BACKGROUND: Although there is a robust relationship among social trauma, optimism, and depression, the inner mechanism of this correlation remains unclear and need to be further explored. The mainly purpose of the current study was to investigate the relationship between social trauma, optimism, and depression among college students in China. More specifically, examined the moderating role of the optimism between social trauma and depression in Chinese college students. METHODS: A sample of 464 Chinese college students (54.7% female, Mage=19.29) from three universities were selected by the convenient sampling, and the Social Trauma Questionnaire (STQ), the Optimism Questionnaire (OPQ), and the Self-Rating Depression (SDS) were completed by these Chinese undergraduates. The descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and hierarchical regression analysis were used to examine the results. RESULTS: (1) The social trauma was positively associated with depression, whereas the optimism was negatively associated with social trauma, and depression; (2) The social trauma had a significant correlation with depression, and the optimism could moderate the relationship between social trauma and depression. More specifically, the further study showed that there was a significant positive relation between social trauma and depression under the low optimism level, however, there was a non-significant relation between social trauma and depression under the high optimism level. CONCLUSION: The optimism is the protective mechanism of college students' mental health (e.g., depression), it could weaken the trauma that associated with social trauma among college students.
Asian People , Depression , Optimism , Psychological Trauma , Social Interaction , Students , Female , Humans , Male , China/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depression/epidemiology , Depression/psychology , Students/psychology , Optimism/psychology , Universities , Young Adult , Psychological Trauma/psychology
(1) Background: This study determined the prevalence of adolescents that meet 24-HMGs alone and in combination, and their association with the risk of developing adolescent anxiety and depression. (2) Methods: Participants were drawn from 9420 K8 grade adolescents (age 14.53 ± 0.69 years; 54.78% boys) from the China Education Tracking Survey (CEPS) 2014-2015 tracking data. Data on depression and anxiety were collected from the results of the questionnaire in the CEPS for the adolescent mental health test. Compliance with the 24-HMG was defined as: physical activity time (PA) ≥ 60 min/day was defined as meeting the PA. Screen time (ST) ≤ 120 min/day was defined as meeting the ST. Adolescents aged 13 years achieved 9-11 h of sleep per night and adolescents aged 14-17 years achieved 8-10 h of sleep per night, defined as meeting sleep. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between meeting and not meeting the recommendations and the risk of depression and anxiety in adolescents. (3) Results: Of the sample studied, 0.71% of adolescents met all three recommendations, 13.54% met two recommendations and 57.05% met one recommendation. Meeting sleep, meeting PA+ sleep, meeting ST + sleep, and meeting PA + ST + sleep were associated with a significantly lower risk of anxiety and depression in adolescents. Logistic regression results showed that differences in the effects of gender on the odds ratio (ORs) for depression and anxiety in adolescents were not significant. (4) Conclusions: This study determined the risk of developing depression and anxiety in adolescents who met the recommendations for 24-HMG alone and in combination. Overall, meeting more of the recommendations in the 24-HMGs was associated with lower anxiety and depression risk outcomes in adolescents. For boys, reducing the risk of depression and anxiety can be prioritised by meeting PA + ST + sleep, meeting ST + sleep and meeting sleep in the 24-HMGs. For girls, reducing the risk of depression and anxiety may be preferred by meeting PA + ST + sleep or meeting PA+ sleep and meeting sleep in 24-HMGs. However, only a small proportion of adolescents met all recommendations, highlighting the need to promote and support adherence to these behaviours.
Mental Health , Sedentary Behavior , Male , Female , Humans , Adolescent , Cross-Sectional Studies , Exercise , China , Sleep
ABSTRACT Introduction: Soccer is watched by hundreds of millions of fans worldwide, in more than 1.5 million teams and 300,000 clubs worldwide, by men and women, children and adults of all levels of expertise. Demanding high performance from its practitioners, achieved only with the strong scientific basis of its technicians by constantly updated research. Objective: Study the results of extensor strength training with plyometrics exercises on the motor function of soccer players' lower limbs. Methods: An experiment with 30 soccer players as research volunteers was performed by randomly dividing them into high load plyometric training group (PHL, 20% of body weight), low load plyometric training group (PLL, 10% of body weight), and control group (CON) for various physiological tests before and after training. Results: Lower limb muscle mass in the PHL group increased significantly; creatine kinase (CK) changes were not statistically significant; regarding isokinetic muscle strength performance, the PHL group showed a significant improvement in peak torque at 60°/s and 180°/s, while the PLL group obtained only a significant improvement at 180°/s. Conclusion: Plyometric exercise promoted a significant improvement in isokinetic muscle strength of the lower extremity of soccer players; its training with different weights did not cause muscle damage. A progressive training load is recommended for athletes with low muscle strength during the initial training phase. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.
RESUMO Introdução: O futebol é assistido por centenas de milhões de torcedores mundialmente, em mais de 1,5 milhões de times e 300.000 clubes em todo o mundo, tanto por homens e mulheres, crianças e adultos de todos os níveis de especialização. Exigindo alta performance de seus praticantes, conseguida apenas com forte embasamento científico de seus técnicos por pesquisas constantemente atualizadas. Objetivo: Estudar os resultados do treinamento de fortalecimento dos extensores com exercícios de pliometria sobre a função motora dos membros inferiores dos jogadores de futebol. Métodos: Um experimento com 30 jogadores de futebol como voluntários de pesquisa foi executado dividindo-os aleatoriamente em grupo de treinamento pliométrico de alta carga (PHL, 20% do peso corporal), grupo de treinamento pliométrico de baixa carga (PLL, 10% do peso corporal) e grupo de controle (CON) para vários testes fisiológicos antes e depois do treinamento. Resultados: A massa muscular dos membros inferiores no grupo PHL aumentou significativamente; as alterações de creatina quinase (CK) não foram estatisticamente significativas; em relação ao desempenho da força muscular isocinética, o grupo PHL apresentou uma melhora significativa no torque de pico a 60°/s e 180°/s, enquanto o grupo PLL obteve apenas uma melhora significativa a 180°/s. Conclusão: A pliometria promoveu uma melhora significativa na força muscular isocinética dos membros inferiores dos jogadores de futebol, seu treinamento com distintos pesos não ocasionou danos musculares. Recomenda-se a utilização de carga de treinamento progressiva aos esportistas com pouca força muscular durante a fase inicial de treinamento. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.
RESUMEN Introducción: El fútbol es visto por cientos de millones de aficionados en todo el mundo, en más de 1,5 millones de equipos y 300.000 clubes en todo el mundo, por hombres y mujeres, niños y adultos de todos los niveles de especialización. Exigir un alto rendimiento a sus practicantes, sólo se consigue con una fuerte base científica de sus técnicos mediante una investigación constantemente actualizada. Objetivo: Estudiar los resultados del entrenamiento de la fuerza extensora con ejercicios pliométricos sobre la función motora de los miembros inferiores de los futbolistas. Métodos: Se realizó un experimento con 30 jugadores de fútbol como voluntarios de investigación, dividiéndolos aleatoriamente en el grupo de entrenamiento pliométrico de alta carga (PHL, 20% del peso corporal), el grupo de entrenamiento pliométrico de baja carga (PLL, 10% del peso corporal) y el grupo de control (CON) para realizar diversas pruebas fisiológicas antes y después del entrenamiento. Resultados: La masa muscular de las extremidades inferiores en el grupo PHL aumentó significativamente; los cambios en la creatina quinasa (CK) no fueron estadísticamente significativos; en cuanto al rendimiento de la fuerza muscular isocinética, el grupo PHL mostró una mejora significativa en el par máximo a 60°/s y 180°/s, mientras que el grupo PLL sólo obtuvo una mejora significativa a 180°/s. Conclusión: La pliometría promovió una mejora significativa en la fuerza muscular isocinética de los miembros inferiores de los futbolistas, su entrenamiento con diferentes pesos no causó daño muscular. Se recomienda una carga de entrenamiento progresiva para los atletas con poca fuerza muscular durante la fase de entrenamiento inicial. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.
ABSTRACT Introduction: With the development of contemporary soccer, it can be seen that the physical conditioning of athletes has become the gold standard for player evaluation. Objective: Analyze the effects of strength training on soccer players' physical conditioning. Methods: By combining functional strength training with traditional soccer training, the literature was compared, using the method of mathematical statistics and comparative analysis to study the influence of physical conditioning in youth soccer (n=62). Results: After the test, the difference between the control group and the experimental group was significantly enhanced (p = 0.66> 0.05), but there was no difference in effectiveness between the experimental group and the control group after 10 minutes (p = 0.03. <0.05). There was a significant difference in post-test performance between the experimental group and the control group (p = 0.04 <0.05), with emphasis on the hand-throw performance after training. Conclusion: The strength training protocol presented here had a positive impact on the physical conditioning of soccer players, especially on the agility performance of young athletes. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
RESUMO Introdução: Com o desenvolvimento do futebol contemporâneo, pode-se constatar que o condicionamento físico dos atletas se tornou o padrão ouro para avaliação de seu jogador. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos do treinamento de força sobre o condicionamento físico dos jogadores de futebol. Métodos: Combinando o treinamento funcional de força ao treinamento de futebol tradicional, comparou-se a literatura bibliográfica, utilizando o método de estatística matemática e análise comparativa para estudar a influência sobre o condicionamento físico no futebol juvenil (n=62). Resultados: Após o teste, a diferença entre o grupo controle e o grupo experimental foi significativamente aprimorada (p = 0,66> 0,05), porém não houve diferença na eficácia entre o grupo experimental e o grupo controle após 10 minutos (p = 0,03. <0.05). Verificou-se uma diferença significativa no desempenho pós-teste entre o grupo experimental e o grupo controle (p = 0,04 <0,05), com destaque ao desempenho do lançamento manual após o treinamento. Conclusão: O protocolo de treinamento de força apresentado repercutiu positivamente sobre o condicionamento físico nos jogadores de futebol, com destaque para o desempenho da agilidade nos jovens atletas. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.
RESUMEN Introducción: Con el desarrollo del fútbol contemporáneo, se puede comprobar que la condición física de los atletas se convirtió en el patrón de oro para la evaluación del jugador. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos del entrenamiento de fuerza en la condición física de los futbolistas. Métodos: Combinando el entrenamiento de fuerza funcional con el entrenamiento de fútbol tradicional, se comparó la literatura, utilizando el método de la estadística matemática y el análisis comparativo para estudiar la influencia en el acondicionamiento físico en el fútbol juvenil (n=62). Resultados: Después de la prueba, la diferencia entre el grupo de control y el grupo experimental fue significativamente mayor (p = 0,66> 0,05), pero no hubo diferencia de eficacia entre el grupo experimental y el grupo de control después de 10 minutos (p = 0,03. <0,05). Hubo una diferencia significativa en el rendimiento posterior a la prueba entre el grupo experimental y el grupo de control (p = 0,04 <0,05), con énfasis en el rendimiento del lanzamiento manual después del entrenamiento. Conclusión: El protocolo de entrenamiento de fuerza aquí presentado tuvo un impacto positivo en el acondicionamiento físico de los jugadores de fútbol, con énfasis en el rendimiento de la agilidad en atletas jóvenes. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a core literacy questionnaire for public physical education teachers in colleges and universities (TCLQ-PPE) to address the current lack of core literacy assessment tools for public physical education teachers in Chinese colleges and universities. The study measured the validity of the TCLQ-PPE questionnaire by collecting evidence of the validity of this questionnaire. Methods: An initial pool of items was obtained from existing research tools, literature, and expert opinion. An expert review panel evaluated its content. A subsequent validation process reduced the number of items in the item pool. A validated factor analysis of the TCLQ-PPE was performed using structural equation modeling. Results: The TCLQ-PPE consists of five dimensions (professional beliefs, professional knowledge and skills, sports skills, work and life adaptation and reflection, and work management), consisting of a total of 40 items. The factorial validity of the TCLQ-PPE was determined by the significant loadings of all items on their expected factors, showing good data model fit and good stability between two independent samples. The Cronbach's É coefficient for each dimension was greater than 0.9. Conclusion: The TCLQ-PPE had sufficient evidence of validity. The development of the instrument showed evidence of validity for the content, response process, and internal structure.
Background: In China, the problem of aging population has become more and more serious. The factors influencing life satisfaction of older people are becoming a significant issue. This study explores the effects of health insurance and physical exercise on life satisfaction of older people in China. Method: This study used an unbalanced panel dataset (n = 6,393, T = 4) of older adults aged 60-80 years from the 2006 to 2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). A panel ordered logistic regression model was developed to examine the effects of health insurance and physical exercise on older people' life satisfaction. Mediation tests were used to examine the mediating role of physical exercise in the effect of health insurance on life satisfaction of older people. Result: Life satisfaction of older people was positively associated with participation in health insurance (OR = 1.439) and physical exercise (OR = 1.033). Participation in government health insurance, urban employee health insurance (UEBMI), new rural cooperative health insurance (NRCMI), and other commercial health insurance all have positive effects on life satisfaction of older people. Physical exercise plays a masking role in the effect of health insurance on life satisfaction of older people. Conclusion: Participation in health insurance and physical exercise are important means to promote life satisfaction among older people. Physical exercise affects the impact of health insurance on older people's life satisfaction.
Insurance, Health , Personal Satisfaction , Aged , China/epidemiology , Exercise , Humans , Nutrition Surveys
Peer support for physical exercise is defined as behaviors such as mutual or one-way provision of material help and/or emotional care and companionship between peers in the physical environment and/or physical behavior. The assessment of peer support is complex and based on reasoning. Trustworthy assessment processes need to provide sufficient evidence of validity. The purpose of this study was to organize, collect, and use Kane's validity framework to provide validity evidence for the identification of peer support for physical exercise among college students. The article describes the experience of using the framework in this study, considers data related to the four inferences (scoring, generalization, extrapolation, and implication) that emerge from the assessment process. The findings of the study are then interpreted through the four inferences to determine whether this evidence supports the purpose of this study. Based on Kane's framework to explain the validity process of this study, the study concludes that the evidence in terms of scoring, generalization, extrapolation, and implication supports the use of the PEPSQ for the identification of physical exercise peer support among college students.
Clinical Competence , Educational Measurement , Exercise , Humans , Reproducibility of Results , Students , Surveys and Questionnaires
Background: A number of public health measures are required during the COVID-19 pandemic. To stop the spread of COVID-19, the Chinese government has adopted isolation policies, including closing non-essential businesses, public transportation and schools, moving students' face-to-face learning to online, and recommending the cancellation of all non-essential activities and outdoor activities. However, while this isolation strategy has reduced human-to-human transmission of COVID-19, it has led to dramatic changes in students' daily lives and learning styles, including reduced physical activity and increased sedentary time. Considering the potentially harmful effects of physical inactivity, this study hoped to explore the incidence and influencing factors of non-participation in home physical exercise among Chinese students aged 10-20 during the implementation of the COVID-19 isolation policy. Methods: Through an online questionnaire platform, this study created an open-ended questionnaire (from March 1, 2020 to March 10, 2020) and distributed it to students in areas where isolation policies were enforced. The questionnaire was initially distributed by 10 recruited volunteers, and then the questionnaire was voluntarily forwarded and shared by the subjects or others, in a "snowball" way, to expand distribution. Finally, the survey data of 4,532 Chinese students aged 10-20 were collected. The incidence of respondents non-participating in home physical activity was determined using univariate analysis. Using odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of a multivariate binary logistic regression model, factors influencing non-participation in home physical exercise were estimated. Results: Among the sample students, the incidence rate of non-participating in home physical exercise was 25.86% (24.06-27.15%). Exercise intentions, exercise habits, self-assessed health, beliefs in physical health, family exercise, family exercise recommendations, home exercise conditions, school exercise guidance, and health education programs had a negative impact on students non-participating in home physical exercise. Academic performance and electronic product use had a positive effect on non-participating in home physical exercise. Conclusions: A variety of forward leaning factors, enabling factors and demand factors have affected the occurrence of students" non-participating in home physical exercise. Future health isolation policies should take into account these influencing factors to reduce the occurrence of students" non-participating in home physical exercise and to promote students' independent participation in physical exercise.
COVID-19 , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/prevention & control , China/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Exercise , Health Policy , Humans , Pandemics , Students
Whether negative numbers have a fixed spatial-numerical association of response codes effect (SNARC effect), and (if they have) whether the spatial representation of negative numbers is associated with negative numbers' absolute or signed values remains controversial. In this study, through three experiments, the coding level of the magnitude and the spatial-direction is manipulated. In the first experiment, participants are required to code the magnitude and spatial-direction explicitly by using a magnitude classification task. In the second experiment, participants are forced to code the magnitude implicitly as well as to code the spatial-direction explicitly by utilizing a cuing task. In the third experiment, participants are obliged to code the magnitude explicitly as well as to code the spatial-direction implicitly by adopting a magnitude and arrow-direction classification tasks with Go/No-Go responses. The results show that (1) the absolute value of negative numbers associates with space when the magnitude of negative numbers is explicitly coded, no matter employing the explicit or implicit spatial-direction; (2) the signed value of negative numbers associates with space under the condition of implicit magnitude as well as explicit spatial-direction. In conclusion, the current study indicates that the SNARC effect of negative numbers is variable in different conditions, and the type of SNARC effect about negative numbers is modulated by the joint coding level of the magnitude and spatial-direction.
