Multibarrier-penetrating drug delivery systems for deep tumor therapy based on synergistic penetration strategy.

Nanotherapies, valued for their high efficacy and low toxicity, frequently serve as antitumor treatments, but do not readily penetrate deep into tumor tissues and cells. Here we developed an improved tumor-penetrating peptide (TPP)-based drug delivery system. Briefly, the established TPP iNGR was modified to generate a linear NGR peptide capable of transporting nanotherapeutic drugs into tumors through a CendR pathway-dependent, neuropilin-1 receptor-mediated process. Although TPPs have been reported to reach intended tumor targets, they often fail to penetrate cell membranes to deliver tumoricidal drugs to intracellular targets. We addressed this issue by harnessing cell penetrating peptide technology to develop a liposome-based multibarrier-penetrating delivery system (mbPDS) with improved synergistic drug penetration into deep tumor tissues and cells. The system incorporated doxorubicin-loaded liposomes coated with nona-arginine (R9) CPP and cyclic iNGR (CRNGRGPDC) molecules, yielding Lip-mbPDS. Lip-mbPDS tumor-targeting, tumor cell/tissue-penetrating and antitumor capabilities were assessed using CD13-positive human fibrosarcoma-derived cell (HT1080)-based in vitro and in vivo tumor models. Lip-mbPDS evaluation included three-dimensional layer-by-layer confocal laser scanning microscopy, cell internalization/toxicity assays, three-dimensional tumor spheroid-based penetration assays and antitumor efficacy assays conducted in an animal model. Lip-mbPDS provided enhanced synergistic drug penetration of multiple biointerfaces for potentially deep tumor therapeutic outcomes.

The changes of Treg and Th17 cells relate to serum 25(OH)D in patients with initial-onset childhood systemic lupus erythematosus.

Background: T helper 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T cells (Treg) are known to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Improving the balance between Treg and Th17 cells can be a promising new therapeutic target in SLE patients. Vitamin D has a significant impact on the immune inflammatory process and the immune cells involved in this process. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between Th17, Treg, cytokines, and serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in patients with initial-onset childhood SLE. Methods: A total of 82 children aged <18 years with initial-onset SLE were included, as well as 60 healthy subjects during the same period at the Pediatrics Department of the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University. The chemiluminescence method was performed to detect serum 25(OH)D levels. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate Treg and Th17 cells. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used to evaluate plasma interleukin (IL)-23, IL-17, IL-10, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) concentrations. Result: The serum 25(OH)D levels in patients with initial-onset childhood SLE were significantly lower than those in the healthy controls. The proportion of lupus nephritis (LN) was higher in the vitamin D insufficiency group (71.4%) compared with the vitamin D sufficiency group (30.3%) (p < 0.05). The SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) was higher in the vitamin D insufficiency group (median = 14) than that in the vitamin D sufficiency group (median = 9) (p < 0.05).The 25(OH)D level was positively correlated with the Treg ratio (r = 0.337, p = 0.002), and it was negatively correlated with the Th17 cell ratio (r = -0.370, p = 0.001). The serum 25(OH)D level had a negative correlation with IL-23 (r = -0.589, p < 0.001), IL-17(r = -0.351, p = 0.001), TNF-α (r = -0.283, p = 0.01), IL-6 (r = -0.392, p < 0.001), and IL-10 (r = -0.313, p = 0.004) levels. Conclusion: The serum 25(OH)D levels decreased in patients with initial-onset childhood SLE. There was a negative correlation between the serum 25(OH)D levels and SLEDAI. The serum 25(OH)D levels in patients with initial-onset childhood SLE were negatively correlated with the Th17 ratio and related cytokines, while positively correlated with the Treg ratio.

Delayed CO2 postconditioning promotes neurological recovery after cryogenic traumatic brain injury by downregulating IRF7 expression.

AIMS: Few treatments are available in the subacute phase of traumatic brain injury (TBI) except rehabilitation training. We previously reported that transient CO2 inhalation applied within minutes after reperfusion has neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. In this study, it was hypothesized that delayed CO2 postconditioning (DCPC) starting at the subacute phase may promote neurological recovery of TBI. METHODS: Using a cryogenic TBI (cTBI) model, mice received DCPC daily by inhaling 5%/10%/20% CO2 for various time-courses (one/two/three cycles of 10-min inhalation/10-min break) at Days 3-7, 3-14 or 7-18 after cTBI. Beam walking and gait tests were used to assess the effect of DCPC. Lesion size, expression of GAP-43 and synaptophysin, amoeboid microglia number and glia scar area were detected. Transcriptome and recombinant interferon regulatory factor 7 (Irf7) adeno-associated virus were applied to investigate the molecular mechanisms. RESULTS: DCPC significantly promoted recovery of motor function in a concentration and time-course dependent manner with a wide therapeutic time window of at least 7 days after cTBI. The beneficial effects of DCPC were blocked by intracerebroventricular injection of NaHCO3 . DCPC also increased puncta density of GAP-43 and synaptophysin, and reduced amoeboid microglia number and glial scar formation in the cortex surrounding the lesion. Transcriptome analysis showed many inflammation-related genes and pathways were altered by DCPC, and Irf7 was a hub gene, while overexpression of IRF7 blocked the motor function improvement of DCPC. CONCLUSIONS: We first showed that DCPC promoted functional recovery and brain tissue repair, which opens a new therapeutic time window of postconditioning for TBI. Inhibition of IRF7 is a key molecular mechanism for the beneficial effects of DCPC, and IRF7 may be a potential therapeutic target for rehabilitation after TBI.

Delayed Chronic Acidic Postconditioning Improves Poststroke Motor Functional Recovery and Brain Tissue Repair by Activating Proton-Sensing TDAG8.

Acidic postconditioning by transient CO2 inhalation applied within minutes after reperfusion has neuroprotective effects in the acute phase of stroke. However, the effects of delayed chronic acidic postconditioning (DCAPC) initiated during the subacute phase of stroke or other acute brain injuries are unknown. Mice received daily DCAPC by inhaling 5%/10%/20% CO2 for various durations (three cycles of 10- or 20-min CO2 inhalation/10-min break) at days 3-7, 7-21, or 3-21 after photothrombotic stroke. Grid-walk, cylinder, and gait tests were used to assess motor function. DCAPC with all CO2 concentrations significantly promoted motor functional recovery, even when DCAPC was delayed for 3-7 days. DCAPC enhanced the puncta density of GAP-43 (a marker of axon growth and regeneration) and synaptophysin (a marker of synaptogenesis) and reduced the amoeboid microglia number, glial scar thickness and mRNA expression of CD16 and CD32 (markers of proinflammatory M1 microglia) compared with those of the stroke group. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) increased in response to DCAPC. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of TDAG8 (a proton-activated G-protein-coupled receptor) was increased during the subacute phase of stroke, while DCAPC effects were blocked by systemic knockout of TDAG8, except for those on CBF. DCAPC reproduced the benefits by re-expressing TDAG8 in the peri-infarct cortex of TDAG8-/- mice infected with HBAAV2/9-CMV-TDAG8-3flag-ZsGreen. Taken together, we first showed that DCAPC promoted functional recovery and brain tissue repair after stroke with a wide therapeutic time window of at least 7 days after stroke. Brain-derived TDAG8 is a direct target of DCAPC that induces neuroreparative effects.

ERα/ß/DMP1 axis promotes trans-differentiation of chondrocytes to bone cells through GSK-3ß/ß-catenin pathway.

Estrogen-induced premature closing of the growth plate in the long bones is a major cause of short stature after premature puberty. Recent studies have found that chondrocytes can directly trans-differentiate into osteoblasts in the process of endochondral bone formation, which indicates that cartilage formation and osteogenesis may be a continuous biological process. However, whether estrogen promotes the direct trans-differentiation of chondrocytes into osteoblasts remains largely unknown. Chondrocytes were treated with different concentrations of 17ß-estradiol, and Alizarin Red staining and alkaline phosphatase activity assay were used to detected osteogenesis. Specific short hairpin RNA and tamoxifen were used to block the estrogen receptor (ER) pathway and osteogenic marker genes and downstream gene expression were detected using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, and immunohistochemistry staining. The findings showed that 17ß-estradiol promoted the chondrocyte osteogenesis in vitro, even at high concentrations. In addition, blocking of the ERα/ß pathway inhibited the trans-differentiation of chondrocytes into osteogenic cells. Furthermore, we found that dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), which is a direct downstream molecular of ER, was involved in 17ß-estradiol/ER pathway-regulated osteogenesis. As well, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3ß)/ß-catenin signal pathway also participates in ERα/ß/DMP1-regulated chondrocyte osteogenesis. The GSK-3ß/ß-catenin signal pathway was involved in ERα/ß/DMP1-regulated chondrocyte osteogenesis. These findings suggest that ER/DMP1/GSK-3ß/ß-catenin plays a vital role in estrogen regulation of chondrocyte osteogenesis and provide a therapeutic target for short stature caused by epiphyseal fusion.

Reduced NLRP3 inflammasome expression in the brain is associated with stress resilience.

Increased expression of the Nod-like receptor pyrin containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and proinflammatory cytokines is associated with depressive behaviors. This study aimed to explore potential differences in neuroinflammation associated with stress resilience, as well as associated changes in autophagy, in a mouse model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Animals were classified as CUMS resilient or CUMS susceptible based on performance on behavioral tests following the CUMS protocol. Then the expression levels of NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß), and Beclin 1 in stress-related brain regions (e.g., prefrontal cortex and hippocampus) were determined. Results showed that stress exposure triggered significant NLRP3 inflammasome increase in CUMS susceptible mice but not in CUMS resilient mice. These changes were accompanied by altered IL-1ß and Beclin 1 expression levels. These findings indicate that stress resilience is associated with reduced pro-inflammatory signaling and autophagy activation, and suggest that therapeutically targeting these pathways might promote stress resilience.

Epithelial cell adhesion molecule promotes breast cancer resistance protein-mediated multidrug resistance in breast cancer by inducing partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Overexpression of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) plays a crucial role in the acquired multidrug resistance (MDR) in breast cancer. The elucidation of molecular events that confer BCRP-mediated MDR is of major therapeutic importance in breast cancer. Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) has been implicated in tumor progression and drug resistance in various types of cancers, including breast cancer. However, the role of EpCAM in BCRP-mediated MDR in breast cancer remains unknown. In the present study, we revealed that EpCAM expression was upregulated in BCRP-overexpressing breast cancer MCF-7/MX cells, and EpCAM knockdown using siRNA reduced BCRP expression and increased the sensitivity of MCF-7/MX cells to mitoxantrone (MX). The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) promoted BCRP-mediated MDR in breast cancer cells, and EpCAM knockdown partially suppressed EMT progression in MCF-7/MX cells. In addition, Wnt/ß-catenin signaling was activated in MCF-7/MX cells, and the inhibition of this signaling attenuated EpCAM and BCRP expression and partially reversed EMT. Together, this study illustrates that EpCAM upregulation by Wnt/ß-catenin signaling induces partial EMT to promote BCRP-mediated MDR resistance in breast cancer cells. EpCAM may be a potential therapeutic target for overcoming BCRP-mediated resistance in human breast cancer.

Enabling Superior Thermo-Oxidative Resistance Elastomers Based on a Structure Recovery Strategy.

Thermo-oxidative process leads to the structure damage of elastomers, such as the scission of main chains and destruction of crosslinks. The problem that damaged structure brings about the deterioration of mechanical properties has not been solved by the conventional anti-aging methods. Inspired by self-healing process, a structure recovery strategy for recovering the damaged structure induced by thermo-oxidative process is proposed, which endows elastomers with superior thermo-oxidative resistance. The high reactivity between 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene and free radicals realizes high recovery efficiency (from 83% to 118%); the changes in topology structure during recovery process make much more rubber chains bear external stress and improve mechanical properties significantly (from 18.5 to 29.6 MPa). This work paves the way for the development of elastomers with superior thermo-oxidative resistance, meanwhile this work is helpful to push the theoretical research of self-healing to practical application.

The clinical significance, prognostic value and biological role of lncRNA LINC01793 in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the clinical significance and prognostic value of LINC01793 in OSCC patients, and to explore its role in the modulation of OSCC development. METHODS: LINC01793 expression was analyzed in 80 cases of OSCC patients and SCC9, SCC25, Cal27, and HN6 cell lines by qRT-PCR. The association of LINC01793 expression with clinicopathological features and prognosis in OSCC patients was analyzed. The effects of LINC01793 on cell proliferation, cell cycle, migration, and invasion of SCC9 and Cal27 cells were detected by MTT, flow cytometry, and Transwell assays in vitro, respectively. RESULTS: LINC01793 level was upregulated in cancer tissues and cell lines of OSCC, and its expression was increased in cancer tissues from patients with lymph node metastasis. ROC curve for LINC01793 expression and lymph node metastasis revealed a significant AUC of 0.84 (95 % CI: 0.75-0.93), with 76.51 % sensitivity and 83.69 % specificity. Moreover, high LINC01793 level was positively correlated with T category, TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, and local recurrence. OSCC patients with high level of LINC01793 was followed by low overall survival rate, and LINC01793 expression was an independent prognostic indicator for overall survival in patients with OSCC. Functionally, cell proliferation, invasion and migration of SCC9 and Cal27 cells were decreased after knockdown of LINC01793. Consistently, silence of LINC01793 induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest in OSCC cells. CONCLUSION: High LINC01793 level is correlated with adverse clinicopathological features and poor prognosis of patients with OSCC. LINC01793 act as an oncogenic role in the development of OSCC.

A diagnostic model of idiopathic central precocious puberty based on transrectal pelvic ultrasound and basal gonadotropin levels.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a diagnostic model of idiopathic central precocious puberty on the basis of transrectal pelvic ultrasound and basal gonadotropin. METHODS: A total of 669 girls with Tanner breast development stage II were enrolled in this study from January 2015 to December 2018. The participants were divided into the ICPP group and the premature thelarche group. We analyzed various variables, including age at initial diagnosis, basal luteinizing hormone levels, the long diameter of the uterus, the transverse diameter of the uterus, the anterior-posterior diameter of the uterus, the volume of the uterus, maximum ovarian diameter, average ovarian volume, maximum ovarian volume, number of follicles (≥4 mm), maximum follicular diameter, endometrial thickness, and vaginal wall thickness. RESULTS: The following diagnostic model was established: Y=-14.123 + 0.630 × age at initial diagnosis + 1.119 × transverse diameter of the uterus + 1.278 × anterior-posterior diameter of the uterus + 0.637 × average ovarian volume + 1.316 × maximum ovarian diameter + 0.146 ×number of follicles ≥4 mm + 2.925 × endometrial thickness + 0.559 × basal luteinizing hormone value. The area under curve was 0.922, sensitivity was 84.9%, and specificity was 86.2%. CONCLUSION: Basal LH levels and transrectal pelvic ultrasound should be applied together to improve the accuracy of diagnosis in ICPP.

Methylmalonic Acidemia Complicated by Homocystinuria Diseases: a Report of Three Cases.

This study aims to improve our understanding of methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) complicated by homocystinuria disease by analyzing the clinical characteristics, treatment response and prognosis of three patients. Hyperhomocysteinemia and developmental retardation were present in all patients, epilepsy was present in one patient, and hemolytic uremic syndrome was present in one patient. The conditions of two patients were complicated by pulmonary arterial hypertension, one patient by left pulmonary vein ectopic drainage to the coronary sinus and the other by noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium. The two MMA patients with the complication of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension died because of late diagnosis and irregular treatment of MMA. Echocardiography is necessary for patients with combined MMA and homocystinuria, and these patients are susceptible to cardiovascular disease. When a patient with combined MMA and homocystinuria has the complication of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension, the prognosis is poor.

Effect of vitamin D on ventricular remodelling in heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

OBJECTIVES: The level of vitamin D is considered to be associated with the development and progression of heart failure (HF). However, it is still unclear whether supplementation of vitamin D could improve ventricular remodelling in patients with HF. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the influence and safety of additional vitamin D supplementation on ventricular remodelling in patients with HF. DESIGN: This study is a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). SETTING: The PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, Cochrane library, Web of Science databases and grey literature were searched for RCTs regarding the effect of vitamin D on ventricular remodelling in patients with HF (from database creation to October 2017). RevMan V.5.3 software was employed for data analysis. PARTICIPANTS: Seven RCTs with a total of 465 patients, including 235 cases in the vitamin D group and 230 cases in the control group, were included. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and the incidence of adverse reactions. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, a decrease in the LVEDD (mean difference (MD)=-2.31 mm, 95% CI -4.15 to -0.47, p=0.01) and an increase in the LVEF (MD=4.18%, 95% CI 0.36 to 7.99, p=0.03) were observed in the vitamin D group. Subgroup analysis also revealed a reduced LVEDD in adults (>18 years) and adolescents (<18 years) of the vitamin D group relative to that in those of the control group. High-dose vitamin D (>4000 IU/day) was more effective at reducing the LVEDD than low-dose vitamin D (<4000 IU/day). Moreover, vitamin D supplementation was more effective at reducing the LVEDD and increasing the LVEF in patients with reduced ejection fraction than in patients without reduced ejection fraction. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D supplementation inhibits ventricular remodelling and improves cardiac function in patients with HF. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42017073893.

Apolipoprotein E deletion has no effect on copper-induced oxidative stress in the mice brain.

The current study was designed to investigate effect of copper administration on oxidative damage to the brain in ApoE-/- mice and to explore the putative neuroprotective effects rendered by apolipoprotein E (ApoE). Male C57BL/6 ApoE-/- and wild-type mice were randomly assigned into four groups, ApoE-/- mice wild-type mice treated with either copper or saline. Copper sulphate pentahydrate or saline (200 µl) were administered intragastrically daily for 12 weeks. Expression of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase (SOD), hemeoxygenase 1 (HO-1), and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) were determined by a combination of biochemical assays. The concentration of copper in the brain of C57BL/6 mice and ApoE-/- mice treated by copper significantly increased compared with mice treated by saline (P=0.0099 and P=0.0443). Compared with the C57BL/6 mice treated by copper, the level of the ApoE-/- mice treated by copper was higher (P=0.018). TBARS and SOD activities or the expressions of NQO1 and HO-1 in the brain were not significantly different amongst the four experimental groups of mice. The relative value of NQO1/ß-actin expression in the brain of the ApoE-/- mice was similar in both saline and copper administration experimental groups. However, Western blot analysis showed that NQO1 expression was significantly higher in the ApoE-/- mice brain treated with saline compared with saline treated wild-type mice (P=0.0449). ApoE does not function in protecting the brain from oxidative damage resulting from copper build-up in Wilson's disease, but may play a role in regulating copper accumulation in the brain.

Clinical significance of expression levels of serum ADRA1A in hysterocarcinoma patients.

The clinical significance of the expression level of serum adrenergic receptor α1 (ADRA1A) in hysterocarcinoma patients was determined. Peripheral serum samples were collected at the Hubei Cancer Hospital from 455 patients affected by hysterocarcinoma and 380 healthy adults, who served as the normal control group. We determined the expression levels of ADRA1A by ELISA and analyzed its correlation to clinical features and prognosis of the patients. Compared with the normal control group, the expression of ADRA1A in the average peripheral serum level of hysterocarcinoma patients was clearly increased (P<0.05). In addition, the expression level of ADRA1A was positively correlated with the FIGO staging for hysterocarcinoma (r=0.312, P=0.014). Furthermore, the expression levels of serum ADRA1A in patients with metastasis were significantly increased compared to the levels of hysterocarcinoma patients without metastasis (P<0.05). Our analyses also showed that the expression levels of serum ADRA1A in hysterocarcinoma patients did not correlate with patient factors such as age, tumor invasive depth, tumor size or tumor differentiation degree (P>0.05). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that the median survival time (37.1 months) of patients with a high expression of serum ADRA1A was lower than that of patients with a low expression of serum ADRA1A (68 months) (P<0.05). The three- and five-year survival rates of patients expressing low serum ADRA1A were, respectively, 74.00 and 62.00%; and the three- and five-year survival rates of patients expressing high levels of serum ADRA1A were 52.00 and 32.00%, respectively, with all the differences being statistically significant (P<0.05). ADRA1A was highly expressed in the peripheral serum in patients with hysterocarcinoma and the expression of ADRA1A was associated with FIGO staging and lymph node metastasis status. The expression of serum ADRA1A can be used to assess the survival rate and may be involved in the pathogenesis and metastasis progression of hysterocarcinoma.

Neuropsychological Profile Related with Executive Function of Chinese Preschoolers with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Neuropsychological Measures and Behavior Rating Scale of Executive Function-Preschool Version.

BACKGROUND:: Previous studies have found that schoolchildren with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) showed difficulties in neuropsychological function. This study aimed to assess neuropsychological function in Chinese preschoolers with ADHD using broad neuropsychological measures and rating scales and to test whether the pattern and severity of neuropsychological weakness differed among ADHD presentations in preschool children. METHODS:: The 226 preschoolers (163 with ADHD and 63 controls) with the age of 4-5 years were included and assessed using the Behavior Rating Scale of Executive Function-Preschool Version (BRIEF-P) and a series of tests to investigate neuropsychological function. RESULTS: Preschoolers with ADHD showed higher scores in all domains of the BRIEF-P (inhibition: 30.64 ± 5.78 vs.20.69 ± 3.86, P < 0.001; shift: 13.40 ± 3.03 vs.12.41 ± 2.79, P = 0.039; emotional control:15.10 ± 3.53 vs.12.20 ± 2.46, P < 0.001; working memory: 28.41 ± 4.99 vs.20.95 ± 4.60, P < 0.001; plan/organize: 17.04 ± 3.30 vs.13.29 ± 2.40, P < 0.001) and lower scores of Statue (23.18 ± 7.84 vs.28.27 ± 3.18, P = 0.001), Word Generation (15.22 ± 6.52 vs.19.53 ± 7.69, P = 0.025), Comprehension of Instructions (14.00 ± 4.44 vs.17.02 ± 3.39, P = 0.016), Visuomotor Precision (P < 0.050), Toy delay (P = 0.048), and Matrices tasks (P = 0.011), compared with normal control. In terms of the differences among ADHD subtypes, all ADHD presentations had higher scores in several domains of the BRIEF-P (P < 0.001), and the ADHD-combined symptoms (ADHD-C) group had the poorest ratings on inhibition and the ability to Plan/Organize. For neuropsychological measures, the results suggested that the ADHD-C group had poorer performances than the ADHD-predominantly inattentive symptoms (ADHD-I) group on Statue tasks (F = 7.34, η2 = 0.12, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the ADHD-hyperactive/impulsive symptoms group had significantly poorer performances compared to the ADHD-C group in the Block Construction task (F = 4.89, η2 = 0.067, P = 0.003). However, no significant group differences were found between the ADHD-I group and normal control. CONCLUSION:: Based on the combined evaluation of performance-based neuropsychological tests and the BRIEF-P, preschoolers with ADHD show difficulties of neuropsychological function in many aspects.

Neuroimaging genomic studies in major depressive disorder: A systematic review.

Genetic-neuroimaging studies could identify new potential endophenotypes of major depressive disorder (MDD). Morphological and functional alterations may be attributable to genetic factors that regulate neurogenesis and neurodegeneration. Given that the association between gene polymorphisms and brain morphology or function has varied across studies, this systematic review aims at evaluating and summarizing all available genetic-neuroimaging studies. Twenty-eight gene variants were evaluated in 64 studies by structural or functional magnetic resonance imaging. Significant genetic-neuroimaging associations were found in monoaminergic genes, BDNF genes, glutamatergic genes, HPA axis genes, and the other common genes, which were consistent with common hypotheses of the pathogenesis of MDD.

Application of a Simplified Hand-Sewn Trileaflet Valved Conduit in Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Reconstruction as an Alternative for Bovine Jugular Vein Graft: Single-Center Experience.

The Bovine jugular vein (BJV) graft for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction (RVOT) is limited applied due to possible graft failure. In this study, we reported the clinical application of simplified hand-sewn trileaflet valved conduit as an alternative for BJV graft. We retrospectively included 68 patients underwent 76 conduits implantation including 22 new simplified hand-sewn trileaflet valved conduits (Group A) and 54 BJV grafts (Group B). For patients in Group A, a hand-sewn trileaflet valved conduit with valves made of autologous pericardium or expanded polytetrafluoroethylene was applied. Baseline, perioperative, and outcomes were analyzed. No early mortality or perioperative complication occurred in Group A, while 2 patients died and 16 patients suffered from conduits failure due to conduits stenosis (n = 11), stenosis plus regurgitation (n = 3), and regurgitation alone (n = 2) in Group B. Freedom from BJV grafts failure within 1, 3, 5, and 7 years was 98.0%, 88.2%, 83.6% and 83.6% in Group A, and 98.0%, 85.8%, 76.8% and 62.1% in Group B. Endocarditis occurred in 9 patients in Group B, but not in Group A. Subsequent analysis showed that endocarditis is the only significant predictor of BJV grafts failure (odds ratio: 6.202, 95% confidence intervals 1.237∼31.108). The novel simplified hand-sewn trileaflet valved conduits seems to be associated with lower incidences of perioperative complication, graft failure, and early-phase mortality, as compared with conventional BJV grafts.

Vitamin D Supplementation Prevents Placental Ischemia Induced Endothelial Dysfunction by Downregulating Placental Soluble FMS-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1.

Maternal vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia. Vascular endothelial dysfunction is a major phenotype of pregnancies with preeclampsia, contributing to increased maternal hypertension and proteinuria. We sought to determine whether vitamin D supplementation would alleviate preeclampsia associated endothelial dysfunction and explore the underlying mechanism using the reduced uterine perfusion pressure (RUPP) rat model. RUPP operated rats were supplemented with 1,25(OH)2D (RUPP+VD) on day 1, 7, and 14 of pregnancy by subcutaneous injection. On day 19 of pregnancy, after the measurement of blood pressure and urine collection, maternal blood serum and placenta samples were collected. 1,25(OH)2D treatment significantly improved endothelial dysfunction by reducing apoptosis and increasing nitric oxide (NO) production in blood vessels of RUPP operated rats compared to untreated RUPP rats. 1,25(OH)2D significantly down-regulated the expression of placental soluble FMS-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) in RUPP rats. Furthermore, the circulating sFlt-1 levels in maternal serum were positively correlated with the expression of placental sFlt-1 and were restored to a normal pregnant level by 1,25(OH)2D treatment in RUPP rats. Incubation of endothelial cell line with rat serum from RUPP+VD group significantly increased NO production and decreased caspase-3 activity compared with serum from untreated RUPP rats. Moreover, neutralization of sFlt-1 using the specific antibody mimicked the effect of 1,25(OH)2D, which abolished the deleterious effect of RUPP rat's serum on NO production and apoptosis. These results suggest that vitamin D supplementation is protective against RUPP induced endothelial dysfunction by downregulating placental sFlt-1, which can possibly alleviate preeclampsia associated symptoms.

Understanding the role of CD44V6 in ovarian cancer.

This study examined the association of CD44V6 expression in ovarian cancer. We recruited 38 patients with ovarian cancer, 23 with benign ovarian tumor, and 20 with normal ovaries using RT-PCR and western block analysis. Compared with normal ovaries, the expression of CD44V6 mRNA was significantly elevated in benign ovarian tumor and ovarian cancer. At the protein level, we found no significant differences in CD44V6 expression between normal ovarian tissue and benign ovarian tumor. However, the expression of CD44V6 in ovarian cancer was significantly elevated compared to normal ovaries and benign ovarian tumor. These results were supported by ELISA and western blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry showed that CD44V6 protein in ovarian cancer cells accumulated at high levels on the membrane of ovarian cancer cells. CD44V6 expression is closely associated with the tumorous transformation of ovarian tissue, suggesting that CD44V6 can promote the occurrence and progression of ovarian cancer.

Mid- to long-term outcomes of bovine jugular vein conduit implantation in Chinese children.

BACKGROUND: Bovine jugular vein (BJV) conduits are widely applied for surgical reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). However, relevant studies of valve failure rates and the related risk factors are limited in China. The aim of this study was to assess the BJV prognosis after medium- to long-term follow-up. METHODS: Fifty-three hospital patients implanted with BJV conduits from January 2002 to December 2013 were recruited. Patient information and follow-up prognosis were reviewed retrospectively. Conduit stenosis and failure as well as endocarditis were diagnosed. RESULTS: The total person years was 345.5, and the median follow-up time was 6.3 years. Early mortality occurred in two patients, and there was no late mortality. BJV conduit failure occurred in 15 patients (29.4%) due to severe stenosis (n=10), stenosis plus regurgitation (n=3), and regurgitation alone (n=2). The proportion of patients who were free of BJV conduit failure at 1, 3, 5, and 7 years was 98.0%, 85.8%, 76.8%, and 62.1%, respectively. There were nine cases of endocarditis (17.0%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that endocarditis was a significant risk factor associated with BJV conduit failure (OR: 6.735; 95% CI: 1.348-33.647). CONCLUSIONS: The durability of BJV conduits was suboptimal after a mid-term follow-up period. Endocarditis was found to be a significant risk factor that accelerates BJV conduit deterioration.