Study on the underlying mechanism of Huachansu Capsule induced cardiotoxicity of normal rat by integrating transcriptomics, metabolomics and network toxicology.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Huachansu Capsule (HCSc) is a simple enteric-coated capsule refined from the skin of the dried toad, a traditional medicinal herb. It has been used clinically for many years to treat a variety of malignant tumors with remarkable efficacy. To date, a number of main components of HCSc have been reported to be cardiotoxic, but the specific mechanism of cardiotoxicity is still unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to elucidate the possible cardiotoxic symptoms caused by high-doses of HCSc and to further reveal the complex mechanisms by which it causes cardiotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS and network toxicology were used to identify and predict the potential toxic components, related signaling pathways. Then, we used acute and sub-acute toxicity experiments to reveal the apparent phenomenon of HCSc-induced cardiotoxicity. Finally, we combined transcriptomics and metabolomics to elucidate the potential mechanism of action, and verified the putative mechanism by molecular docking, RT-qPCR, and Western blot. RESULTS: We found 8 toad bufadienolides components may be induced cardiac toxicity HCSc main toxic components. Through toxicity experiments, we found that high dose of HCSc could increase a variety of blood routine indexes, five cardiac enzymes, heart failure indexes (BNP), troponin (cTnI and cTnT), heart rate and the degree of heart tissue damage, while low-dose of HCSc had no such changes. In addition, by molecular docking, found that 8 kinds of main toxic components and cAMP, AMPK, IL1ß, mTOR all can be a very good combination, especially in the cAMP. Meanwhile, RT-qPCR and Western blot results showed that HCSc could induce cardiotoxicity by regulating a variety of heart-related differential genes and activating the cAMP signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, network toxicology, transcriptomics and metabolomics were used to elucidate the complex mechanism of possible cardiotoxicity induced by high-dose HCSc. Animal experiments, molecular docking, Western blot and RT-qPCR experiments were also used to verify the above mechanism. These findings will inform further mechanistic studies and provide theoretical support for its safe clinical application.

Recent advances of injectable in situ-forming hydrogels for preventing postoperative tumor recurrence.

The unavoidable residual tumor tissue from surgery and the strong aggressiveness of tumor cells pose challenges to the postoperative treatment of tumor patients, accompanied by in situ tumor recurrence and decreased quality of life. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore appropriate postoperative therapeutic strategies to remove residual tumor cells after surgery to inhibit tumor recurrence and metastasis after surgery. In recent years, with the rapid development of biomedical materials, the study of local delivery systems as postoperative delivery of therapeutic agents has gradually attracted the attention of researchers. Injectable in situ-forming hydrogel is a locally administered agent injected in situ as a solution that can be loaded with various therapeutic agents and rapidly gels to form a semi-solid gel at the treatment site. This type of hydrogel tightly fills the surgical site and covers irregular excision surfaces. In this paper, we review the recent advances in the application of injectable in situ-forming hydrogels in postoperative therapy, focusing on the matrix materials of this type of hydrogel and its application in the postoperative treatment of different types of tumors, as well as discussing the challenges and prospects of its clinical application.

Preparation of photo-controlled release ROS-responsive Ce6/elemene co-loaded liposomes and study on the effect on enhancing apoptosis of NMIBC.

At present, chemotherapy combined with photodynamic therapy is exerting satisfactory therapeutic effects in the treatment of tumors. Chlorin e6 (Ce6) is a photosensitizer with high efficiency and low dark toxicity. At the same time, elemene (ELE) contains high-efficiency and low-toxicity anti-cancer active ingredients, which can effectively penetrate tumor tissue and inhibit its recovery and proliferation. Due to the poor water solubility of these two drugs, we prepared ELE/Ce6 co-loaded liposomes (Lipo-ELE/Ce6) to improve their water solubility, thereby enhancing the anti-tumor effect. The characterization of Lipo-ELE/Ce6 showed that Lipo-ELE/Ce6 had suitable encapsulation efficiency (EE), particle size, polydispersity (PDI), zeta potential, and good photo-controlled release properties. In vitro, Lipo-ELE/Ce6 effectively inhibited the growth of T24 cells and induced apoptosis, and more importantly, in vivo experiments showed that Lipo-ELE/Ce6 had significant anti-tumor effects, which was significantly better than free drugs. The above results suggest that Lipo-ELE/Ce6 can significantly enhance the induction of apoptosis of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) by light-controlled release and ROS response.

Isolation, structures, bioactivities, and utilizations of polysaccharides from Dictyophora species: A review.

Dictyophora species is an edible and medicinal fungus belonging to the Basidiomycotina, Gasteromycetes, Phallales, family Phallaceae, and genus Dictyophora, which is popular with consumers in China and across various Asian regions. Polysaccharides from Dictyophora species (DPs) are important bioactive macromolecules with multiple health benefits, according to published studies, including anti-tumor, antioxidative, anti-obesity, anti-hyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, regulation of gut microbiota, antibacterial, renoprotective, and other pharmacological effects. Based on their rich pharmacological activities, the preparation techniques, structural characteristics and pharmacological activities of DPs have been extensively studied. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no dedicated review to shed light on recent advances in DPs. Therefore, in order to fill this gap, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the research on DPs, including the latest advances in extraction, isolation and purification, structural characteristics, pharmacological properties, safety assessment and potential utilizations, which will provide a theoretical basis for the research and development of subsequent DPs-related products.

Combinational Antitumor Strategies Based on the Active Ingredients of Toad Skin and Toad Venom.

A multidrug combination strategy is an important mean to improve the treatment of cancer and is the mainstream scheme of clinical cancer treatment. The active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine, represented by toad skin and toad venom, have the advantages of high efficiency, low toxicity, wide action and multiple targets and have become ideal targets in combined treatment strategies for tumors in recent years. Toad skin and toad venom are traditional Chinese animal medicines derived from Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor or Bufo melanostictus Schneider that have shown excellent therapeutic effects on the treatment of various cancers and cancer pain as adjuvant antitumor drugs in clinical practice. The involved mechanisms include inducing apoptosis, arresting the cell cycle, inhibiting cell proliferation, migration and invasion, inhibiting tumor angiogenesis, reversing the multidrug resistance of tumor cells, and regulating multiple signaling pathways and targets. Moreover, a multidrug combination strategy based on a nanodelivery system can realize the precise loading of the active ingredients of toad skin or toad venom and other antitumor drugs and carry drugs to overcome physiological and pathological barriers, complete efficient enrichment in tumor tissues, and achieve targeted delivery to tumor cells and the controlled release of drugs, thus enhancing antitumor efficacy and reducing toxicity and side effects. This article reviewed the clinical efficacy and safety of the combination of toad skin and toad venom with chemotherapeutic drugs, targeted drugs, analgesics and other drugs; evaluated the effects and mechanisms of the combination of toad skin and toad venom with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy or hyperthermia, traditional Chinese medicine, signaling pathway inhibitors and other therapies in cell and animal models; and summarized the codelivery strategies for the active ingredients of toad skin and toad venom with chemotherapeutic drugs, small-molecule targeted drugs, monoclonal antibodies, active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine, and photodynamic and photothermal therapeutic drugs to provide a basis for the rational drug use of toad skin and toad venom in the clinic and the development of novel drug delivery systems.

Study on the Underlying Mechanism of Yinhua Gout Granules in the Treatment of Gouty Arthritis by Integrating Transcriptomics and Network Pharmacology.

Purpose: Yinhua Gout Granules (YGG) is a traditional Chinese medicine preparation with a variety of pharmacological effects, and its clinical efficacy in the treatment of gouty arthritis (GA) has been fully confirmed. However, the pharmacodynamic basis of YGG and its anti-inflammatory mechanism of action in GA are unknown. The objective of this study was to identify the active components and molecular mechanisms of YGG in the treatment of GA. Methods: Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) and network pharmacology were used to identify and predict the potential active ingredients and related signaling pathways. Then, we revealed the anti-GA effects of YGG based on pharmacodynamic experiments in GA rats. Finally, we integrated transcriptomics and network pharmacology to elucidate the potential mechanism of action and verified the putative mechanism by molecular docking, immunohistochemical (IHC) and Western blot. Results: We have identified 10 major active components of YGG that may have anti-GA effects, such as ferulic acid, rutin, luteolin, etc. Using molecular docking, we found that 10 major compounds could bind well to TNF, PTGS2, IL-6, IL1ß, NOS2 and PTGS1, and the binding energies were all less than -5 kcal/mol. Animal studies have shown that YGG can improve joint inflammation and inflammatory cell infiltration, reduce serum UA, BUN and Cr levels (p<0.01), and decrease IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2 and PGE2 levels in synovial tissue (p<0.01), which are associated with the pathogenesis of GA. IHC and Western blot results showed that YGG could regulate TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB pathway to inhibit the inflammatory response induced by GA. Conclusion: This study found that YGG could not only improve the disease of GA by inhibiting the production of UA in the body, but also target the regulation of TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB signaling pathway through a variety of active components to achieve effective therapeutic effects on GA.

Advances on Delivery System of Active Ingredients of Dried Toad Skin and Toad Venom.

Dried toad skin (TS) and toad venom (TV) are the dried skin of the Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor and the Bufo melanostictus Schneider, which remove the internal organs and the white secretions of the skin and retroauricular glands. Since 2005, cinobufacini preparations have been approved by the State Food and Drug Administration for use as adjuvant therapies in the treatment of various advanced cancers. Meanwhile, bufalenolides has been identified as the main component of TS/TV, exhibiting antitumor activity, inducing apoptosis of cancer cells and inhibiting cancer cell proliferation or metastasis through a variety of signaling pathways. However, clinical agents frequently face limitations such as inherent toxicity at high concentrations and insufficient tumor targeting. Additionally, the development and utilization of these active ingredients are hindered by poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and rapid clearance from the bloodstream. To address these challenges, the design of a targeted drug delivery system (TDDS) aims to enhance drug bioavailability, improve targeting within the body, increase drug efficacy, and reduce adverse reactions. This article reviews the TDDS for TS/TV, and their active components, including passive, active, and stimuli-responsive TDDS, to provide a reference for advancing their clinical development and use.

Research progress of sorafenib drug delivery system in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: An update.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors in the contemporary era, representing a significant global health concern. Early HCC patients have mild symptoms or are asymptomatic, which promotes the onset and progression of the disease. Moreover, advanced HCC is insensitive to chemotherapy, making traditional clinical treatment unable to block cancer development. Sorafenib (SFB) is a first-line targeted drug for advanced HCC patients with anti-angiogenesis and anti-tumor cell proliferation effects. However, the efficacy of SFB is constrained by its off-target distribution, rapid metabolism, and multi-drug resistance. In recent years, nanoparticles based on a variety of materials have been demonstrated to enhance the targeting and therapeutic efficacy of SFB against HCC. Concurrently, the advent of joint drug delivery systems has furnished crucial empirical evidence for reversing SFB resistance. This review will summarize the application of nanotechnology in the field of HCC treatment over the past five years. It will focus on the research progress of SFB delivery systems combined with multiple therapeutic modalities in HCC treatment.

Evidence of synergistic mechanisms of hepatoprotective botanical herbal preparation of Pueraria montana var. lobata and Schisandra sphenanthera.

Background: Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S.M.Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep (syn. Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi) and Schisandra sphenanthera Rehder & E.H. Wilson are traditional edible and medicinal hepatoprotective botanical drugs. Studies have shown that the combination of two botanical drugs enhanced the effects of treating acute liver injury (ALI), but the synergistic effect and its action mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect and its mechanism of the combination of Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S.M.Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep (syn. Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi) (PM) and Schisandra sphenanthera Rehder & E.H. Wilson (SS) in the treatment of ALI. Methods: High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were utilized to conduct the chemical interaction analysis. Then the synergistic effects of botanical hybrid preparation of PM-SS (BHP PM-SS) against ALI were comprehensively evaluated by the CCl4 induced ALI mice model. Afterwards, symptom-oriented network pharmacology, transcriptomics and metabolomics were applied to reveal the underlying mechanism of action. Finally, the key target genes were experimentally by RT-qPCR. Results: Chemical analysis and pharmacodynamic experiments revealed that BHP PM-SS was superior to the single botanical drug, especially at 2:3 ratio, with a better dissolution rate of active ingredients and synergistic anti-ALI effect. Integrated symptom-oriented network pharmacology combined with transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses showed that the active ingredients of BHP PM-SS could regulate Glutathione metabolism, Pyrimidine metabolism, Arginine biosynthesis and Amino acid sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, by acting on the targets of AKT1, TNF, EGFR, JUN, HSP90AA1 and STAT3, which could be responsible for the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway and Pathway in cancer to against ALI. Conclusion: Our study has provided compelling evidence for the synergistic effect and its mechanism of the combination of BHP PM-SS, and has contributed to the development and utilization of BHP PM-SS dietary supplements.

Amomum villosum Lour.: An insight into ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, and pharmacological overview.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Amomum villosum Lour. is a widely esteemed species of medicinal plant on a global scale. Its medicinal properties have been documented as early as the Tang Dynasty, particularly the fruit, which holds significant medicinal and culinary value. This plant is extensively found in tropical and subtropical regions across Asia. It possesses the properties of warming the middle and dispelling cold, regulating Qi to invigorate the spleen, harmonizing the stomach to alleviate vomiting, and nourishing deficiencies. In recent years, A. villosum has garnered global attention for its remarkable biological activity. Currently, numerous bioactive compounds have been successfully isolated and identified, showcasing a diverse array of pharmacological activities and medicinal benefits. AIM OF THE WORK: This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the research advancements in the geographical distribution, botany, traditional applications, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, quality control, clinical applications, and toxicology of A. villosum. Furthermore, a critical summary of the current research and future prospects of this plant is presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Obtain information about A. villosum from ancient literature, doctoral and master's theses, and scholarly databases including Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), ScienceDirect, plant directories, and clinical reports. RESULTS: At present, about 500 compounds have been isolated and identified from various organs of A. villosum, including monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, polysaccharides, and other components. Modern pharmacological studies have revealed that A. villosum exhibits exceptional biological activities in vitro and in vivo, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, liver protection, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, anti-microbial, regulating gastrointestinal activity, immune regulation, regulating flora, anti-obesity, estrogen, and more. Some of these activities have found extensive application in clinical practice. CONCLUSION: A. villosum, as a well-established medicinal herb, holds significant therapeutic potential and is also valued for its culinary applications. Currently, the research on the active components or crude extracts of A. villosum and their potential mechanisms of action remains limited. Furthermore, certain pharmacological activities require further elucidation for a comprehensive understanding of its internal mechanisms. Moreover, it is strongly recommended to prioritize research on pharmacokinetics and toxicity studies. These efforts will facilitate a thorough exploration of the potential of A. villosum and establish a robust foundation for its potential clinical applications.

Modified Amber Particles as a Stabilizer to Construct Oil-in-Water Pickering Emulsions for Improved Thermal Stability of Acorus tatarinowii Essential Oil.

Lingzhu Pulvis is a classic formulation for treating febrile convulsions in children. However, Acorus tatarinowii essential oil (AT-EO) in this prescription is prone to volatilization and oxidation, compromising the efficacy and quality control of this formulation. Herein, based on the concept of "combination of medicine and adjuvant", Pickering emulsion technology was applied to enhance the stability of AT-EO using modified amber as a stabilizer. Amber was a resinous medicinal powder in Lingzhu Pulvis and was modified into a suitable stabilizer for Pickering emulsion through surface modification. A thermal stability study indicated that Pickering emulsion, stabilized by modified amber, exhibited a higher retention rate of AT-EO and lower levels of peroxide value and malondialdehyde content compared to those of the pure AT-EO group after heat treatment at 40 °C for 1, 3, and 8 h. Additionally, component analysis in content and composition revealed that the volatile components of AT-EO in the Pickering emulsion were more stable during the thermal treatment process. This study convincingly illustrates the potential of a Pickering emulsion stabilized with modified medicinal powders to improve the thermal stability of the essential oil.

The investigation of thermal stability and GC-MS analysis of Acorus tatarinowii and Atractylodes lancea volatile oils treated by ß cyclodextrin inclusion and Pickering emulsion technologies.

Objective: To investigate the stability of Acorus tatarinowii and Atractylodes lancea essential oils (ATaAL-EO) under a hot environment at 60 °C, and to analyze the differences in component, quantity, and quality changes, as well as variations in the main components, under different treatment methods of crude oil, ß-cyclodextrin inclusion of ATaAL-EO, and Pickering emulsion, to improve the stability and quality of ATaAL-EO. Methods: The stability of the ATaAL-EO group, the ß-cyclodextrin inclusion ATaAL-EO group, and the Pickering emulsion group were investigated under a 60 °C heat environment. Volatile oil retention rate and peroxide value were collected and measured. The volatile oil components of each group were determined by GC-MS, and t-tests were used to screen for differential components. PCA plots for each group were constructed using the OmicShare online platform. Line plots were generated using the Rmisc and reshape2 packages. Upset Venn diagrams under different hot environments were created using the OmicShare online platform to identify quantitative and qualitative changing components and heat map stack plots for newly generated compounds and connected line plots for disappearing compounds were produced for each group. Boxplots for the main component compounds under different hot environments were generated using the reshape2 and ggplot2 packages. Results: In a hot environment of 60 °C, the ß-cyclodextrin inclusion ATaAL-EO and Pickering emulsion group with 1, 3, and 8 h of placement showed higher retention and lower oxidation degree compared to the stability of the ATaAL-EO group. GC-MS analysis results showed that the stability of volatile components in the Pickering emulsion group and ß-cyclodextrin inclusion ATaAL-EO group was significantly improved compared to the crude oil group. Conclusion: ß-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes with ATaAL-EO, as well as Pickering emulsions, can significantly enhance the stability and quality of ATaAL-EO. Pickering emulsions have more advantages.

Preparation technologies, structural features, and biological activities of polysaccharides from Mesona chinensis Benth.: A review.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Mesona chinensis Benth. (or Platostoma palustre (Blume) A. J. Paton) is an important medicinal and edible plant also known as the Hsian-tsao in China and Southeast Asian countries. It is cold in nature and sweet in taste, with the effects of clearing heat, relieving heatstroke and diuretic, and traditionally used to treat heatstroke, erysipelas, hypertension, joint pain and other diseases in folk medicine. It is also a popular supplement with the function of detoxifying and heat-clearing use in Asia. It is used to be processed into the popular tea, Bean jelly, and so on. Published studies have demonstrated that polysaccharides from M. chinensis (MCPs) are one of the principal bioactive ingredients with a variety of health-promoting effects in the prevention and treatment of diseases, including antioxidant, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, regulation of gut microbiota, and other pharmacological properties. AIM OF THE REVIEW: This review aims to compile the extraction and purification methods, structural characteristics, pharmacological activities including the mechanism of action of MCPs, and to further understand the applications of M. chinensis in order to lay the foundation for the development of MCPs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: By inputting the search term "Mesona chinensis polysaccharides", relevant research information was obtained from databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). RESULTS: More than 40 polysaccharides have been extracted from M. chinensis, different extraction and purification methods have been described, as well as the structural features and pharmacological activities of MCPs have been systematically reviewed. Polysaccharides, as important components of M. chinensis, were mainly extracted by methods such as hot water dipping method, hot alkali extraction method, enzyme-assisted extraction method and ultrasonic-assisted extraction method, subsequently obtained by decolorization, deproteinization, removal of other small molecules and separation on various chromatographic columns. The chemical composition and structure of MCPs show diversity and have a variety of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, regulation of gut microbiota, and so on. CONCLUSIONS: This article systematically reviews the research progress of MCPs in terms of extraction and purification, structural characteristics, rheological gel properties, pharmacological properties, and safety assessment. The potentials and roles of M. chinensis in the field of medicine, functional food, and materials are further highlighted to provide references and bases for the high-value processing and utilization of MCPs.

Extraction techniques, structural features and biological functions of Hippophae rhamnoides polysaccharides: A review.

Hippophae rhamnoides L. (sea buckthorn) is a type of traditional Chinese medicine with a long history of clinical application. It is used in the improvement and treatment of various diseases as medicine and food to strengthen the stomach and digestion, relieving cough and resolving phlegm, promoting blood circulation, and resolving blood stasis in traditional Chinese medicine. Emerging evidence has shown that H. rhamnoides polysaccharides (HRPs) are vital bioactive macromolecules responsible for its various health benefits. HRPs possess the huge potential to develop a drug improving or treating different diseases. In this review, we comprehensively and systematically summarize the recent information on extraction and purification methods, structural features, biological activities, structure-activity relationships, and potential industry applications of HRPs and further highlight the therapeutic potential and sanitarian functions of HRPs in the fields of therapeutic agents and functional food development. Additionally, this paper also lists a variety of biological activities of HRPs in vitro and in vivo roundly. Finally, this paper also discusses the structure-activity relationships and potential applications of HRPs. Overall, this work will help to have a better in-depth understanding of HRPs and provide a scientific basis and direct reference for more scientific and rational applications.

Recent advances in Platycodon grandiflorum polysaccharides: Preparation techniques, structural features, and bioactivities.

Platycodon grandiflorum, a globally recognized medicinal and edible plant, possesses significant nutritional value and pharmacological value. In traditional Chinese medicine, it has the effects of tonifying the spleen and replenishing the Qi, moistening the lung and relieving the cough, clearing the heat and detoxifying, and relieving the pain. Accumulating evidence has revealed that the polysaccharides from P. grandiflorum (PGPs) are one of the major and representative biologically active macromolecules and have diverse biological activities, such as immunomodulatory activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-tumor activity, regulation of the gut microbiota, anti-oxidant activity, anti-apoptosis activity, anti-angiogenesis activity, hypoglycemic activity, anti-microbial activity, and so on. Although the polysaccharides extracted from P. grandiflorum have been extensively studied for the extraction and purification methods, structural characteristics, and pharmacological activities, the knowledge of their structures and bioactivity relationship, toxicologic effects, and pharmacokinetic profile is limited. The main purpose of the present review is to provide comprehensively and systematically reorganized information on extraction and purification, structure characterizations, and biological functions as well as toxicities of PGPs to support their therapeutic potentials and sanitarian functions. New valuable insights for future research regarding PGPs were also proposed in the fields of therapeutic agents and functional foods.

Extraction, purification, structural features, biological activities, modifications, and applications from Taraxacum mongolicum polysaccharides: A review.

Dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz), as a famous medicinal and edible plant, has the effects of clearing heat and detoxifying, diuresis, and resolving masses. Phytochemistry investigations revealed that T. mongolicum has various bioactive ingredients, mainly including flavonoids, sterols, polysaccharides, phenolic acids and volatile oils. There is growing evidence have shown that the polysaccharides from T. mongolicum (TMPs) are a class of representative pharmacologically bioactive macromolecules with a variety of biological activities both in vitro and in vivo, such as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic, anti-bacterial, regulation of intestinal microbial, and anti-fatigue activities, etc. Additionally, the structural modification and potential applications of TMPs were also outlined. The present review aims to comprehensively and systematically collate the recent research progress on extraction and purification methods, structural characteristics, biological activities, mechanism of action, structural modification, and potential industry applications of TMPs to support their therapeutic potential and health care functions. Overall, the present review provides a theoretical overview for further development and utilization of TMPs in the fields of pharmaceutical and health food.

Research Progress of SN38 Drug Delivery System in Cancer Treatment.

The active metabolite of irinotecan (CPT-11), 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38), is 100-1000 times more active than CPT-11 and has shown inhibitory effects on a range of cancer cells, including those from the rectal, small cell lung, breast, esophageal, uterine, and ovarian malignancies. Despite SN38's potent anticancer properties, its hydrophobicity and pH instability have caused substantial side effects and anticancer activity loss, which make it difficult to use in clinical settings. To solve the above problems, the construction of SN38-based drug delivery systems is one of the most feasible methods to improve drug solubility, enhance drug stability, increase drug targeting ability, improve drug bioavailability, enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce adverse drug reactions. Therefore, based on the targeting mechanism of drug delivery systems, this paper reviews SN38 drug delivery systems, including polymeric micelles, liposomal nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, protein nanoparticles, conjugated drug delivery systems targeted by aptamers and ligands, antibody-drug couplings, magnetic targeting, photosensitive targeting, redox-sensitive and multi-stimulus-responsive drug delivery systems, and co-loaded drug delivery systems. The focus of this review is on nanocarrier-based SN38 drug delivery systems. We hope to provide a reference for the clinical translation and application of novel SN38 medications.

Development of curcumin-loaded galactosylated chitosan-coated nanoparticles for targeted delivery of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Curcumin (CUR) has good antitumor effects, but its poor aqueous solubility severely limits its clinical application and the systemic nonspecific distribution of the free drug in tumor patients is a key therapeutic challenge. In order to overcome the limitations of free drugs and improve the therapeutic efficacy, we developed novel galactosylated chitosan (GC)-modified nanoparticles (GC@NPs) based on poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether-block-poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PEG-PLGA), which can target asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) expressed on hepatocellular carcinoma cells and have excellent biocompatibility. The results showed that the drug loading (DL) of CUR was approximately 4.56 %. A favorable biosafety profile was maintained up to concentrations of 500 µg/mL. Furthermore, in vitro cellular assays showed that GC@NPs could be efficiently internalized by HepG2 cells via ASGPR-mediated endocytosis and successfully released CUR for chemotherapy. More importantly, in vivo anti-tumor experiments revealed that GC@NPs were able to accumulate effectively within tumor sites through EPR effect and ASGPR-mediated endocytosis, leading to superior inhibition of tumor growth compared to free CUR. Overall, GC@NPs are a promising CUR nanocarrier for enhanced tumor therapy with a good biosafety profile.

Phloretin Transfersomes for Transdermal Delivery: Design, Optimization, and In Vivo Evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Phloretin (Phl) is a flavonoid compound that contains multiple phenolic hydroxyl groups. It is found in many plants, such as apple leaves, lychee pericarp, and begonia, and has various biological activities, such as antioxidant and anticancer effects. The strong hydrogen bonding between Phl molecules results in poor water solubility and low bioavailability, and thus the scope of the clinical application of Phl is limited. Therefore, it is particularly important to improve the water solubility of Phl for its use to further combat or alleviate skin aging and oxidative damage and develop antioxidant products for the skin. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a phloretin transfersome gel (PTG) preparation for transdermal drug delivery to improve the bioavailability of the drug and delay aging. METHODS: Phloretin transfersomes (Phl-TFs) were prepared and optimized by the thin-film dispersion-ultrasonication method. Phl-TFs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The Log P method was used to determine the solubility of the Phl-TFs. The skin penetration ability of the prepared PTG was evaluated using the Franz diffusion cell method. In addition, the in vivo pharmacokinetics of PTG were studied in rats, and an antioxidant activity investigation was conducted using a D-gal rat model. RESULTS: Phl-TFs were successfully prepared with a Soybean Phosphatidylcholine (SPC)/CHOL ratio of 2.7:1 w/v, a phloretin concentration of 1.3 mg/mL, a hydration time of 46 min, an ultrasound time of 5 min, and an ultrasound power of 180 W. The Log P was 2.26, which was significantly higher than that of phloretin (p < 0.05, paired t test). The results of the in vitro penetration test demonstrated that the cumulative skin penetration of the Phl-TFs after 24 h was 842.73 ± 20.86 µg/cm2. The data from an in vivo pharmacokinetic study showed that the Cmax and AUC of PTG were 1.39- and 1.97-fold higher than those of the phloretin solution gel (PSG), respectively (p < 0.05, paired t test). The experimental results in aging rats showed that PTG had a better antioxidant effect. CONCLUSIONS: Phl-TFs and PTG preparations with a good shape, safety, and stability were successfully prepared. In vivo pharmacokinetics and preliminary antioxidant experiments further verified the transdermal penetration and antioxidant activity of the phloretin transdermal drug delivery preparation, providing an experimental basis for its further development.

Targeted drug delivery systems for elemene in cancer therapy: The story thus far.

Elemene (ELE) is a group of broad-spectrum anticancer active ingredients with low toxicity extracted from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), such as Curcumae Rhizoma and Curcuma Radix, which can exert antitumour activities by regulating various signal pathways and targets. However, the strong hydrophobicity, short half-life, low bioavailability and weak in vivo targeting ability of ELE restrict its use. Targeted drug delivery systems based on nanomaterials are among the most viable methods to overcome these shortcomings. In this review, we first summarize recent studies on the clinical uses of ELE as an adjunct antitumour drug. ELE-based combination strategies have great promise for enhancing efficacy, reducing adverse reactions, and improving patients' quality of life and immune function. Second, we summarize recent studies on the antitumour mechanisms of ELE and ELE-based combination strategies. The potential mechanisms include inducing pyroptosis and ferroptosis, promoting senescence, regulating METTL3-mediated m6A modification, suppressing the Warburg effect, and inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Most importantly, we comprehensively summarize studies on the combination of targeted drug delivery systems with ELE, including passively and actively targeted drug delivery systems, stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems, and codelivery systems for ELE combined with other therapies, which have great promise in improving drug bioavailability, increasing drug targeting ability, controlling drug release, enhancing drug efficacy, reducing drug adverse effects and reversing MDR. Our summary will provide a reference for the combination of TCMs such as ELE with advanced targeted drug delivery systems in the future.