OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to analyze what factors influence the cost of orthognathic surgery performed within the US. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study was completed using the Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) from 2000 to 2012 on all patients aged 14 to 20 years who had undergone orthognathic surgery. The predictor variables included patient and hospitalization characteristics. The primary outcome variable was hospital charge ($). Multivariate linear regression was conducted to determine independent predictors for increased/decreased hospital charge. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 14 191 patients (mean age, 17.4 ± 1.6 years; females, 59.2%). Each additional day in the hospital added $8123 in hospital charges (P < .01). Relative to mandibular osteotomy, maxillary osteotomy (+$5703, P < .01) and bimaxillary osteotomy (+$9419, P < .01) were each associated with increased hospital charges. Genioplasty (+$3499, P < .01), transfusion of packed cells (TPC) (+$11 719, P < .01), continuous invasive mechanical ventilation (CIMV) <96 hours (+$23 502, P < .01), and CIMV ≥96 hours (+$30 901, P < .01) were each associated with significantly increased hospital charges. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) added $6560 in hospital charges (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Maxillary osteotomy and bimaxillary surgery were each associated with significantly increased charges relative to mandibular osteotomy. Concomitant genioplasty, TPC, CIMV, and OSA each significantly increased the charges. Each additional day to the length of stay significantly increased the charges.
Orthognathic Surgery , Orthognathic Surgical Procedures , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive , Female , Humans , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Retrospective Studies , Genioplasty
PURPOSE: The primary purpose of this study is to estimate and compare the frequencies, types, and hospital admission rates of head and neck injuries in subjects who practice different martial art fighting styles, including karate, kung fu, kickboxing, taekwondo, judo, and jiu jitsu. METHODS: The investigators designed and implemented a 20-year cross-sectional study using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database. Information related to head and neck martial art injuries from January 2000 through December 2019 was included in this study. Study variables were obtained from both patient demographics and injury characteristics (date of injury, diagnosis, body part, type of martial art, and disposition). Patient and injury characteristics were compared through χ2 and independent sample tests. RESULTS: Taekwondo was the most likely type of martial art to lead to a head injury (P < .01), whereas jiu jitsu (P < .01) and judo (P < .01) were most likely to cause neck injuries. The type of martial art was not significantly associated with admission rates (P = .190); however, patients with head injuries were more likely to be admitted relative to patients who did not suffer head injuries (P < .05). Moreover, injuries secondary to judo were more likely to result in admissions relative to that of all other martial arts (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Judo was the most severe martial art during this time period as it led to the highest rate of hospital admissions. Karate injuries are most likely to occur in younger populations of fighters under the age of 18 years.
Craniocerebral Trauma , Martial Arts , Adolescent , Craniocerebral Trauma/epidemiology , Craniocerebral Trauma/etiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Martial Arts/injuries
We report a case that shows the pathognomonic orofacial features identified with acromegaly. Unilateral parotid gland enlargement was also present. Our investigation showed that the parotid gland swelling was non-neoplastic and part of the organomegaly complex associated with acromegaly. Parotidomegaly represents a very rare finding in acromegaly.
Acromegaly , Parotid Diseases , Humans , Hypertrophy , Parotid Gland
Radioactive iodine (131I) is used in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancers. Collateral damage to the salivary glands (SGs) can be anticipated. Standard therapeutic doses of 131I often cause SG obstructive symptomatology and hyposalivation can develop with the higher 131I doses used for aggressive thyroid malignancies with or without metastases.
Iodine Radioisotopes , Thyroid Neoplasms , Xerostomia , Humans , Iodine Radioisotopes/administration & dosage , Iodine Radioisotopes/adverse effects , Salivary Glands , Thyroid Neoplasms/radiotherapy , Xerostomia/etiology
Non-precious metal oxide/carbon hybrid electrocatalysts are of increasing importance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). A synergistic effect is commonly used to explain the superior ORR activity exerted by metal oxide/nanocarbon hybrids, and this effect is attributed to covalently coupled interfaces between the two materials. However, the origin of the high activity, the structure, and the electrocatalytic nature of the interface remain unclear. By combining X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with synchrotron far-infrared spectroscopy, we resolved the interface structure between spinel manganese oxide nanocrystals and graphene oxide nanoribbons, and the role of this interface in the promoted ORR. Moreover, we demonstrated the excellent ORR activity by a functional synergism of the hybrid constituents through a series of comparative electrochemical experiments.
Graphite/chemistry , Manganese Compounds/chemistry , Oxides/chemistry , Oxygen/chemistry , Catalysis , Electrochemistry , Models, Molecular , Molecular Conformation , Nanotubes, Carbon/chemistry , Oxidation-Reduction
Diatomite, a porous non-metal mineral, was used as support to prepare TiO2/diatomite composites by a modified sol-gel method. The as-prepared composites were calcined at temperatures ranging from 450 to 950 °C. The characterization tests included X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements. The XRD analysis indicated that the binary mixtures of anatase and rutile exist in the composites. The morphology analysis confirmed the TiO2 particles were uniformly immobilized on the surface of diatom with a strong interfacial anchoring strength, which leads to few drain of photocatalytic components during practical applications. In further XPS studies of hybrid catalyst, we found the evidence of the presence of Ti-O-Si bond and increased percentage of surface hydroxyl. In addition, the adsorption capacity and photocatalytic activity of synthesized TiO2/diatomite composites were evaluated by studying the degradation kinetics of aqueous Rhodamine B under UV-light irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation was found to follow pseudo-first order kinetics according to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The preferable removal efficiency was observed in composites by 750 °C calcination, which is attributed to a relatively appropriate anatase/rutile mixing ratio of 90/10.
A novel type of hierarchical porous carbon has been successfully prepared by constructing intra- and inter-sphere -CO- crosslinking bridges of monodisperse styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer nanospheres. The -C(6)H(4)- crosslinking bridges ensure good stability of the nanospheres during swelling and crosslinking, and the -CO- crosslinking bridges play an important role in achieving good nanostructure inheritability during carbonization.
