Clearance rates of sand-burrowed and laterally pressed unburrowed Pismo clam Tivela stultorum (Mawe 1823) in a laboratory open-flow system.

Pismo clam extraction is currently banned in Mexico to help the recovery of natural populations. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to gain insight on its basic biology and husbandry protocols. Growth and clearance rate (CR) of sand-burrowed and sediment-free, laterally pressed adult Pismo clams were quantified in the laboratory as a function of burrowing condition, flow, temperature, and microalgal concentration using open-flow chambers. After 40 days, clams remained healthy regardless of burrowing condition and showed a hyperbolic CR response pattern to increased flow, with CR directly proportional to flows lower than 1000 ml min-1. Maximal asymptotic CR values (300 to 400 ml min-1 org-1) were observed from 1000 to 2000 ml min-1. No significant CR differences were observed between burrowed and laterally pressed clams, yet microalgal concentration effects were detected, with constant maximal CRs of ∼250 ml min-1 in the range of 50 to 200 cells µl-1 and decline at higher concentrations. Maintenance protocols of laterally pressed organisms were validated in the laboratory with both weight and CR data. To our knowledge, this is the first study providing whole-body physiological data translated into effective husbandry protocols for Pismo clams. This approach represents a fresh perspective to traditional research areas, opening the possibility for continued experimentation under controlled conditions.

Lesión pulmonar autoinfligida por el paciente / Patient self inflicted lung injury / Lesão pulmonar autoinfligida pelo paciente

Resumen: La optimización del esfuerzo espontáneo en la ventilación mecánica tiene un lugar central en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos; aporta beneficios a los pacientes como la mejoría en el intercambio de gases, ayuda a recuperar la función del diafragma y el mantenimiento de los músculos periféricos. Por otro lado, también puede estar asociado al deterioro de la oxigenación y la lesión pulmonar. El incremento del impulso respiratorio neural aumenta el esfuerzo muscular inspiratorio, lo que condiciona presiones de distensión pulmonar lesivas, que en el contexto del síndrome de insuficiencia respiratoria aguda es de vital relevancia, ya que puede provocar el colapso y la sobredistensión regional alveolar de forma cíclica, con distribución heterogénea del estrés y tensión pulmonar. Existen tres mecanismos de lesión pulmonar por esfuerzo espontáneo: sobredistensión, aumento de la perfusión pulmonar y asincronía paciente-ventilador. La lesión pulmonar causa fuga capilar, edema pulmonar y alteración del intercambio de gases. Esto conduce a un aumento del impulso respiratorio y mayores volúmenes corrientes de las propias respiraciones espontáneas del paciente, que provocan fuga capilar y mayor daño pulmonar de forma similar a la lesión pulmonar inducida por ventilador.

Abstract: The optimization of spontaneous effort in mechanical ventilation has a central place in the intensive care unit; provides benefits to patients such as improved gas exchange, helps to regain function of the diaphragm and maintenance of peripheral muscles. On the other hand, it can also be associated with impaired oxygenation and lung injury. The increase in the neural respiratory drive increases the inspiratory muscular effort, conditioning damaging pulmonary distension pressures, which in the context of acute respiratory distress syndrome is of vital importance, since it can cause collapse and regional alveolar overdistention in a cyclical way. with heterogeneous distribution of pulmonary stress and strain. There are three mechanisms of lung injury due to spontaneous effort: overdistention, increased pulmonary perfusion, and patient-ventilator asynchrony. Lung injury causes capillary leakage, pulmonary edema, and impaired gas exchange. This leads to increased respiratory drive and higher tidal volumes of the patient's own spontaneous breaths, causing capillary leakage and increased lung damage like ventilator-induced lung injury.

Resumo: A otimização do esforço espontâneo na ventilação mecânica tem lugar central na unidade de terapia intensiva; Proporciona benefícios aos pacientes como melhora nas trocas gasosas, auxilia na recuperação da função do diafragma e na manutenção da musculatura periférica. Por outro lado, também pode estar associada ao deterioro da oxigenação e lesão pulmonar. O incremento do impulso respiratório neural aumenta o esforço muscular inspiratório, condicionando pressões de distensão pulmonar prejudiciais, o que no contexto da síndrome de insuficiência respiratória aguda é de vital relevância, pois pode causar colapso e hiperdistensão alveolar regional de forma cíclica, com distribuição heterogênea do estresse e tensão pulmonar. Existem três mecanismos de lesão pulmonar espontânea por esforço: hiperdistensão, aumento da perfusão pulmonar e assincronia paciente-ventilador. A lesão pulmonar causa vazamento capilar, edema pulmonar e troca gasosa prejudicada. Isso leva ao aumento do impulso respiratório e aos volumes correntes mais altos das próprias respirações espontâneas do paciente, causando vazamento capilar e danos pulmonares adicionais semelhantes aos danos pulmonares induzidos pelo ventilador.

Cardiomiopatía por estrés con membrana de oxigenación extracorpórea V-A durante el puerperio. Reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Stress cardiomyopathy with extracorporeal oxygenation membrane V-A during the puerperium. Case report and literature review / Cardiomiopatia de estresse com oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea V-A durante o puerpério. Relato de caso e análise literária

Resumen: Se presenta un caso de una mujer de 28 años, primera gesta, embarazo normoevolutivo, quien acudió a atención de parto, se realizó cesárea por falta de progresión. Durante el perioperatorio desarrolló atonía uterina y sangrado (2,000 mL), por lo que se le realizó histerectomía subtotal abdominal, embolización selectiva de vasos pélvicos, transfusión masiva y empaquetamiento pélvico. Evolucionó con vasoplejía y perfil hemodinámico compatible con choque cardiogénico, ecocardiograma transtorácico con disfunción sistólica severa, fracción de eyección de ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI) 18%, contractilidad normal en los tercios basales de la pared lateral. El resto de los segmentos con hipocinesia severa, NT-pro BNP 9,226 pg/mL, troponina de alta sensibilidad 490 pg/mL, electrocardiograma con taquicardia sinusal sin datos de lesión. Se estableció el diagnóstico de Takotsubo (miocardiopatía por estrés). Se colocó membrana de oxigenación extracorpórea (ECMO) V-A y balón de contrapulsación intraaórtica. Desarrolló lesión renal aguda y sobrecarga hídrica, por lo que se inició terapia de sustitución renal. La terapia ECMO se mantuvo durante nueve días, y se egresó a domicilio a los 18 días. El ECMO es una estrategia terapéutica para el soporte hemodinámico del choque cardiogénico incluyendo la cardiomiopatía por estrés; este caso ilustra su utilidad en el puerperio.

Abstract: We present a case of a 28-year-old woman currently in her first pregnancy, normal evolution, who attended delivery care, a cesarean section was performed due to lack of progression. During the perioperative period, she developed uterine atony and bleeding of 2,000 mL, for which she underwent a subtotal abdominal hysterectomy, selective embolization of the pelvic vessels, massive transfusion, and pelvic packing. She evolved with vasoplegia and hemodynamic profile compatible with cardiogenic shock, transthoracic echocardiogram exposes severe systolic dysfunction, LVEF 18%, normal contractility in the basal thirds of the lateral wall, the rest of the segments with severe hypokinesia, NT-pro BNP 9,226 pg/mL, high-sensitivity troponin 490 pg/mL, electrocardiogram whit sinus tachycardia with no evidence of injury, the diagnosis of Takotsubo (stress cardiomyopathy) was established. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) V-A and intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation were placed. Acute kidney injury developed, and fluid overload, for which renal replacement therapy was started. ECMO therapy was maintained for nine days, and she was discharged home after 18 days. ECMO is an innovative therapeutic strategy for hemodynamic support of cardiogenic shock, including stress cardiomyopathy, and this case illustrates its potential utility in the postpartum period.

Resumo: Apresenta-se o caso de uma mulher de 28 anos, primigesta, gravidez evolução normal, que assistiu ao parto, tendo sido submetida a cesariana por falta de evolução. No período perioperatório, apresentou atonia uterina e sangramento (2,000 mL), sendo submetida a histerectomia abdominal subtotal, embolização seletiva de vasos pélvicos, transfusão maciça e tamponamento pélvico. Evoluiu com vasoplegia e quadro hemodinâmico compatível com choque cardiogênico, ecocardiograma transtorácico com disfunção sistólica grave, FEVE 18%, contratilidade normal nos terços basais da parede lateral, restante dos segmentos com hipocinesia grave, NT-pro BNP 9,226 pg/mL, troponina de alta sensibilidade 490 pg/mL, eletrocardiograma com taquicardia sinusal sem evidência de lesão, foi estabelecido o diagnóstico de Takotsubo (cardiomiopatia de estresse). Colocou-se uma oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea (ECMO) V-A e um balão de contrapulsação intra-aórtico. Evoluiu com lesão renal aguda e sobrecarga hídrica, sendo iniciada terapia renal substitutiva. A terapia com ECMO foi mantida por 9 dias e ele recebeu alta após 18 dias. A ECMO é uma estratégia terapêutica para suporte hemodinâmico do choque cardiogênico, incluindo a cardiomiopatia de estresse, e este caso ilustra sua utilidade no puerpério.

Simplified acute physiology score II and Mannheim peritonitis index are associated with in-hospital mortality in patients with abdominal sepsis admitted to ICU.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the association and interaction of laboratory parameters, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPSII), Modified Shock Index (MSI), and Mannheim Peritonitis Index (MPI) with in-hospital mortality. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a single-center case-control study. Adult patients with abdominal sepsis were included from May 2015 to May 2020. Baseline characteristics, laboratory parameters, SAPSII, MSI, and MPI scores at admission were collected. A principal component (PC) analysis was applied to evaluate variable interactions. In-hospital mortality risk was determined through logistic regression models. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-seven patients were identified, 60 of which were included for analyses. Non-survivors (48.4%) had a higher frequency of hypertension, lactate and MPI, and lower BE and alactic BE levels. Eight PCs were obtained, PC1 being a linear combination of pH, AG, cAG, alactic BE, bicarbonate, and BE. MPI (OR = 9.87, 95% CI: 3.07-36.61, p = 0.0002), SAPSII (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01-1.14, p = 0.01), and PC1 (OR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.12-4.76, p = 0.04) were significantly associated with mortality in univariate analysis, while MPI (OR = 10.1, 95% CI: 3.03-40.06, p = 0.0003) and SAPSII (OR = 1.07, CI95%: 1.01-1.14, p = 0.02) remained significant after adjusting for age and sex. CONCLUSION: MPI and SAPSII were associated with mortality, although the interaction of laboratory parameters was not.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la asociación e interacción de los parámetros de laboratorio, SAPSII, MSI y MPI con la mortalidad intrahospitalaria. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Nosotros realizamos un estudio de casos y controles de pacientes adultos con sepsis abdominal desde mayo 2015 a mayo 2020. Recolectamos las características basales, parámetros de laboratorio, SAPSII, MSI y MPI al ingreso. Se aplicó un Análisis de Componentes Principales. El riesgo de mortalidad intrahospitalaria se determinó mediante modelos de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Identificamos 127 pacientes, 60 de los cuales se incluyeron. Los no supervivientes (48,4%) tuvieron mayor frecuencia de HAS, lactato y MPI, y menores niveles de EB y EB aláctico. Se obtuvieron ocho Componentes Principales (PC), siendo PC1 una combinación lineal de pH, AG, cAG, EB aláctico, bicarbonato y EB. MPI (OR = 9.87, IC95%: 3.07-36.61, p = 0.0002), SAPSII (OR = 1.07, IC95%: 1.01-1.14, p = 0.01) y PC1 (OR = 2.13, IC95%: 1.12-4.76, p = 0.04) se asociaron significativamente con la mortalidad en el análisis univariado, mientras que MPI (OR = 10.1, IC95%: 3.03-40.06, p = 0.0003) y SAPSII (OR = 1.07, IC 95%: 1.01-1.14, p = 0.02) permanecieron significativos después del ajuste por edad y sexo. CONCLUSIONES: MPI y SAPSII se asociaron con mortalidad, aunque la interacción de los parámetros de laboratorio no lo hizo.

A Method to Explore Variations of Ventilator-Associated Event Surveillance Definitions in Large Critical Care Databases in the United States.

The Centers for Disease Control has well-established surveillance programs to monitor preventable conditions in patients supported by mechanical ventilation (MV). The aim of the study was to develop a data-driven methodology to examine variations in the first tier of the ventilator-associated event surveillance definition, described as a ventilator-associated condition (VAC). Further, an interactive tool was designed to illustrate the effect of changes to the VAC surveillance definition, by applying different ventilator settings, time-intervals, demographics, and selected clinical criteria. DESIGN: Retrospective, multicenter, cross-sectional analysis. SETTING: Three hundred forty critical care units across 209 hospitals, comprising 261,910 patients in both the electronic Intensive Care Unit Clinical Research Database and Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III databases. PATIENTS: A total of 14,517 patients undergoing MV for 4 or more days. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We designed a statistical analysis framework, complemented by a custom interactive data visualization tool to depict how changes to the VAC surveillance definition alter its prognostic performance, comparing patients with and without VAC. This methodology and tool enable comparison of three clinical outcomes (hospital mortality, hospital length-of-stay, and ICU length-of-stay) and provide the option to stratify patients by six criteria in two categories: patient population (dataset and ICU type) and clinical features (minimum Fio2, minimum positive end-expiratory pressure, early/late VAC, and worst first-day respiratory Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score). Patient population outcomes were depicted by heatmaps with mortality odds ratios. In parallel, outcomes from ventilation setting variations and clinical features were depicted with Kaplan-Meier survival curves. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a method to examine VAC using information extracted from large electronic health record databases. Building upon this framework, we developed an interactive tool to visualize and quantify the implications of variations in the VAC surveillance definition in different populations, across time and critical care settings. Data for patients with and without VAC was used to illustrate the effect of the application of this method and visualization tool.

Algoritmo de Emergencias Médicas de Chiapas para pacientes en estado de choque / Medical emergencies of Chiapas algorithm for patients in shock disease / Algoritmo de Emergências Médicas de Chiapas para pacientes em estado de choque

Resumen El abordaje sobre la mejor estrategia para diagnosticar y manejar pacientes en estado de choque (EC) de forma rápida y eficiente es dinámico, depende de las características propias del paciente, de la tecnología disponible y la evidencia científica siempre en evolución; todo esto lleva a que exista considerable variación en la práctica diaria. El objetivo de esta propuesta es dar a conocer un algoritmo basado en criterios clínicos, optimizando las herramientas disponibles y logrando un proceso diagnóstico sencillo y rápido con el principal objetivo de ser útil para el manejo del paciente.

Abstract The approach on the best strategy to diagnose and manage patients in shock disease (CD) quickly and efficiently is dynamic, it depends on the characteristics of the patient, the available technology, the scientific evidence always in evolution; All of this leads to considerable variation in daily practice. The objective of this proposal is to present an algorithm based on clinical criteria and optimizing the available tools, achieving a simple, fast diagnostic process with the main objective of being useful to the patient.

Resumo A abordagem sobre a melhor estratégia para diagnosticar e manejar pacientes em choque (PC) de forma rápida e eficiente é dinâmica, depende das características do paciente, da tecnologia disponível, das evidências científicas sempre em evolução; tudo isso leva a uma variação considerável na prática diária. O objetivo desta proposta é apresentar um algoritmo baseado em critérios clínicos e otimizando as ferramentas disponíveis, alcançando um processo diagnóstico simples e rápido com o objetivo principal de ser útil para o manejo do paciente.

Disnatremias: un enfoque preciso, macizo y conciso / Dysnatremia: a precise, solid and concise approach / Disnatremia: uma abordagem precisa, sólida e concisa

Resumen: La disnatremia es la alteración electrolítica más frecuente en el paciente en estado crítico, con repercusión en la morbimortalidad. El sodio es el electrolito regulador más importante de la osmolaridad sanguínea; la relación inherente con la molécula del agua hace que esta dupla tenga una proporción interdependiente y recíproca. A través de esta revisión no sistemática de la literatura se pretende exponer la fisiología de sodio y la interacción con el agua, los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que conllevan a los extremos en la concentración sérica, así como los algoritmos diagnósticos y terapéuticos; para que de una manera precisa, maciza y concisa se puedan tomar decisiones médicas.

Abstract: Dysnatremia is the most frequent electrolyte alteration in critically ill patients, with repercussions on morbidity and mortality. Sodium is the most important regulating electrolyte of blood osmolarity; the inherent relationship with the water molecule makes this pair have an interdependent and reciprocal ratio. Through this unsystematic review of the literature, the aim is to expose the physiology of sodium and the interaction with water, the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to extremes in serum concentration, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms; so that medical decisions can be made in a precise, solid and concise manner.

Resumo: A disnatremia é o distúrbio eletrolítico mais comum em pacientes críticos, com repercussões na morbidade e mortalidade. O sódio é o eletrólito regulador mais importante da osmolaridade do sangue; a relação inerente com a molécula de água faz com que este par tenha uma proporção interdependente e recíproca. Por meio desta revisão não sistemática da literatura, pretende-se expor a fisiologia do sódio e sua interação com a água, os mecanismos fisiopatológicos que levam a extremos na concentração sérica, bem como algoritmos diagnósticos e terapêuticos; para que de forma precisa, sólida e concisa as decisões médicas possam ser tomadas.

Glycosylated hemoglobin as a predictor of mortality in severe pneumonia by COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: Determine whether the levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measured on admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) are associated with mortality in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with invasive mechanical ventilation. DESIGN: Cohort study, retrospective, observational. A single center. PLACE: ICU of a second-level care hospital. PATIENTS: Severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia confirmed with IMV since admission to the ICU. INTERVENTIONS: none. RESULTS: A total of 56 patients with severe pneumonia, confirmed with SARS-CoV-2, all with IMV. The group with HbA1c <6.5% included 32 (57.14%) patients and the group with HbA1c ≥6.5% included 24 (42.86%) patients and the mortality rate in ICU was 43.8% and 70.8%, respectively, with p = 0.04. Predictors of mortality at 28 days in ICU were DHL >500 U/L, OR 3.65 (95% CI 1.18-11.29), HbA1c ≥6.5%, OR 3.12 (95% CI 1.01-9.6), SAH, OR 3.12 (95% CI 1.01-9.5), use of vasopressor, OR 0.2 (95% CI 0.05-0.73), diabetes was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The 28-day probability of survival in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with IMV in the ICU is lower when the HbA1c level is ≥6.5% on admission.

Intubación de pacientes con SARS-CoV-2: una guía «primera línea¼ para minimizar la generación de aerosoles durante el procedimiento / Intubation of patients with SARS-CoV-2: a «front line¼ guide to minimize generation of aerosols during the procedure / Intubação de pacientes com SARS-CoV-2: um guia de «primeira linha¼ para minimizar a geração de aerossol durante o procedimento

Resumen: La enfermad por el virus de SARS-CoV-2 o COVID-19 tiene un alto índice de contagio y transmisibilidad que sobrepasa los sistemas de salud en el mundo. En México se cuentan 1,771,740 casos positivos, 150,273 defunciones y 204,070 contagios, de esas defunciones 2,687 corresponden al personal de salud. La intubación orotraqueal representa uno de los eventos con mayor riesgo de contagio, es por ello que es imperativo el uso de equipo de protección personal así como de distintas acciones a tomar durante la intubación orotraqueal por parte del equipo.

Abstract: The disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 virus has a high rate of contagion and transmissibility, surpassing the health systems in the world. In Mexico there are 1'771,740 positive cases, 150,273 deaths, 204,070 infections, and 2,687 of these deaths represent health personnel. Orotracheal intubation represents one of the events with the highest risk of contagion, which is why the use of personal protective equipment is imperative, as well as different attitudes to be taken during orotracheal intubation by the team.

Resumo: A doença causada pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2 ou COVID-19 apresenta alto índice de contágio e transmissibilidade, superando os sistemas de saúde em todo o mundo. No México, há 1.771,740 casos positivos, 150,273 mortes, 204,070 infecções e 2,687 dessas mortes representam pessoal de saúde. A intubação orotraqueal representa um dos eventos de maior risco de contágio, por isso o uso de equipamentos de proteção individual é imprescindível, assim como as diferentes atitudes a serem tomadas durante a intubação orotraqueal pela equipe.

Hemodynamic monitoring with two blood gases: "a tool that does not go out of style" / Monitoreo hemodinámico con dos gasometrías: "Una herramienta que no pasa de moda"

Abstract Hemodynamic monitoring of a critically ill patient is an indispensable tool both inside and outside intensive care; we currently have invasive, minimally invasive and non-invasive devices; however, no device has been shown to have a positive impact on the patient's evolution; arterial and venous blood gases provide information on the patient's actual microcirculatory and metabolic status and may be a hemodynamic monitoring tool. We aimed to carry out a non-systematic review of the literature of hemodynamic monitoring carried out through the variables obtained in arterial and venous blood gases. A non-systematic review of the literature was performed in the PubMed, OvidSP and ScienceDirect databases with selection of articles from 2000 to 2019. It was found that there are variables obtained in arterial and venous blood gases such as central venous oxygen saturation (SvcO2), venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide pressure (Δpv-aCO2), venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide pressure/arteriovenous oxygen content difference (Δpv-aCO2/ΔCavO2) that are related to cellular oxygenation, cardiac output (CO), microcirculatory veno-arterial flow and anaerobic metabolism and allow to assess tissue perfusion status. In conclusion, the variables obtained by arterial and venous blood gases allow for non-invasive, accessible and affordable hemodynamic monitoring that can guide medical decision-making in critically ill patients.

Resumen El monitoreo hemodinámico de un paciente en estado crítico es una herramienta indispensable tanto dentro como fuera de la terapia intensiva; actualmente se cuenta con dispositivos invasivos, mínimamente invasivos y no invasivos; sin embargo, ningún dispositivo ha demostrado tener impacto positivo en la evolución del paciente; la gasometría arterial y venosa proporcionan información del estado microcirculatorio y metabólico real del paciente pudiendo ser una herramienta de monitoreo hemodinámico. El objetivo de esta revisión fue realizar una revisión no sistemática de la literatura del monitoreo hemodinámico realizado mediante las variables obtenidas en la gasometría arterial y venosa. Se estudiaron las bases de datos de PubMed, OvidSP y ScienceDirect con selección de artículos del 2000 al 2019. Se encontró que hay variables obtenidas en la gasometría arterial y venosa como la saturación venosa central de oxígeno (SvcO2), la diferencia de presión venoarterial de dióxido de carbono (Δpv-aCO2), la diferencia de presión venoarterial de dióxido de carbono/diferencia del contenido arteriovenoso de oxígeno (Δpv-aCO2/ΔCa-vO2) que están relacionadas con la oxigenación celular, con el gasto cardiaco (GC), con el flujo venoarterial microcirculatorio y con el metabolismo anaerobio que permiten realizar una valoración del estado de perfusión tisular. En conclusión, las variables obtenidas por gasometría arterial y venosa permiten realizar un monitoreo hemodinámico no invasivo, accesible y asequible que pueden guiar la toma de decisiones médicas en el paciente en estado crítico.

Abordaje hemodinámico y ventilatorio en pacientes con COVID-19.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-Cov-2) is a clinical entity generated by this new virus a Coronavirus (COVID-19). Disease called COVID-19 (CoronaVIrus Disease 2019) by the World Health Organization. Its presentation is acute respiratory failure characterized by hyperinflation of the lung that leads to an increase in capillaries and epithelial permeability, with loss of ventilation of lung tissue and increases lung stiffness. These disturbances lead to imbalances between ventilation and perfusion ratio, which ultimately result in hypoxemia and impaired carbon dioxide clearance. For this review, a search of PubMed and Trip Database was performed. Due to the scarcity of publications, a specific search algorithm was not used. The objective is to review, the evidence and the recommendations of national and international experts, of the hemodynamic and ventilatory management of these patients.

El coronavirus del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2, conocido previamente como nCoV-2019) es el agente causal de una nueva enfermedad denominada COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease 2019) por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Su presentación es la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda caracterizada por una hiperinflación del pulmón que conduce a un incremento de los capilares y permeabilidad epitelial, con pérdida de la aireación de tejido pulmonar e incremento de la rigidez pulmonar. Estas alteraciones conducen a desequilibrios entre la ventilación y la relación de perfusión, que finalmente resultan en hipoxemia y deterioro de la depuración de dióxido de carbono. Para la presente revisión se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed y Trip Database. Debido a la escasez de publicaciones no se utilizó un algoritmo de búsqueda específico. El objetivo es dar a conocer, de acuerdo con la evidencia y las recomendaciones de expertos nacionales e internacionales, el manejo hemodinámico y ventilatorio de estos pacientes.

Recomendaciones COVID-19: ventilación mecánica en anestesia. Lo que un intensivista tiene que contarle a un anestesiólogo / Recommendations: mechanical ventilation in anesthesia. What an intensivist has to tell to an anesthesiologist

Resumen: El objetivo de estas recomendaciones es que estén al alcance de cualquier anestesiólogo, para poder realizar una ventilación protectora en el paciente durante la pandemia COVID-19, en el que se enfrentará a una persona de características únicas, de difícil manejo ventilatorio en un escenario de crisis de escasez de recursos, falta y fatiga de personal de la salud. No recomendamos usar estas guías ante un escenario diferente.

Abstract: The objective of these recommendations is that they are within the reach of any anesthesiologist, in order to carry out protective ventilation in the patient during the COVID-19 pandemic, in which a patient with unique characteristics is confronted, with difficult ventilatory management in a setting crisis of scarcity of resources, lack and fatigue of health personnel. We do not recommend using these guides in a different setting.

Notas del manejo hemodinámico durante la guardia COVID-19 / Notes on hemodynamic management during the COVID-19 watch

Resumen: Todo en medicina debe fundamentarse y equilibrarse en tres pilares. El primero es: un fuerte principio fisiológico; una explicación de qué provoca el fenómeno patológico al que nos estamos enfrentando y con la cual encontremos cómo puede ser revertida dicha patología. El segundo pilar es: una adecuada corroboración estadística; un principio fisiológico puede ser cierto, pero ello no implica que el desenlace que buscamos (disminución de la mortalidad) sea el resultado de nuestras intervenciones. El tercer pilar es un protocolo clínico, lo que implica la parte más importante de todas, el trabajar unidos. De nada sirve creer conocer la verdad, si es que es así, si no se tiene las mismas metas en todos los turnos, corremos el riesgo de caer en la falacia de que «lo que yo hago es lo correcto y los demás se equivocan¼; si no estamos unidos en cada turno de atención al paciente, nunca sabremos qué es lo mejor para él, sólo tendremos un buen pretexto para afirmar que la culpa nunca es nuestra. Durante las crisis emergentes se puede trabajar sin la estadística mientras ésta se va construyendo, pero nunca sin fisiología y unidad (protocolos), la explicación fisiológica aquí vertida es lo más exacta posible, el protocolo es una inducción derivada de dicha fisiológica en espera de tener pronto una estadística que nos diga si lo que hacemos es de utilidad o no. En conclusión, lo que el lector tiene en sus manos son conjeturas en búsqueda de refutaciones. Al momento de escribir este artículo la única respuesta correcta es «Aún no lo sabemos¼.

Abstract: Everything in medicine must be based and balanced on three pillars, the first is: a strong physiological principle; an explanation of what causes the pathological phenomenon that we are facing with which we find how this pathology can be reversed, the second pillar is an adequate statistical corroboration; a physiological principle may be true, but this does not imply that the outcome we seek (decrease in mortality) is the result of our interventions. The third pillar is a clinical protocol, which implies the most important part of all, working together. It is useless to believe that you know the truth, if that is the case, if you do not have the same goals in every shift, we run the risk of falling into the fallacy that «what I do is right and others are wrong¼, if we are not united in each shift of patient care we will never know what is best for the patient, we will only have a good pretext to affirm that the fault is never ours. During emerging crises you can work without statistics while it is being built, but never without physiology and unity (protocols), the physiological explanation given here is as accurate as possible, the protocol is an induction derived from said physiology, waiting to have Soon a statistic will tell us if what we do is useful or not. In conclusion, what the reader has in his hands are conjectures in search of refutations. At the time of writing this article the only correct answer is «We don't know yet¼.

Reanimación cardiopulmonar en pacientes con enfermedad por COVID-19 en el ambiente hospitalario / Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with COVID-19 in the hospital environment

Resumen: La pandemia COVID-19 nos ha obligado a replantearnos la manera en la que practicamos algunos aspectos de la medicina. La reanimación cardiopulmonar es una práctica que genera partículas en aerosol provenientes de la vía aérea, lo cual incrementa el riesgo de contagio por SARS-CoV-2. En esta revisión se consultan las recomendaciones internacionales sobre el tema, se definen momentos de alto riesgo y se establecen recomendaciones sobre compresiones, ventilación, terapia eléctrica e incluso farmacológica en pacientes con paro cardíaco y con diagnóstico de COVID-19, buscando no sólo el bienestar del paciente, sino también la seguridad del personal de salud.

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has forced us to rethink the way we practice some aspects of medicine. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a practice that generates aerosol particles from the airway, which increases the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, the international recommendations on the subject are consulted, high-risk moments are defined and recommendations are established on compressions, ventilation, electrical therapy and even pharmacology in patients with cardiac arrest and with a diagnosis of COVID-19, seeking not only the well-being of the patient, but also the safety of health personnel.

Aclaramiento del déficit de base estándar como pronóstico de mortalidad en choque séptico / Standard base deficit clearance as prognostic factor of mortality in septic shock / Depuração do déficit de base padrão como prognóstico de morte no choque séptico

Resumen: Introducción: A finales de la década de los cincuenta, el concepto de exceso de base (EB) fue introducido por Siggaard-Andersen como marcador sérico de los problemas estrictamente metabólicos. Hoy en día, la base (B) ha sido estandarizada con resultados más efectivos cuando utilizamos la base estándar (Becf) en la evaluación clínica. El lactato y la base estándar medidos al ingresar a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) son de utilidad pronóstica en los pacientes críticamente enfermos. Decidimos medir el aclaramiento del déficit de base estándar en los pacientes con choque séptico en las 24 horas subsecuentes a partir del ingreso y evaluar su utilidad pronóstica para la mortalidad. Material y métodos: Estudio de cohorte, retrospectivo, descriptivo y analítico, que incluyó pacientes con diagnóstico de choque séptico según el tercer Consenso Internacional de Sepsis y Choque Séptico (sepsis-3) ingresados a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) durante el periodo comprendido de mayo de 2015 a mayo de 2019. Los pacientes se asignaron al grupo < 11% o al grupo ≥ 11% según su porcentaje (%) de aclaramiento de déficit de base estándar a las 24 horas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 118 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Del total, 43 pacientes se asignaron al grupo de aclaramiento de déficit de base estándar < 11% y 75 pacientes al grupo de aclaramiento de déficit de base estándar ≥ 11%. En el grupo con aclaramiento < 11%, la mortalidad fue de 65.1% y de 36% para el grupo con aclaramiento ≥ 11% con p = < 0.05. Conclusión: El aclaramiento del déficit de base estándar < 11% a las 24 horas de ingreso a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos incrementa el riesgo de muerte en el choque séptico. El porcentaje de aclaramiento del déficit de base estándar es una excelente alternativa, pues su desempeño para predecir la mortalidad tiene una capacidad pronóstica similar a la del lactato.

Abstract: Introduction: The concept of base excess (BE) was introduced by Siggaard-Andersen in the late 1950s as a serum marker of strictly metabolic problems. Today the base (B) has been standardized with more effective results when we use the standard base (ecfB) in the clinical evaluation. Lactate and the standard base measured upon admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) are of prognostic utility in critically ill patients. We decided to measure the standard base deficit clearance at 24 hours after admission in patients with septic shock and evaluate its prognostic utility for mortality. Material and methods: Cohort, retrospective, descriptive, analytical study that included patients with diagnosis of septic shock according to the third international consensus of sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3) admitted to the ICU in the period from May 2015 to May 2019. Patients were assigned to belong to group < 11% or group ≥ 11% according to their percentage (%) of standard base deficit clearance at 24 hours. Results: 118 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included. Of the total, 43 patients were assigned to the standard base deficit clearance group < 11% and 75 patients to the standard base deficit clearance group ≥ 11%. In the group with clearance < 11% the mortality was 65.1 and 36% for the group with clearance ≥ 11% with p = < 0.05. Conclusion: Clearance the standard base deficit < 11% after 24 hours of admission to the ICU increases the risk of death in septic shock. The percentage of standard base deficit clearance is an excellent alternative, since its performance to predict mortality has a prognostic capacity similar to that of lactate.

Resumo: Introdução: O conceito de excesso de base (EB) foi introduzido por Siggaard-Andersen no final da década de 1950 como um marcador sérico de problemas estritamente metabólicos. Hoje a base (B) foi padronizada com resultados mais eficazes quando usamos a base padrão (Becf) na avaliação clínica. O lactato e a base padrão medidas na admissão na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) são de utilidade prognóstica em pacientes críticos. Decidimos medir a depuração do déficit de base padrão 24 horas após a internação em pacientes com choque séptico e avaliar sua utilidade prognóstica para a mortalidade. Material e métodos: Estudo de coorte, retrospectivo, descritivo, analítico que incluiu pacientes com diagnóstico de choque séptico de acordo com o terceiro consenso internacional de sepse e choque séptico (sepse-3) admitidos na UTI no período de maio de 2015 a maio de 2019. Os pacientes foram designados para pertencer ao grupo < 11% ou grupo ≥ 11%, de acordo com a porcentagem (%) de depuração do déficit de base às 24 horas. Resultados: Foram incluídos 118 pacientes que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Do total, 43 pacientes foram designados para o grupo de depuração do déficit de base padrão < 11% e 75 pacientes para o grupo de depuração do déficit de base padrão ≥ 11%. No grupo com depuração < 11% a mortalidade foi de 65.1% e 36% no grupo com depuração ≥ 11% com p = < 0.05. Conclusão: A depuração do déficit de base padrão < 11% após 24 horas de internação na UTI aumenta o risco de morte em choque séptico. A porcentagem de depuração do déficit de base padrão é uma excelente alternativa, uma vez que seu desempenho na predição da mortalidade possui capacidade prognóstica semelhante à do lactato.

Esteroides en extubación: ¿A quién? ¿Cómo? ¿Cuándo? / Steroids post-extubation: Who? How? When? / Esteróides na extubação: quem? Como e quando?

Resumen: El fracaso en la extubación es una complicación de alto riesgo para los pacientes en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos. El edema laríngeo y el estridor laríngeo han sido estudiados como causas que propician el fracaso en la extubación. Parte de las estrategias para la prevención del fracaso en la extubación y el manejo del estridor o edema laríngeo es el uso de esteroides. La discrepancia entre el tiempo, la dosis, el paciente candidato y el tipo de esteroide obligan a crear una propuesta que estandarice su utilización. La presente revisión se enfoca en identificar a aquellos pacientes que se benefician del uso de esteroides, el tipo de esteroide que se debe utilizar, el momento y la dosis correcta.

Abstract: Post-extubation failure is a high risk complication for patients in intensive care unit. Laryngeal edema and laryngeal stridor have been studied as causes of post-extubation failure. Part of the strategies for the prevention of post-extubation failure and management of stridor or laryngeal edema is the use of steroids. The discrepancy between the time, the dos, the patient and the type of steroid forces to create a strategy that standardizes its use. This review focuses on identify patients who benefit from the use of steroids, type of steroid that should be uses, timing and correct dose.

Resumo: O fracasso na extubação é uma complicação de alto risco para pacientes em unidades de terapias intensivas. O edema e o estridor laríngeo foram estudados como causas que propician a falha na extubação. Parte das estratégias para prevenção da falha na extubação e manejo do estridor ou edema laríngeo é o uso de esteróides. A discrepância entre o tempo, a dose, o paciente candidato e o tipo de esteróide nos obriga a criar uma proposta padrão de utilização. A presente revisão se concentra em identificar os pacientes que são beneficiados com o uso de esteróides, o tipo de esteróide que deve ser usado, o momento e a dose correta.

Equilibrio Ácido Base en el Adulto Mayor / Acid-Base Balance in the Elderly

Resumen El envejecimiento es un proceso fisiológico caracterizado por el deterioro progresivo de las funciones orgánicas, en el que la capacidad de adaptación y la respuesta a una situación de estrés se encuentra reducida. Las alteraciones en el equilibrio ácido-base representan un hito poco comprendido en el adulto mayor, los efectos per se a edad avanzada en órganos como el hígado, pulmón y riñón, asociados al consumo de polifarmacia, representan la causa de estas alteraciones. Se realizó una revisión no sistemática de la literatura por medio de las bases de datos PubMed y los portales SciELO y SpringerLink. Para integrar la presente revisión y análisis, se identificaron aquellos estudios científicos que proponían explicar los cambios renales y pulmonares asociados a la edad, y con efecto en la homeostasis ácido-base.

Abstract Aging is a physiological process characterized by progressive deterioration of organ functions, where the ability to adapt and respond to a stressful situation is reduced. Acid-base disorders represent a milestone little understood in the elderly. Being associated with polypharmacy, the effects per se of advanced age in organs such as liver, lung and kidney are the cause of these alterations. A non-systematic review of literature was carried out through the PubMed database and the SciELO and SpringerLink portals. To integrate these review and analysis, we identified those scientific studies that proposed an explanation of renal and pulmonary changes associated with age and having an effect on acid-base homeostasis.