[The correction of hypoxic and ischemic states with the use of antihypoxants (a review of the literature)]. / Korrektsiia gipoksicheskikh i ishemicheskikh sostoianii s pomoshch'iu antigipoksantov (obzor literatury).

The review of literature contains data concerning the highly efficient antihypoxant--"Hutemin". The article also describes the group of "standard antihypoxants" (Natrii oxydutyras, Pyracetam, Amtizol), and some perspective pharmacological drugs with antihypoxic activity (Trimin, Aethomerol, Perfluorine-carbonaceous emulsions) which actually undergo pilot clinical researches. Summarizing the data, the authors make a conclusion about the necessity to conduct search for new antihypoxants with various mechanisms of action on systemic and cell levels, and also to widen their clinical application.

[Helicobacter pylori in patho- and morphogenesis of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer]. / Helicobacter pylori v pato- i morfogeneze khronicheskogo gastrita i iazvennoi bolezni.

Review of the literature on the role of Helicobacter pylori (HP) in the patho- and morphogenesis of chronic gastritis (CG) type B, gastric ulcer (GU) and duodenal ulcer (DU) is presented. Various hypotheses of pathogenetic effect of HP, histologic and ultrastructural characteristics of changes in the gastric and duodenal mucosa in HP infection are presented. The majority of authors consider HP as a possible pathogenic factor in CG type B, GU and DU. However, there are works in which HP is regarded as a saprophyte or a secondary infection. This indicates a necessity of further studies.

[Electron microscopic research on the venous valves of the lower extremities in varicose veins]. / Elektronno-mikroskopicheskoe issledovanie klapanov ven nizhnikh konechnostei pri varikoznoi bolezni.

Electron microscopy of the venous valves in varicose disease shows that dystrophic changes develop on the external and internal surfaces of the valve cusps. Endotheliocytes on the external surface are located longitudinally in relation to valvular axis and on the internal surface they are perpendicular to it. Fragments of the elastic membrane, collagen fibres and smooth muscle cells are seen under the endothelial lining. Endothelium actively regulates proliferative processes of smooth cells secreting the so-called "growth factor of endothelial origin". The development of venous valve pathological changes in varicose disease is accompanied by endothelial damage, disturbance of morphofunctional state of smooth muscle cells and intercellular substance of the vascular wall.

[Transformation of erythrocytes and their ultrastructure with respect to aging]. / Transformatsiia éritrotsitov i ikh ul'trastruktura v vozrastnom aspekte.

Transformation and ultrastructure of erythrocytes have been investigated in 58 white non-inbred rats on the 1st, 2nd, 3d days after birth and at the age of 1.5, 3, 8, 20 months. The transformation index of the erythrocytes drops by the 8th month of life and further it rises in old animals. In newborn rats echino-poikiloid forms predominate; they are mainly presented as reticulocytes with remnants of nuclei, mitochondria and other organells. During first three days of life cells of the erythroid line actively free themselves from the nucleus by means of its pyknosis and chromatinolysis. In newborn rats erythrocytes have folds of plasmolemma of linear and spotted form on their surface; their number sharply decreases in mature animals. The least changes in form and ultrastructure of erythrocytes are noticed in 3-8-month-old animals.

[The surfactant system and ultrastructure of the lungs after surgical correction of cardiac defects during extracorporeal circulation]. / Surfaktantnaia sistema i ul'trastruktura legkikh posle khirurgicheskoi korrektsii porokov serdtsa v usloviiakh iskusstvennogo krovoobrashcheniia.

Using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, and electron, microscopy, the surfactant system and ultrastructure of the lung were examined in 32 patients with mitral valvular disease before cardiac interventions, after closed mitral commissurotomy, and surgeries under extracorporeal circulation (EC). The magnitude of changes in the pulmonary surfactant and structure was shown to be determined by the degree of circulatory decompensation and to vary with duration of the disease. In 23.7% of the patients, there were significant changes in the pulmonary surfactant system and ultrastructure, which were characterized by phospholipid metabolic disturbances in the surfactant, destructure of osmophilic lamellated corpuscles of type II alveolocytes (AII), decrease in their relative volume, a substantial increase in the minimal BAL superficial tension, and aerohematic barrier fibrosis. Concurrent with the magnitude of morphological changes in the lung, time of EC, composition of a perfusate, the presurgical abnormality of the surfactant system is essential to the development of its postperfusion insufficiency and pulmonary dysfunction. The pulmonary ultrastructural alterations in these patients were expressed by impairment in capillary endotheliocytes, their accumulation of leucocytic aggregates, interstitial and intracellular edemas, partial alveolar collapse, destructive-and-necrotic and compensatory-and-adaptative changes in AII. The above abnormalities were seen in 27.7% of the patients operated on under EC.

[Functional and morphological characteristics of lung contusion]. / Funktsional'no-morfologicheskie osobennosti ushibov legkogo.

Interrelated disturbances of functions of the external ventilation, cardiac activity and hemodynamics in contusion of the lung in experiment are always of a phasic character and are distinctly dependent on the volume of the respiratory parenchyma injury. The most pronounced disturbances of respiration and cardiac activity are observed by the end of the first day and the beginning of the second day after trauma. The decreased activity of the pulmonary surfactant and alteration of permeability of the aerohematic barrier play a substantial part.

[Cytophotometric evaluation of alkaline phosphatase activity in neutrophilic granulocytes and fibroblasts during wound healing in rats]. / Tsitofotometricheskaia otsenka aktivnosti shchelochnoi fosfatazy v neitrofil'nykh granulotsitakh i fibroblastakh pri zazhivlenii ran u krys.

The most informative indexes of alkaline phosphatase activity in neutrophil granulocytes from the peripheral blood and in neutrophil granulocytes and fibroblasts from the wound were defined in the experimental study carried out on 60 rats. These indexes were used to reveal the relationship between blood system reactions and inflammatory and regeneration processes in the wound tissue. The division of neutrophil granulocytes into three functional groups in accordance with alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated to be reasonable. The progress of inflammatory and regeneration processes in the wound tissues was shown to be adequately reflected in changes of both general and relative number of blood circulating neutrophil granulocytes of the third functional group characterized by high alkaline phosphatase activity. The results of the study demonstrate that the cytophotometric method is highly informative. It can be used in the clinical practice for an objective evaluation of the wound healing process as well as for an estimation of the treatment efficacy.

[Type-II alveolocytes in the treatment of the pulmonary form of oxygen poisoning (electron microscopic and morphometric research)]. / Al'veolotsity II tipa pri lechenii legochnoi formy otravleniia kislorodom (élektronno-mikroskopicheskoe i morfometricheskoe issledovanie).

The effect of cytochrome C, thymalin and their combination has been studied concerning morphofunctional state of alveolocytes of the II type (A II) in the lungs of 33 non-inbred white rats at the pulmonary form of oxygen poisoning. The phenomenon develops, when the animals are in pure oxygen under pressure of 0.25 MPa for 10 h. The ultrastructural stereological analysis demonstrates that after exposure of the mice in the barochamber, immediately after decompression and during the 1st and the 3d day in the animals not given the pharmacological preparations in the A II diffuse and local edema develops in hyaloplasm, certain changes develop in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Comparing to intact animals, a relative volume of the lamellar bodies decreases nearly two times, the volume of mitochondria increases by 1.5 times, amount of A II drops. While treating the pulmonary form of oxygen poisoning with cytochrome C or thymalin, in 3 days after beginning to administer the preparations, the relative volume of the lamellar bodies increase by 1.5 times in comparison with those in the group of untreated animals, and at the combined administration-by 2.5 times. This demonstrates stimulation of the pulmonary surfactant synthesis. When the preparations are applied together, by the 3d day the relative volume of mitochondria and amount of A II do not differ from the corresponding indices in intact animals.

[Transformation and ultrastructural changes in erythrocytes during sensitization by serum protein]. / Transformatsiia i ul'trastrukturnye izmeneniia éritrotsitov pri sensibilizatsii organizma syvorotochnym belkom.

Sensibilization of white rats by horse serum protein has led to quantitative and qualitative changes in internal erythrocyte structure. At the same time changes in leucocyte functional activity and immunocomplex circulation took place. Sensibilization has resulted in the rise of echinocyte, poikilocyte and schizocyte blood level. Sensibilization caused activation of spherulation and partial erythrolysis. The processes are induced by the alterations of cellular ultrastructure.

[Ultrastructure of the blood-air barrier of dog lungs during the treatment of acute hypoxia using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]. / Ul'trastruktura aérogematicheskogo bar'era legkikh sobak pri lechenii ostroi gipoksii ékstrakorporal'noi membrannoi oksigenatsiei.

Electron microscopic studies of lung aerohematic barrier were performed in 10 dogs under condition of severe hypoventilation hypoxia, using membrane oxygenator "Sever-OMR". Acute hypoxia treated with extrapulmonary membrane oxygenation was characterized by less deep and disseminated ultrastructural changes in aerohematic barrier than that treated without membrane oxygenation. The data obtained show positive effect of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on lung tissues.

[Ultrastructural organization of the aero-hematic barrier of the lungs of laboratory animals]. / Ul'trastrukturnaia organizatsiia aérogematicheskogo bar'era legkikh laboratornykh zhivotnykh.

The ultrastructure of the aero-hematic barrier (AHB) of the lungs has been studied in the mostly used laboratory animals-mice and rats. In 2 clinically sound animals in macroscopically unchanged parts of the lungs certain disorders of rheological blood properties have been revealed, edema and focal destruction of endotheliocytes and alveolocytes of the I type, local destruction of the thin part of AHB. The changes revealed in AHB ultrastructure in intact mice and rats are in many respects similar to those developing in the lungs under various extreme influences. Therefore, a wide and thorough investigation of the lung structure in intact animals makes it possible to avoid erroneous conclusions at examining various pulmonary pathology and contributes to a correct estimation of its manifestation degree.

[Effect of cystamine on the morphology of gunshot wound healing (a light and electron microscopic study)]. / Vliianie tsistamina na morfologiiu zazhivleniia ognestrel'noi rany (svetoopticheskoe i élektronno-mikroskopicheskoe issledovanie).

Electron microscopy and histochemical tests were used to study the effect of cystamine on gunshot wound healing in experiments on 24 rabbits. Cystamine was established to speed up maturation of the granulation tissue, epithelization of the wound surface and to make the period of gunshot wound healing 4-5 days shorter.

[Tissue metallosis of the implant bed as a late complication of metal osteosynthesis]. / Metalloz tkanei lozha implantata kak pozdnee oslozhnenie metallicheskogo osteosinteza.

Biopsies of soft tissues of 28 patients taken from the region of metallic construction implantation which were in the host for osteosynthesis from 5 months to 4 years were examined histologically, histochemically and electron microscopically. Control biopsis were taken in 4 patients with false joints of long bones 5 months--1 year after the trauma. It is proven that the signs of the metal corrosion destruction are most frequently observed when complex multicomponential metallic implants prepared from heterogeneous metals are used. Corrosion results in the "metallic" tissue response long after the implantation. This is characterized by the formation of dense fibrillar connective tissue, its focal infiltration with fragments of metallic constructions and the products of their destruction in the form of various metal-protein complexes, syderosis, acute or chronic inflammation as a results of corrosion, metallosis and trauma. Metallosis of tissues in the implant bed is to be considered as a late complication of the metallic osteosynthesis.