also evaluated in several ADME-Tox studies, and the results obtained strongly supported its drug-like potential. The proposed chemical modification of KA-11 enabled the identification of new pharmacologically active chemotypes, particularly water-soluble KA-232, which, despite the lack of better efficacy than the leading compound, may be used as a chemical prototype for the development of new ASDs, as well as substances potentially active in other neurological or neurodegenerative conditions.
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Epilepsia Refractaria , Epilepsia , Animales , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacología , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapéutico , Anticonvulsivantes/química , Convulsiones/tratamiento farmacológico , Epilepsia/tratamiento farmacológico , Epilepsia Refractaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Modelos Animales de EnfermedadRESUMEN
The aim of the study was to assess the effect of long-term administration of natural prebiotics: Jerusalem artichoke (topinambur, TPB) and inulin (INU) as well as one of the most popular antidepressants, fluoxetine (FLU), on the proliferation of neural stem cells, learning and memory functions, and the composition of the intestinal microbiota in mice. Cognitive functions were assessed using the Morris Water Maze (MWM)Test. Cells were counted using a confocal microscope and ImageJ software. We performed 16S rRNA sequencing to assess changes in the gut microbiome of the mice. The obtained results showed that the 10-week supplementation with TPB (250 mg/kg) and INU (66 mg/kg) stimulates the growth of probiotic bacteria, does not affect the learning and memory process, and does not disturb the proliferation of neural stem cells in the tested animals. Based on this data, we can assume that both TPB and INU seem to be safe for the proper course of neurogenesis. However, 2-week administration of FLU confirmed an inhibitory impact on Lactobacillus growth and negatively affected behavioral function and neurogenesis in healthy animals. The above studies suggest that the natural prebiotics TPB and INU, as natural supplements, may have the potential to enrich the diversity of intestinal microbiota, which may be beneficial for the BGM axis, cognitive functions, and neurogenesis.
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Varenicline (VAR) is a partial agonist of brain α4ß2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors recommended as a first line pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation. The aim of this study was to examine whether VAR affects the protective activity of four classic antiseizure medications, i.e., carbamazepine (CBZ), phenobarbital (PB), phenytoin (PHT), and valproate (VPA) on maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizures, which may serve as an experimental model of human-generalized tonic-clonic seizures in mice. VAR administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) at a subthreshold dose of 0.5 mg/kg decreased the protective activity of CBZ against MES-induced convulsions, increasing its median effective dose (ED50) from 10.92 ± 1.0 to 18.15 ± 1.73 mg/kg (p < 0.01). The effect of VAR was dose-dependent because a lower dose of VAR (0.25 mg/kg) failed to antagonize the protective activity of CBZ. VAR administered at the subthreshold dose of 0.5 mg/kg had no impact on the protective activity of PB, PHT, and VPA in the mouse MES model. The inhibitory effect of VAR on the protective activity of CBZ against tonic-clonic convulsions most likely resulted from the pharmacodynamic mechanism(s) and was not associated with the changes in total brain concentrations of CBZ. VAR-evoked alterations in the anticonvulsive activity of CBZ may be of serious concern for epileptic tobacco smokers.
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Anticonvulsivantes , Convulsiones , Humanos , Ratones , Animales , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacología , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapéutico , Vareniclina/farmacología , Vareniclina/uso terapéutico , Electrochoque/efectos adversos , Convulsiones/tratamiento farmacológico , Convulsiones/etiología , Encéfalo , Carbamazepina/farmacología , Fenobarbital/farmacología , Fenobarbital/uso terapéutico , Ácido Valproico/farmacología , Fenitoína , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Modelos Animales de EnfermedadRESUMEN
In the present study, a focused combinatorial chemistry approach was applied to merge structural fragments of well-known TRPV1 antagonists with a potent anticonvulsant lead compound, KA-104, that was previously discovered by our group. Consequently, a series of 22 original compounds has been designed, synthesized, and characterized in the in vivo and in vitro assays. The obtained compounds showed robust in vivo antiseizure activity in the maximal electroshock (MES) test and in the 6 Hz seizure model (using both 32 and 44 mA current intensities). The most potent compounds 53 and 60 displayed the following pharmacological profile: ED50 = 89.7 mg/kg (MES), ED50 = 29.9 mg/kg (6 Hz, 32 mA), ED50 = 68.0 mg/kg (6 Hz, 44 mA), and ED50 = 73.6 mg/kg (MES), ED50 = 24.6 mg/kg (6 Hz, 32 mA), and ED50 = 56.3 mg/kg (6 Hz, 44 mA), respectively. Additionally, 53 and 60 were effective in the ivPTZ seizure threshold and had no influence on the grip strength and body temperature in mice. The in vitro binding and functional assays indicated a multimodal mechanism of action for 53 and 60. These molecules, beyond TRPV1 antagonism, inhibited calcium currents and fast sodium currents in patch-clamp assays. Further studies proved beneficial in vitro ADME-Tox properties for 53 and 60 (i.e., high metabolic stability, weak influence on CYPs, no neurotoxicity, etc.). Overall, 53 and 60 seem to be interesting candidates for future preclinical development in epilepsy and pain indications due to their interaction with the TRPV1 channel.
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Anticonvulsivantes , Convulsiones , Animales , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacología , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapéutico , Electrochoque , Glicina/análogos & derivados , Ratones , Estructura Molecular , Convulsiones/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential neurotoxic effect of the new anti-seizure medication candidate-5-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-hexyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione (TP-315), after chronic administration to mice. TP-315 was administered to mice intraperitoneally for 14 days. At 24 h post the last injection, animals were decapitated, their brains were acquired, flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen and cut into 10 µm slices. The FT-IR chemical imaging technique was used for the investigation of the potential neurotoxic effect in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. The effect on the lipidomic and proteomic profile and on oxidative stress was investigated. The results showed no statistically significant changes in the above-mentioned parameters. TP-315 seems to pose no neurotoxic effect on the mouse brain after chronic use, therefore, its use should be safe.
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Anticonvulsivantes , Síndromes de Neurotoxicidad , Animales , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapéutico , Anticonvulsivantes/toxicidad , Ratones , Proteómica , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , TionasRESUMEN
Umbelliferone (7-hydroxycoumarin; UMB) is a coumarin with many biological properties, including antiepileptic activity. This study evaluated the effect of UMB on the ability of classical and novel antiepileptic drugs (e.g., lacosamide (LCM), levetiracetam (LEV), phenobarbital (PB) and valproate (VPA)) to prevent seizures evoked by the 6-Hz corneal-stimulation-induced seizure model. The study also evaluated the influence of this coumarin on the neuroprotective properties of these drugs in two in vitro models of neurodegeneration, including trophic stress and excitotoxicity. The results indicate that UMB (100 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly enhanced the anticonvulsant action of PB (p < 0.01) and VPA (p < 0.05), but not that of LCM orLEV, in the 6-Hz test. Whether alone or in combination with other anticonvulsant drugs (at their ED50 values from the 6-Hz test), UMB (100 mg/kg) did not affect motor coordination; skeletal muscular strength and long-term memory, as determined in the chimney; grip strength; or passive avoidance tests, respectively. Pharmacokinetic characterization revealed that UMB had no impact on total brain concentrations of PB or VPA in mice. The in vitro study indicated that UMB has neuroprotective properties. Administration of UMB (1 µg/mL), together with antiepileptic drugs, mitigated their negative impact on neuronal viability. Under trophic stress (serum deprivation) conditions, UMB enhanced the neurotrophic abilities of all the drugs used. Moreover, this coumarin statistically enhanced the neuroprotective effects of PB (p < 0.05) and VPA (p < 0.001) in the excitotoxicity model of neurodegeneration. The obtained results clearly indicate a positive effect of UMB on the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties of the selected drugs.
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Anticonvulsivantes , Umbeliferonas , Animales , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacocinética , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapéutico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Electrochoque , Lacosamida/uso terapéutico , Ratones , Fenobarbital/farmacología , Convulsiones/tratamiento farmacológico , Convulsiones/prevención & control , Umbeliferonas/farmacología , Umbeliferonas/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen; XANT) is a furanocoumarin that has many biological properties, including antiepileptic activity. This study evaluated the effect of XANT on the ability of classical and novel antiepileptic drugs to prevent seizures evoked by the 6-Hz corneal stimulation-induced seizure model, which is thought to be an experimental model of psychomotor (limbic) seizures in humans. XANT (50 mg/kg, administered i.p.) significantly potentiated the anticonvulsant activity of levetiracetam and valproate, decreasing their median effective dose (ED50 ) values from 19.37 to 2.83 mg/kg (P < 0.01) for levetiracetam and from 92.89 to 44.44 mg/kg (P < 0.05) for valproate. Neither XANT (50 mg/kg) alone nor its combination with the anticonvulsant drugs (at their ED50 values from the 6-Hz test) affected motor coordination; skeletal muscular strength and long-term memory, as determined in the chimney; and grip strength and passive avoidance tests, respectively. Measurement of total brain antiepileptic drug concentrations revealed that XANT (50 mg/kg) had no impact on levetiracetam total brain concentrations, indicating the pharmacodynamic nature of interaction between these antiepileptic drugs in the mouse 6-Hz model. However, XANT (50 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased total brain concentrations of valproate (P < 0.01), indicating the pharmacokinetic nature of interactions between drugs. XANT in combination with levetiracetam exerts beneficial anticonvulsant pharmacodynamic interactions in the 6-Hz mouse psychomotor seizure model.
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Anticonvulsivantes , Ácido Valproico , Animales , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Electrochoque , Levetiracetam , Metoxaleno , Ratones , Ácido Valproico/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Seizures in about 40% of patients with epilepsy fail to respond to anti-seizure medication (ASM) and may lead to uncontrolled and prolonged seizures often inducing status epilepticus (SE). The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of a long-term treatment with two different generation ASMs: ethosuximide (ETS, a classic ASM) and lacosamide (LCM, a 3rd generation ASM) on neural stem cells' (NSCs') proliferation and learning and memory functions after pilocarpine (PILO)-induced SE in mice. The following drugs were used: LCM (10 mg/kg), ETS (20 mg/kg), and PILO (300 mg/kg). Cell counting was done using confocal microscope and ImageJ software. Cognitive functions were evaluated with the Morris water maze (MWM) test. The level of several selected neurometabolites was measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Obtained results indicated no significant impact of ETS treatment on the neurogenesis process in PILO mice. Interestingly, LCM significantly decreased the total amount of newborn neurons. The MWM test indicated no significant changes in the time and distance traveled by the ETS and LCM groups compared to PILO control mice, although all measured parameters were more favorable for the PILO mice treated with ASM. Conclusions: The presented results show that long term treatment with LCM and ETS seems to be safe for the cognitive functions and the proper course of neurogenesis in the mouse PILO-induced SE model, although one should remember that LCM administered chronically may act to reduce new neurons' formation.
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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures that affects about 70 million people worldwide. Antiepileptic drugs are the most commonly used medications in the treatment of epilepsy. They help control seizures in about 6070% of people. The remaining percentage of patients suffer from drugresistant epilepsy, prompting scientists to look for natural substances that would prevent seizures or support the effects of drugs in addon therapy while reducing side effects. Currently, there is a lot of emphasis on natural product. Flavonoids are included in this group, and their use in the treatment of epilepsy could support the effect of other drugs. Due to very good results of preclinical studies, flavonoids are a promising candidate for epilepsy related clinical trials related. The article is an overview of literature reports from the past 10 years including mainly in vivo preclinical research on various models of experimental epilepsy with the use of selected flavonoids.
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Anticonvulsivantes/farmacología , Epilepsia Refractaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Epilepsia/tratamiento farmacológico , Flavonoides/farmacología , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Epilepsia/inducido químicamente , Humanos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
C-11 is a hybrid compound derived from 2-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl) propanamide, with a wide spectrum of anticonvulsant activity and low neurotoxicity. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of C-11 on the protective action of various antiepileptic drugs (i.e., carbamazepine CBZ, lacosamide LCM, lamotrigine LTG, and valproate VPA) against maximal electroshock-induced seizures (MES) in mice, as well as its neuroprotective and physicochemical/pharmacokinetic properties. Results indicate that C-11 (30 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly enhanced the anticonvulsant action of LCM (p < 0.001) and VPA (p < 0.05) but not that of CBZ and LTG in the MES test. Neither C-11 (30 mg/kg) alone nor its combination with other anticonvulsant drugs (at their ED50 values from the MES test) affected motor coordination; skeletal muscular strength and long-term memory, as determined in the chimney; grip strength and passive avoidance tests, respectively. Pharmacokinetic characterization revealed that C-11 had no impact on total brain concentrations of LCM or VPA in mice. Qualitative analysis of neuroprotective properties of C-11, after a single administration of pilocarpine, revealed no protective effect of this substance in the tested animals. Determination of physicochemical descriptors showed that C-11 meets the drug-likeness requirements resulting from Lipinski and Veber's rules and prediction of gastrointestinal absorption and brain penetration, which is extremely important for the CNS-active compounds.
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Anticonvulsivantes/farmacología , Electrochoque , Animales , Anticonvulsivantes/uso terapéutico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ratones , Fuerza Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Pilocarpina/toxicidad , Desempeño Psicomotor/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Six new water extracts (E1-E6) were obtained from nest carton produced by jet black ants Lasius fuliginosus and tested for their biochemical and bioactive properties, including antioxidative and anticancer effects. The present study demonstrated significant qualitative and quantitative differences in the content of individual biochemical constituents, as well as bioactive properties between the investigated samples. All tested extracts demonstrated antioxidant properties (determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) methods), and the highest antioxidative potential was recorded in extracts E1 and E2 (188.96 and 313.67 µg/mL of ascorbic acid equivalent for ABTS and 176.42 and 202.66 µg/mL for DPPH reagent). Furthermore the six extracts exhibited strong inhibitory activity towards human melanoma cells of the A-375 CRL-1619 line in a dose-dependent manner. The most interesting chemopreventive activity was exhibited by extract E2, which inhibited the proliferation of A-375 cells to the greatest extent, while having a minimal effect on Vero cells. The effect on cancer cells has been confirmed using the Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) technique. Significant impedance changes have been detected in A-375 and Vero cells following the administration of extract E2. The obtained results are really promising and constitute the basis for further research on the nest carton of jet black ant.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Hormigas/química , Melanoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cutáneas/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos de Tejidos/farmacología , Animales , Humanos , Melanoma/patología , Neoplasias Cutáneas/patología , Células Tumorales CultivadasRESUMEN
About 70 million people suffer from epilepsy-a chronic neurodegenerative disease. In most cases, the cause of the disease is unknown, but epilepsy can also develop as the result of a stroke, trauma to the brain, or the use of psychotropic substances. The treatment of epilepsy is mainly based on the administration of anticonvulsants, which the patient must most often use throughout their life. Despite significant progress in research on antiepileptic drugs, about 30% of patients still have drug-resistant epilepsy, which is insensitive to pharmacotherapy used so far. In our recent studies, we have shown that 4-alkyl-5-aryl-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones act on the voltage-gated sodium channels and exhibit anticonvulsant activity in an MES (maximal electroshock-induced seizure) and 6Hz test in mice. Previous studies have shown their beneficial toxic and pharmacological profile, but their effect on a living organism during chronic use is still unknown. In the presented study, on the basis of the previously conducted tests and the PAMPA (parallel artificial membrane permeability assay) BBB (blood-brain barrier) test, we selected one 1,2,4-triazole-3-thione derivative-TP-315-for further studies aimed at assessing the impact of its chronic use on a living organism. After long-term administration of TP-315 to Albino Swiss mice, its effect on the functional parameters of internal organs was assessed by performing biochemical, morphological, and histopathological examinations. It was also determined whether the tested compound inhibits selected isoforms of the CYP450 enzyme system. On the basis of the conducted tests, it was found that TP-315 does not show nephrotoxic nor hepatotoxic effects and does not cause changes in hematological parameters. In vitro tests showed that TP-315 did not inhibit CYP2B6, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, or CYP3A5 enzymes at the concentration found in the serum of mice subjected to long-term exposure to this compound.
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Anticonvulsivantes/administración & dosificación , Barrera Hematoencefálica/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/metabolismo , Triazoles/administración & dosificación , Animales , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450 , Electrochoque , Riñón/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Permeabilidad , Isoformas de Proteínas , Convulsiones/metabolismoRESUMEN
Status epilepticus (SE) is a frequent medical emergency that can lead to a variety of neurological disorders, including cognitive impairment and abnormal neurogenesis. The aim of the presented study was the in vitro evaluation of potential neuroprotective properties of a new pyrrolidine-2,5-dione derivatives compound C11, as well as the in vivo assessment of the impact on the neurogenesis and cognitive functions of C11 and levetiracetam (LEV) after pilocarpine (PILO)-induced SE in mice. The in vitro results indicated a protective effect of C11 (500, 1000, and 2500 ng/mL) on astrocytes under trophic stress conditions in the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) test. The results obtained from the in vivo studies, where mice 72 h after PILO SE were treated with C11 (20 mg/kg) and LEV (10 mg/kg), indicated markedly beneficial effects of C11 on the improvement of the neurogenesis compared to the PILO control and PILO LEV mice. Moreover, this beneficial effect was reflected in the Morris Water Maze test evaluating the cognitive functions in mice. The in vitro confirmed protective effect of C11 on astrocytes, as well as the in vivo demonstrated beneficial impact on neurogenesis and cognitive functions, strongly indicate the need for further advanced molecular research on this compound to determine the exact neuroprotective mechanism of action of C11.
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Anticonvulsivantes/farmacología , Cognición/efectos de los fármacos , Neurogénesis/efectos de los fármacos , Pilocarpina/efectos adversos , Estado Epiléptico/etiología , Animales , Anticonvulsivantes/administración & dosificación , Astrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Astrocitos/metabolismo , Biomarcadores , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Estado Epiléptico/diagnóstico , Estado Epiléptico/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
This is the morphological description of the mature larva of a member of the genus Dorcatoma Herbst, 1791. It is also one of the most detailed morphological descriptions of an immature stage of the subfamily Dorcatominae Thomson. Complete characteristics of the head, mouthparts, thorax and abdomen are given. Information relating to morphological convergence with other coleopteran families and the ecology of the species described is also provided.
Asunto(s)
Escarabajos , Animales , LarvaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Launching polytherapy with two or three antiseizure drugs (ASDs) in patients with epilepsy is still problematic. The choice of ASDs to combine them together is usually based on clinicians' experience and it requires knowledge about mechanisms of action of the studied ASDs and their drug-drug interactions, whose nature may be favorable, neutral or unfavorable. To characterize three-drug interaction among lacosamide (LCM), lamotrigine (LTG) and valproate (VPA), the type I isobolographic analysis was used. The antiseizure effects of three-drug combination were analyzed in a model of maximal electroshock-induced seizures (MES) in albino Swiss mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The seizure activity in mice was evoked by alternating current stimulation (25 mA, 500 V, 50 Hz, 0.2 s). Both, the type I isobolographic analysis and the test of parallelism of dose-response effects of the ASDs were used so as to properly classify interaction among three ASDs, administered in a fixed ratio combination of 1:1:1. RESULTS: The three-drug mixture of LCM, LTG and VPA at the fixed ratio of 1:1:1 protected the experimental mice from MES-induced seizures; however, the reported interaction was sub-additive (antagonistic; p < 0.01) with isobolography. CONCLUSION: The antagonistic pharmacodynamic interaction among LCM, LTG and VPA in the MES test in mice cannot be transferred to clinical settings and this unfavorable combination should not be recommended for patients with epilepsy.