RESUMEN
Rice is a major source of carbohydrates worldwide. As the global population increases, its annual consumption also increases. Using the high-quality seeds, rice productivity can be enhanced. However, increasing seed access and availability is a major concern. This study aimed to map rice seed production and distribution in Indonesia and determine the challenges. It was carried out in 10 provinces in Indonesia from May to December 2022. These provinces are the centers of rice production in Indonesia. Primary (survey, focus group discussion, and key informant interviews) and secondary data collection methods were used. Results showed that producer capacity and production are closely related to institutional type, where legal institutions are more powerful in terms of knowledge, competency, and market. Almost all seed producers produced the extension seed class. The specific locations, agroecology, and rice consumer preferences affected the variety produced. Seeds were produced with good management, as shown by the adequacy of information types and sources. Furthermore, a free market is a sustainable strategy for selling seeds. The main challenges for seed rice production and distribution in Indonesia include encouraging appropriate resource management and planning (human, infrastructure, and financial) in the seed sector and increasing the linkage of seed stakeholders, such as research institutions, seed certification agencies, producers, and the government. A rapid and appropriate response to these challenges can increase seed availability for producers.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The Routine Electroencephalography (REEG) records cerebral electrical activity to aid in the diagnosis and classification of Epilepsy. Indiscriminate use of the REEG may lower its clinical yield. The pretest clinical variables contributing to the yield of the REEG outcome have not been well-established in the context of developing healthcare systems where REEG utilization may differ from well-established centers. The aim of this study is to determine the yield of the REEG and the pretest clinical variables predicting the yield of the REEG at a single center in the context of the developing healthcare system in Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed REEG reports at a single center in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia between 2015 and 2018. We collected demographic and clinical data from the patients' electronic files. Patients of age ≥18-year-old were included. We collected age, gender, nationality, the indication for the REEG, co-morbidities, antiseizure medicines (ASMs), and details related to the yield of the REEG (normal or abnormal, epileptiform or non-epileptiform, focality, and the presence of rhythmic or periodic patterns or seizures). RESULTS: We included 500 records. Fifty-nine percent were females. The mean age was 39⯱â¯17 years. Of the recorded REEGs, 42.4% were abnormal, 14.6% of them showing definite epileptiform discharges and 85.4% showing only slowing. Half of the REEGs of individuals previously diagnosed with epilepsy revealed abnormal findings. ASM use was associated with slowing in the REEG (pâ¯<â¯.05). Using logistic regression, history of a previous stroke and use of carbamazepine or lamotrigine were predictors of the presence of abnormalities in the REEG, while use of ≥2 ASMs predicted the presence of epileptiform discharges. Stroke also predicted abnormal slowing alongside increased age. CONCLUSION: The clinical yield of the REEG in this sample of patients from a single institution in the context of a developing healthcare system was relatively low. History of stroke and being on more than one ASM may predict that the REEG will show relevant abnormalities.