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There is great variability regarding serratus anterior sEMG sensor placement and test positions during normalization procedures. We investigated between-trials reliability of serratus anterior sEMG, acquired at two sensor placements and four test positions, during maximal and submaximal isometric contractions. Twenty young healthy women participated. sEMG was captured at the 7th intercostal space and at the xiphoid process level, in the mid-axillary line, during maximal and submaximal isometric contractions, in four test positions. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC2,1), coefficient of variation and standard error of measurement were calculated. Interactions between sensor placements and test positions were investigated using a two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. All test conditions presented ICC2,1 > 0.8. There was no interaction between sensor placement and test position. Signal obtained from the sensor at 7th intercostal space was more stable between-trials and showed higher amplitude, during maximal and submaximal contractions, at seated positions with shoulder protracted at both 90° or 125° of flexion. We suggest to acquire serratus anterior sEMG at the 7th intercostal space and perform maximal or submaximal isometric contractions for signal normalization with shoulder protracted and flexed, at seated position.
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Contracción Isométrica , Esfuerzo Físico , Electromiografía , Femenino , Humanos , Músculo Esquelético , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosRESUMEN
CONTEXT: Volleyball and handball players have usually been studied collectively as "overhead athletes," since throwing present similarities in the proximal to distal movement sequencing and upper limb joints ranges of motion. However, each sport presents specificities in the objectives when accelerating the ball and a variety of possible throwing techniques. Therefore, it is expected there may be differences in the shoulder and upper body physical performance between sports. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine if there are differences in shoulder muscle strength and upper body field performance tests between volleyball and handball athletes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. METHODS: Ninety-nine volleyball and handball female athletes aged between 13 and 20 years were evaluated for isometric shoulder abductor and rotator strength (handheld dynamometer) and upper body field performance tests: Y Balance Test-Upper Quarter, modified Closed Kinetic Chain Upper-Extremity Stability Test, and unilateral and bilateral Seated Medicine Ball Throw. RESULTS: Handball athletes presented greater shoulder internal rotation strength (between-group difference: 2.84; effect size 0.70), higher medial (between-group difference: 9.54; effect size 0.90), superolateral (between-group differences: 8.9; effect size 0.68), and composite scores (between-group difference 5.7; effect size 0.75) of the Y Balance Test-Upper Quarter and higher unilateral (between-group difference: 41.92; effect size 0.91) and bilateral (between-group difference: 46.11; effect size 0.83) Seated Medicine Ball Throw performance. Groups were not different for Closed Kinetic Chain Upper-Extremity Stability Test, external rotation, and abduction isometric strength. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that young female handball athletes present greater internal rotator strength and better performance in Y Balance Test-Upper Quarter and Seated Medicine Ball Throw compared to volleyball players. These differences may be related to the different demands required in the throwing movements performed in each sport and should be considered when assessing these populations.
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Articulación del Hombro , Voleibol , Adolescente , Adulto , Atletas , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Fuerza Muscular , Rango del Movimiento Articular , Hombro , Extremidad Superior , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The assessment of chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) is a challenge shared by several health professionals. Fragmented or incomplete assessment can cause deleterious consequences for the patient's function. The objective of this paper was to propose a framework for clinical assessment of CMP based on the current literature and following the conceptual model of the International Classification of Functioning and Health (ICF). We propose that the ICF rationale may help to guide the processes, acting as a moderator of the clinical assessment, since it changes the perspective used to obtain and interpret findings during anamnesis and physical examination. Additionally, updated specific knowledge about pain, including that of pain domains and mechanisms, along with effective patient-clinician communication may act as a mediator of CMP assessment. We conduct the readers through the steps of the clinical assessment of CMP using both the proposed moderator and mediators and present a clinical example of application. We suggest that the proposed framework may help clinicians to implement a CMP assessment based on the biopsychosocial model using a critical and updated rationale, potentially improving assessment outcomes, i.e., clinical diagnosis.
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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.607559.].
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COVID-19 is an acute respiratory illness with higher mortality in older adults. This condition is spread person-to-person through close contact, and among policies employed to decrease transmission are the improvement of hygiene habits and physical distancing. Although social distancing has been recognized as the best way to prevent the transmission, there are concerns that it may promote increased depression symptoms risk and anxiety, mainly in older adults. This cross-sectional study aimed to verify self-concept of social distancing in adults compared to older adults. All participants, over 18 years and residents of São Paulo state (Brazil), were invited to join this research study by a message application and answered an interdisciplinary questionnaire during the period from May 23 to June 23, 2020. The questions were divided into the following aspects: sociodemographic data, financial conditions, routine-related perception, perception of health, physical and emotional state, and eating habits. The younger adult group was composed of 139 participants, with a mean age of 43.15 years (±10.92), and the older adult group was composed of 437 participants with a mean age of 67.59 years (±6.13) of both sex. Changes in routine during the period of social distance were reported by 95% of adults and 96.8% of older adults, but adults indicated more significant alterations in routine. Although there was no difference between groups for several aspects, adults revealed greater alterations in sleep quality, evacuation frequency, and more difficulty to perform daily activities at home. Further studies are necessary to follow up the impacts of social distancing among adults and older adults in different socioeconomic contexts to better understand the long-term alterations and the necessity of interventions.
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BACKGROUND: Handheld dynamometers (HHD) provide quick and low-cost assessments of muscle strength and their use has been increasing in clinical practice. There is no available data related to the validity of HHD for this measurement. OBJECTIVE: To verify the concurrent validity of scapular protraction measurements using an HHD. METHODS: Individuals with traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability were allocated in Instability Group (n=20), healthy swimmers were allocated in Athletes Group (n=19) and healthy subjects were allocated in Sedentary Group (n=21). Concurrent validity was verified by the Pearson correlation test between HHD and isokinetic measurements. The agreement between instruments was verified by Bland-Altman plots, for each of the two HHD positions. RESULTS: A moderate correlation was observed between seated (r=0.59) and lying supine HHD (r=0.54) and isokinetic dynamometer measurements for the all groups. Separated group analysis exhibited a strong correlation between seated HHD and isokinetic dynamometer measurements in the Instability Group (r=0.80), Sedentary Group (r=0.79) and Athletes Group (r=0.76). The Bland-Altman plot showed greater agreement in the seated position than the lying supine position when comparing measurements with the HHD and isokinetic in both the general sample and separated groups. CONCLUSION: The HHD may be considered a valid tool for assessing scapular protraction muscle strength among healthy athletes, non-athletes and subjects with shoulder instability. We recommend to assess subjects in the seated position and to be aware that the HHD tends to overestimate the peak force, compared with the gold-standard isokinetic dynamometer.
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Fuerza Muscular/fisiología , Escápula/fisiología , Estudios Transversales , Ejercicio Físico , Humanos , Rango del Movimiento ArticularRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate possible alterations on scapular muscle strength in subjects with traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Laboratory setting. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-two subjects of both sexes: 26 healthy and 26 with traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Subjects performed maximal isometric and concentric isokinetic contractions of shoulder protraction and retraction in scapular and sagittal planes, at slow (12.2â¯cm/s) and fast (36.6â¯cm/s) speeds. RESULTS: Subjects with glenohumeral instability presented lower peak force of protraction and retraction during isometric and fast speed tests in the scapular plane; and of isometric protraction in the sagittal plane. CONCLUSIONS: People with traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability present muscle weakness of scapular protractors and retractors. Considering the importance of the scapulothoracic muscles for the dynamic stability of the glenohumeral joint, strengthening of these muscles is recommended for rehabilitation of traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability.
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Inestabilidad de la Articulación/fisiopatología , Fuerza Muscular , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatología , Escápula , Lesiones del Hombro , Articulación del Hombro/fisiopatología , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Contracción Isométrica , Masculino , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate within- and between-days reliability of two normalization methods of surface electromyography (sEMG) recordings of the trapezius muscle. METHODS: Nineteen women were allocated into 2 groups (healthy and with neck-shoulder pain). The sEMG was recorded in two sessions with 7 days in between sessions. The four portions of the trapezius muscle (the clavicular and acromial fibers of the upper trapezius, the middle and the lower trapezius) were evaluated during maximal and submaximal isometric voluntary contractions. The within- and between-days reliability of both maximal and submaximal contractions were assessed through Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC(2,1) was used for within-day analyses of both maximal and submaximal contractions, and for between-days analyses of maximal contractions while ICC(2,3) was used for between-days analyses of submaximal contractions), Coefficient of Variation, Standard Error of Measurement, and Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS: In general, submaximal contractions presented higher within-day reliability, with higher ICC values (e.g., middle trapezius - mean of 0.97), smaller Coefficient of Variation and Standard Error of Measurement ranges compared to maximal contractions (ICC values, e.g. for middle trapezius - mean of 0.94) in both groups. The same pattern was observed for between-days analyses, with submaximal contractions presenting higher ICC values (e.g., middle trapezius - mean of 0.84), smaller Coefficient of Variation and Standard Error of Measurement ranges than maximal contractions (ICC values, e.g. for middle trapezius - mean of 0.73) in both groups. CONCLUSION: Submaximal contractions are recommended for normalization procedures of trapezius sEMG, in both subjects with neck-shoulder pain and healthy individuals.
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Contracción Isométrica/fisiología , Músculo Esquelético/fisiología , Dolor Musculoesquelético/fisiopatología , Dolor de Hombro/fisiopatología , Músculos Superficiales de la Espalda/fisiología , Electromiografía , HumanosRESUMEN
Scapular kinematics alterations have been found following muscle fatigue. Considering the importance of the lower trapezius in coordinated scapular movement, this study aimed to investigate the effects of elastic taping (Kinesio taping, KT) for muscle facilitation on scapular kinematics of healthy overhead athletes following muscle fatigue. Twenty-eight athletes were evaluated in a crossover, single-blind, randomized design, in three sessions: control (no taping), KT (KT with tension) and sham (KT without tension). Scapular tridimensional kinematics and EMG of clavicular and acromial portions of upper trapezius, lower trapezius and serratus anterior were evaluated during arm elevation and lowering, before and after a fatigue protocol involving repetitive throwing. Median power frequency decline of serratus anterior was significantly lower in KT session compared to sham, possibly indicating lower muscle fatigue. However, the effects of muscle fatigue on scapular kinematics were not altered by taping conditions. Although significant changes were found in scapular kinematics following muscle fatigue, they were small and not considered relevant. It was concluded that healthy overhead athletes seem to present an adaptive mechanism that avoids the disruption of scapular movement pattern following muscle fatigue. Therefore, these athletes do not benefit from the use of KT to assist scapular movement under the conditions tested.
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Atletas , Cinta Atlética , Béisbol/fisiología , Fatiga Muscular/fisiología , Escápula/fisiología , Adulto , Cinta Atlética/estadística & datos numéricos , Béisbol/lesiones , Fenómenos Biomecánicos/fisiología , Clavícula/fisiología , Estudios Cruzados , Electromiografía/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Hombro/fisiología , Método Simple Ciego , Músculos Superficiales de la Espalda/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The upper trapezius (UT) has been widely studied and related to alterations in clavicular kinematics in subject with shoulder disorders. However, the most common electrode site used to capture UT EMG is between C7 and the acromion, placing the electrodes over the acromial fibers rather than clavicular ones. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between clavicular movements (elevation and retraction) and UT EMG recorded from three electrode sites (traditional electrode positioning and two different sites proposed for clavicular fibers evaluation). Furthermore, the position associated with the highest EMG during maximal isometric voluntary contractions (MVIC), for each electrode site, was determined for normalization purposes. EMG was simultaneously captured in the three electrode sites of 20 healthy subjects, during MVIC at five different positions and during shoulder elevation and abduction in scapular plane. Clavicular kinematics was recorded using an electromagnetic tracking system during the dynamic contractions. Shoulder abduction with head rotation and lateral flexion elicited the highest EMG amplitude on the three electrode sites and was used to normalize the signals. A cross-correlation analysis showed high correlations between all electrode sites and clavicular movements. However, the traditional electrode site seems to record more informative signals in healthy subjects.
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Clavícula/fisiología , Electromiografía/instrumentación , Electromiografía/métodos , Contracción Isométrica/fisiología , Rango del Movimiento Articular/fisiología , Músculos Superficiales de la Espalda/fisiología , Adulto , Electrodos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Movimiento/fisiología , Hombro/fisiología , Articulación del Hombro/fisiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To investigate shoulder rotator strength and steadiness in athletes with anterior instability and superior labrum anterior posterior (SLAP) lesion. DESIGN: Cross-sectional laboratory study. METHODS: Athletes with anterior shoulder instability (instability group, n=10) and a SLAP lesion (SLAP group, n=10) were compared with healthy athletes matched by age, anthropometrics and sport (control group for shoulder instability, n=10 and control group for SLAP, n=10). Torque steadiness was evaluated with three 10s submaximal isometric contractions (35% of peak torque) with the arm at 90° of shoulder abduction and 90° of external rotation. The mean isometric torque, standard deviation and coefficient of variation were measured from the steadiness trials. To evaluate shoulder rotator strength, concentric isokinetic tests (90°/s, 180°/s) were performed at the 90-90° position and peak torque to body mass and shoulder external to internal rotation ratio variables were analyzed. The variables were tested with the instability and control groups with respect to shoulder instability and between the SLAP and control groups for SLAP lesion using the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: The SLAP group presented a higher coefficient of variation than the SLAP control group (p=0.003). Regarding shoulder strength, the internal and external shoulder rotators were weaker in the instability group than in the instability control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Athletes with anterior shoulder instability presented shoulder rotation weakness, while athletes with a SLAP lesion showed higher torque fluctuation during internal rotation. These results indicate that there are different alterations to strength and sensory motor control in each condition.
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Traumatismos en Atletas/fisiopatología , Ligamentos Articulares/lesiones , Articulación del Hombro/fisiopatología , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Inestabilidad de la Articulación , Contracción Muscular/fisiología , Manguito de los Rotadores/fisiopatología , Síndrome de Abducción Dolorosa del Hombro/fisiopatología , Torque , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUÇÃO: O atletismo é uma modalidade esportiva que apresenta grande incidência de lesões musculoesqueléticas. No entanto, são poucas as informações na literatura a respeito das lesões no atletismo paralímpico. OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil das queixas musculoesqueléticas, a localização anatômica e os recursos fisioterapêuticos utilizados durante o Mundial Paralímpico de Atletismo em Christchurch Nova Zelândia 2011. MÉTODOS: A Delegação Brasileira foi composta por 34 atletas. Foram feitos registros de todos os atendimentos do setor da fisioterapia, diariamente, quanto à queixa, região anatômica acometida e os recursos fisioterapêuticos utilizados. Os atendimentos eram realizados no hotel em que a delegação estava hospedada, bem como no local da competição. Dos 34 atletas, 25 (73,5%) foram atendidos no setor de fisioterapia. RESULTADOS: As principais queixas foram as mialgias (38,4%), seguida pelas artralgias (23%). As regiões mais referidas nas queixas dos atletas foram na coxa (n = 8, 30,7%), seguida pelo joelho (n = 6, 23%). No total foram realizados 428 atendimentos fisioterapêuticos. No hotel, o recurso terapêutico mais utilizado foi o ultrassom (35,1%), seguido do TENS (31,2%), da crioterapia (23,3%). No local da competição, o recurso terapêutico que prevaleceu foi a crioterapia (44,1%), seguida pela massoterapia (37,2%). CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados contribuem para o conhecimento das principais lesões nesta modalidade esportiva, auxiliando no desenvolvimento de programas direcionados à prevenção das mesmas.
INTRODUCTION: Athletics is an umbrella sport with high incidence of musculoskeletal injuries; however, the literature presents little information on injuries in Paralympics athletics. OBJECTIVE: This study was to describe the profile of the musculoskeletal complaints, their anatomical locations, and physiotherapeutic resources used during the Paralympic Athletics World Championships in Christchurch in 2011. METHODS: The Brazilian delegation included 34 athletes. Their musculoskeletal complaints, affected anatomical regions, and the physiotherapy resources used were daily recorded for all of the physiotherapy sessions. The sessions were held in the hotel that hosted the delegation and at the competition venue. RESULTS: Out of the 34 athletes, 25 (73.5%) were treated at the Department of Physiotherapy. The main complaints were myalgia (38.4%), followed by arthralgia (23%). The region of the body with the most complaints was the thigh (n = 8, 30.7%), followed by the knee (n = 6, 23%). A total of 428 physiotherapy sessions were performed. At the hotel, the mostly used therapeutic approach was the ultrasound (35.1%), followed by TENS (31.2%) and cryotherapy (23.3%). At the competition venue, the mostly used therapeutic approach was cryotherapy (44.1%), followed by massage (37.2%). CONCLUSION: The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the major injuries in this sport and help to develop programs aimed for injury prevention.