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The practical application of lithium metal batteries (LMBs) is inevitably associated with serious safety risks due to the uncontrolled growth of lithium dendrites. Thus, to inhibit the formation of lithium dendrites, many researchers have focused on constructing three-dimensional porous current collectors with a high specific surface area. However, the homogeneous structure of porous collectors does not effectively guide the deposition of lithium metal to the bottom, leading to a phenomenon known as "top-growth." Recently, the construction of 3D porous current collectors with a lithiophilic gradient has been widely reported and regarded as an effective approach to inhibit lithium top-growth, thus improving battery safety. In this review, we summarize the latest research progress on such anode current collector design strategies, including surface modification of different base materials, design of gradient structures, and field factors, emphasizing their lithium-affinity mechanism and the advantages and disadvantages of different collector designs. Finally, we provide a perspective on the future research directions and applications of gradient affinity current collectors.
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Conversion-type electrode materials have gained massive research attention in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), but their limited reversibility hampers practical use. Herein, we report a bifunctional nanoreactor to boost highly reversible sodium-ion storage, wherein a record-high reversible degree of 85.65% is achieved for MoS2 anodes. Composed of nitrogen-doped carbon-supported single atom Mn (NC-SAMn), this bifunctional nanoreactor concurrently confines active materials spatially and catalyzes reaction kinetics. In-situ/ex-situ characterizations including spectroscopy, microscopy, and electrochemistry, combined with theoretical simulations containing density functional theory and molecular dynamics, confirm that the NC-SAMn nanoreactors facilitate the electron/ion transfer, promote the distribution and interconnection of discharging products (Na2S/Mo), and reduce the Na2S decomposition barrier.As a result, the nanoreactor-promoted MoS2 anodes exhibit ultra-stable cycling with a capacity retention of 99.86% after 200 cycles in the full cell. This work demonstrates the superiority of bifunctional nanoreactors with two-dimensional confined and catalytic effects, providing a feasible approach to improve the reversibility for a wide range of conversion-type electrode materials, thereby enhancing the application potential for long-cycled SIBs.
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Micrometer-sized silicon monoxide (SiO) is regarded as a high-capacity anode material with great potential for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). However, the problems of low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE), poor electrical conductivity, and large volume change of SiO inevitably impede further application. Herein, the vacuum thermal reduced SiOx with amorphous AlPO4 and carbon double-coating layers is used as the ideal anode material in LIBs. The vacuum thermal reduction at low temperature forms fine silicon grains in the internal particles and maintains the external integrity of SiOx particles, contributing to mitigation of the stress intensification and the subsequent design of multifunctional coating. Meanwhile, the innovative introduction of the multifunctional amorphous AlPO4 layer not only improves the ion/electron conduction properties to ensure the fast reversible reaction but also provides a robust protective layer with stable physicochemical characteristics and inhibits the volume expansion effect. The sample of SiOx anode shows an ICE up to 87.6% and a stable cycling of 200 cycles at 1 A g-1 with an initial specific capacity of 1775.8 mAh g-1. In addition, the assembled pouch battery of 1.8 Ah can also ensure a cycling life of over 150 cycles, demonstrating a promising prospect of this optimized micrometer-sized SiOx anode material for industrial applications.
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A tomographic waveguide-based augmented reality display technique is proposed for near-eye three-dimensional (3D) display with accurate depth reconstructions. A pair of tunable lenses with complementary focuses is utilized to project tomographic virtual 3D images while maintaining the correct perception of the real scene. This approach reconstructs virtual 3D images with physical depth cues, thereby addressing the vergence-accommodation conflict inherent in waveguide augmented reality systems. A prototype has been constructed and optical experiments have been conducted, demonstrating the system's capability in delivering high-quality 3D scenes for waveguide-based augmented reality display.
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Emerging high entropy compounds (HECs) have attracted huge attention in electrochemical energy-related applications. The features of ultrafine size and carbon incorporation show great potential to boost the ion-storage kinetics of HECs. However, they are rarely reported because high-temperature calcination tends to result in larger crystallites, phase separation, and carbon reduction. Herein, using the NaCl self-assembly template method, by introducing a high-pressure field in the calcination process, the atom diffusion and phase separation are inhibited for the general formation of HECs, and the HEC aggregation is inhibited for obtaining ultrafine size. The general preparation of ultrafine-sized (<10â nm) HECs (nitrides, oxides, sulfides, and phosphates) anchored on porous carbon composites is realized. They are demonstrated by combining advanced characterization technologies with theoretical computations. Ultrafine-sized high entropy sulfides-MnFeCoCuSnMo/porous carbon (HES-MnFeCoCuSnMo/PC) as representative anodes exhibit excellent sodium-ion storage kinetics and capacities (a high rating capacity of 278â mAh g-1 at 10â A g-1 for full cell and a high cycling capacity of 281â mAh g-1 at 20â A g-1 after 6000 cycles for half cell) due to the combining advantages of high entropy effect, ultrafine size, and PC incorporation. Our work provides a new opportunity for designing and fabricating ultrafine-sized HECs.
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Oxided-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) alloys are promising high-strength materials used in extreme environments such as high-temperature and radiation tolerance applications. Until now, ODS alloys have been developed for reducible metals by chemical processing methods, but there are no commercially available ODS alloys for unreducible metals, namely, Al, Mg, Ti, Zr and so on, owing to the challenge of uniformly dispersing oxide particles in these alloys by traditional techniques. Here we present a strategy to achieve ODS Al alloys containing highly dispersive 5 nm MgO nanoparticles by powder metallurgy, using nanoparticles that have in situ-grown graphene-like coatings and hence largely reduced surface energy. Notably, the densely dispersed MgO nanoparticles, which have a fully coherent relationship with an Al matrix, show effective suppression of interfacial vacancy diffusion, thus leading to unprecedented strength (~200 MPa) and creep resistance at temperatures as high as 500 °C. Our processing approach should enable the dispersion of ultrafine nanoparticles in a wide range of alloys for high-temperature-related applications.
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BACKGROUND: Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common refractory hematologic cancer. Searching for new targets and prognostic markers for MM is significant. METHODS: GSE39754, GSE6477 and GSE24080 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in MM versus healthy people from GSE39754 and GSE6477 were screened using limma package, and MM-related module genes were chosen with the use of Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and the two were intersected using ggVennDiagram for obtaining MM-related DEGs. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were carried out. Then, protein-protein interactions (PPI) analysis in String database was used to obtain hub genes, while prognosis was analyzed by survival package in GSE24080. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was adopted for evaluating diagnostic value of hub genes. Besides, univariable/multivariable Cox regression were employed to screen independent prognostic biomarkers. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to find possible mechanism. Finally, western-blotting and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) verify TYROBP expression within MM and healthy people. We performed cell adhesion and transwell assays for investigating TYROBP function in MM cell adhesion and migration. RESULTS: Through differential analyses, 92 MM-related DEGs were obtained. 10 hub genes were identified by PPI and CytoHubba. Their diagnostic and prognostic significance was analyzed. Down-regulation of genes like TYROBP, ELANE, MNDA, and MPO related to dismal MM prognosis. Upon univariable/multivariable Cox regression, TYROBP independently predicted MM prognosis. GSEA pathway was enriched, indicating that TYROBP expression affected MM development via cell adhesion molecular pathway. Upon Western-blotting and RT-PCR assays, TYROBP expression among MM patients decreased relative to healthy donors. Cell adhesion and transwell migration assays revealed increased MM cell adhesion and decreased migration upon TYROBP up-regulation. CONCLUSION: In summary, TYROBP is a potential prognostic marker for MM.
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Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based electrolytes have been extensively studied for all-solid-state lithium-metal batteries due to their excellent film-forming capabilities and low cost. However, the limited ionic conductivity and poor mechanical strength of the PEO-based electrolytes cannot prevent the growth of undesirable lithium dendrites, leading to the failure of batteries. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are functional materials with a periodic porous structure that can improve the electrochemical performance of PEO-based electrolytes. However, the enhancement effect of MOFs with different metal centers and the interaction mechanism with PEO remain unclear. Herein, MOF-74s with Cu or Ni centers are prepared and used as fillers of PEO-based electrolytes. Adding 15 wt % of Cu-MOF-74 to the PEO-based electrolyte (15%Cu-MOF/P-Li) effectively improves the ionic conductivity, lithium transference number, and mechanical strength of the PEO-based electrolyte simultaneously. Furthermore, the ordered pore channels of Cu-MOF-74 provide uniform Li-ion transport pathways, facilitating homogeneous Li+ deposition. As a result, the lithium symmetric cell with 15%Cu-MOF/P-Li shows stable cycles for 1080 h at 0.1 mA cm-2 and 0.1 mAh cm-2, and the Li | 15% Cu-MOF/P-Li | LFP full cell exhibits a long cycle life up to 200 cycles at 60 °C and 0.5 C, with a capacity retention rate of 89.7%.
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Powdery hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), as an important material for electrochemical energy storage, has been typically synthesized in bulk and one/two-dimensional (1/2D) nanostructured morphologies. However, until now, no method has been developed to synthesize powdery three-dimensional (3D) h-BN. This work introduces a novel NaCl-glucose-assisted strategy to synthesize micron-sized 3D h-BN with a honeycomb-like structure and its proposed formation mechanism. We propose that NaCl acts as the template of 3D structure and promotes the nitridation reaction by adsorbing NH3 . Glucose facilitates the homogeneous coating of boric acid onto the NaCl surface via functionalizing the NaCl surface. During the nitridation reaction, boron oxides (BO4 and BO3 ) form from a dehydration reaction of boric acid, which is then reduced to O2 -B-N and O-B-N2 intermediates before finally being reduced to BN3 by NH3 . When incorporated into polyethylene oxide-based electrolytes for Li metal batteries, 5â wt % of 3D h-BN significantly enhances ionic conductivity and mechanical strength. Consequently, this composite electrolyte demonstrates superior electrochemical stability. It delivers 300â h of stable cycles in the Li//Li cell at 0.1â mA cm-2 and retains 89 % of discharge capacity (138.9â mAh g-1 ) after 100 cycles at 1â C in the LFP//Li full cell.
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The water-soluble salt-template technique holds great promise for fabricating 3D porous materials. However, an equipment-free and pore-size controllable synthetic approach employing salt-template precursors at room temperature has remained unexplored. Herein, we introduce a green room-temperature antisolvent precipitation strategy for creating salt-template self-assembly precursors to universally produce 3D porous materials with controllable pore size. Through a combination of theoretical simulations and advanced characterization techniques, we unveil the antisolvent precipitation mechanism and provide guidelines for selecting raw materials and controlling the size of precipitated salt. Following the calcination and washing steps, we achieve large-scale and universal production of 3D porous materials and the recycling of the salt templates and antisolvents. The optimized nitrogen-doped 3D porous carbon (N-3DPC) materials demonstrate distinctive structural benefits, facilitating a high capacity for potassium-ion storage along with exceptional reversibility. This is further supported by in situ electrochemical impedance spectra, in situ Raman spectroscopy, and theoretical calculations. The anode shows a high rate capacity of 181â mAh g-1 at 4â A g-1 in the full cell. This study addresses the knowledge gap concerning the room-temperature synthesis of salt-template self-assembly precursors for the large-scale production of porous materials, thereby expanding their potential applications for electrochemical energy conversion and storage.
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Changing the composition is an important way to regulate the electrocatalytic performance of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) for metallic compounds. Clarifying the synergistic mechanism among different compositions is a key scientific problem to be solved urgently. Here, based on first-principles calculations, a Ni-O-Fe multisite dynamic synergistic reaction mechanism (MDSM) for the OER of Fe-doped NiOOH (NiFeOOH) has been discovered. Based on the MDSM, Fe/O/Ni are triggered as the active sites in turn, resulting in an overpotential of 0.33 V. The factors affecting the deprotonation, O-O coupling, and O2 desorption during the OER process are analyzed. The electron channels related to the magnetic states among Fe-O-Ni is revealed, which results in the decoupling between OER sites and the oxidation reaction sites. O-O coupling and O2 desorption are affected by ferromagnetic coupling and the instability of the lattice O during the OER process, respectively. The results give a comprehensive understanding of the active sites in NiFeOOH and provide a new perspective on the synergistic effects among different compositions in metal compounds during the OER process.
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To support the global goal of carbon neutrality, numerous efforts have been devoted to the advancement of electrochemical energy conversion (EEC) and electrochemical energy storage (EES) technologies. For these technologies, transition metal dichalcogenide/carbon (TMDC/C) heterostructures have emerged as promising candidates for both electrode materials and electrocatalysts over the past decade, due to their complementary advantages. It is worth noting that interfacial properties play a crucial role in establishing the overall electrochemical characteristics of TMDC/C heterostructures. However, despite the significant scientific contribution in this area, a systematic understanding of TMDC/C heterostructures' interfacial engineering is currently lacking. This literature review aims to focus on three types of interfacial engineering, namely interfacial orientation engineering, interfacial stacking engineering, and interfacial doping engineering, of TMDC/C heterostructures for their potential applications in EES and EEC devices. To accomplish this goal, a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches was used to allow the analysis and summary of the fundamental electrochemical properties and preparation strategies of TMDC/C heterostructures. Moreover, this review highlights the design and utilization of the interfacial engineering of TMDC/C heterostructures for specific EES and EEC devices. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of using interfacial engineering of TMDC/C heterostructures in practical EES and EEC devices are outlined. We expect that this review will effectively guide readers in their understanding, design, and application of interfacial engineering of TMDC/C heterostructures.
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The sub-10 nm metal-based nanomaterials (SMNs) show great potential for the electrochemical energy storage field. However, their ion storage capacity and stability suffer from severe agglomeration and interface problems. Herein, a universal strategy is reported to synthesize a wide range of SMNs (e.g., metal, nitride, oxide, and sulfides) embedded in free-standing carbon foam (SMN/FC-F) composite electrodes by crossing the interfacial confinement of NaCl self-assembly with the thermal-mechanical coupling of powder metallurgy. The pressure-enhanced NaCl self-assembly interfacial confinement is greatly beneficial to preventing SMN agglomeration and promoting SMNs embedded in FC-F which originate from the welding of carbon nanosheets. They are confirmed via a series of advanced characterizations including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and spherical aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, with theoretical computations. Benefiting from the unique structure, SMNs/FC-F delivers ultrafast and stable ion-storage kinetics. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, the MoS2 /FC-F shows excellent ion storage kinetics and superior long-term cycling performance for ion storage (e.g., Na3 V2 (PO4 )2 O2 F/C//MoS2 /FC-F sodium-ion batteries exhibit a high reversible capacity of 185 mAh g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 with a decay rate of 0.05% per cycle.). This work provides a new opportunity to design and fabricate promising SMN-based free-standing working electrodes for electrochemical energy storage and conversion applications.
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The main obstacle to the development of large-scale electrochemical hydrogen production based on water splitting is the slow four-electron kinetics of OER (oxygen evolution reaction). The most efficient method is to create sophisticated and effective OER catalysts. Here, we proposed the controlled synthesis of high-entropy layered double hydroxides (HELDH) for wide component regulation and the component design of high OER activity to make up for the restricted component regulation in conventional catalysts. Through the use of coprecipitation and hydrothermal synthesis, the representative sample (MgCoNi)3(FeAl)-LDH is created and systematically characterized. Significantly, this technique of preparation may generically synthesize a variety of HELDH with various component combinations, demonstrating the remarkable adaptability of the HELDH components. Subsequently, (FeCoNi)3(FeCr)-LDH with high OER activity is designed and synthesized. (FeCoNi)3(FeCr)-LDH shows excellent OER activity (overpotential is only 230 mV at 10 mA cm-2). A new platform for the creation of high-performance catalysts and high-entropy materials was established by the synthesis and design of HELDH.
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The advent of wearable electronics has strongly stimulated advanced research into the exploration of flexible zinc-air batteries (ZABs) with high theoretical energy density, high inherent safety, and low cost. However, the half-open battery structure and the high concentration of alkaline aqueous environment pose great challenges on the electrolyte retention capability and the zinc anode stability. Herein, a starch-based superabsorbent hydrogel polymer electrolyte (SSHPE) with high ionic conductivity, electrolyte absorption and retention capabilities, strong alkaline resistance and high zinc anode stability has been designed and applied in ZABs. Experimental and calculational analyses probe into the root of the superiority of SSHPEs, confirming the significance of the carboxyl functional groups along their polymer chains. These features endow the as-fabricated ZAB a long cycle life of 300â h, much longer than that with commonly used poly(vinyl alcohol)-based electrolyte.
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Constructing a 3D composite Li metal anode (LMA) along with the engineering of artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is a promising strategy for achieving dendrite-free Li deposition and high cycling stability. The nanostructure of artificial SEI is closely related to the performance of the LMA. Herein, the self-grown process and morphology of in situ formed Li2 S during lithiation of Cux S is studied systematically, and a large-sized sheet-like Li2 S layer as an artificial SEI is in situ generated on the inner surface of a 3D continuous porous Cu skeleton (3DCu@Li2 S-S). The sheet-like Li2 S layer with few interfacial pitfalls (Cu/Li2 S heterogeneous interface) possesses enhanced diffusion of Li ions. And the continuous porous structure provides transport channels for lithium-ion transport. As a result, the 3DCu@Li2 S-S presents a high Coulombic efficiency (99.3%), long cycle life (500 cycles), and high-rate performance (10 mA cm-2 ). Furthermore, Li/3DCu@Li2 S anode fabricated by thermal infusion method inherits the synergistic advantages of sheet-like Li2 S and continuous porous structure. The Li/3DCu@Li2 S anode shows significantly enhanced cycling life in both liquid and solid electrolytes. This work provides a new concept to design artificial SEI for LMA with high safe and high performance.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore the expression pattern and clinical significance of Integral membrane protein 2Aï¼ITM2Aï¼ in drug resistant patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). METHODS: The expression of ITM2A in CML was evaluated by qRT-PCR, Western blot and immunocytochemistry. In order to understand the possible biological effects of ITM2A, apoptosis, cell cycle and myeloid differentiation antigen expression of CML cells were detected by flow cytometry after over-expression of ITM2A. The nuderlying molecular mechanism of its biological effect was explored. RESULTS: The expression of ITM2A in bone marrow of CML resistant patients was significantly lower than that of sensitive patients and healthy donorsï¼P<0.05ï¼. The CML resistant strain cell K562R was successfully constructed in vitro. The expression of ITM2A in the resistant strain was significantly lower than that in the sensitive strain(P<0.05). Overexpression of ITM2A in K562R cells increased the sensitivity of K562R cells to imatinib and blocked the cell cycle in G2 phase(P<0.05), but did not affect myeloid differentiation. Mechanistically, up-regulation of ITM2A reduced phosphorylation in ERK signaling (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The expression of ITM2A was low in patients with drug resistance of CML, and the low expression of ITM2A may be the key factor of imatinib resistance in CML.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva , Humanos , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Apoptosis , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos , Mesilato de Imatinib/farmacología , Mesilato de Imatinib/uso terapéutico , Células K562 , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva/tratamiento farmacológico , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
High-entropy compounds with extraordinary properties due to the synergistic effect of multiple components have exhibited great potential and attracted extensive attention in various fields, including physics, mechanical property analysis, and energy storage. Achieving universal stability and synthesis of high-entropy compounds with a wide range of components and structures continues to be difficult due to the high complexity of multicomponent mixing. Here, we propose a design strategy with high generality for realizing the stability and synthesis of high-entropy compounds that one metal site like the framework in the compound structures with bimetallic sites stabilizes another site to accommodate different elements. Several typical metal compounds with bimetallic sites, including perovskite hydroxides, layered double hydroxide, spinel sulfide, perovskite fluoride, and spinel oxides, have been synthesized into high-entropy compounds. High-entropy perovskite hydroxides (HEPHs) as representative compounds have been synthesized with a highly wide range of components even a septenary component and exhibit great oxygen evolution activity. Our work provides a design platform to develop more high-entropy compound systems with promising development potential for electrocatalysts.
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Increasing pursuit of next-generation wearable electronics has put forward the demand of reliable energy devices with high flexibility, durability, and enhanced electrochemical performances. Flexible aqueous zinc-air batteries (FAZABs) have attracted great interests owing to the high energy density, safety, and environmental benignity, for which quasi-solid-state gel polymer electrolytes (QSGPEs) are state-of-the-art electrolytes with high ionic conductivity, flexibility, and resistance to leakage problems of traditional liquid electrolytes. Compared to commonly used PVA-KOH electrolyte with poor electrolyte retention capability and cycling stability, a new type of sulfonate functionalized nanocomposite QSGPE is applied in FAZABs with high ionic conductivity, strong alkaline tolerance, and high zinc anode stability. Notably, the existence of (1) strong anionic sulfonate groups of QSGPEs, contributing to the exposure of preferred Zn (002) plane that is more resistant to zinc dendrite formation, and (2) nano-attapulgite electrolyte additives, beneficial for the enhancement of ionic conductivity, electrolyte uptake, and retention capability, endows a ultralong cycling life of 450 h for the fabricated FAZAB. Furthermore, flexible energy belts and knittable energy wires fabricated with a series/parallel unit of several FAZABs can be used to power various wearable electronics.
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High-entropy oxide (HEO) including multiple principal elements possesses great potential for various fields such as basic physics, mechanical properties, energy storage, and catalysis. However, the synthesis method of high-entropy compounds through the traditional heating approach is not conducive to the rapid properties screening, and the current elemental combinations of HEO are also highly limited. Herein, we report a rapid synthesis method for HEO through the Joule-heating of nickel foil with dozens of seconds. High-entropy rocksalt oxides (HERSO) with the new elemental combination, high-entropy spinel oxides (HESO), and high-entropy perovskite oxide (HEPO) have been synthesized through the Joule-heating. The synthesized HERSO with new elemental combinations proves to be a great promotion of OER activity due to the synergy of multiple components and the continuous electronic structure experimentally and theoretically. The demonstrated synthesis approach and the new component combination of HERSO provide a broad platform for the development of high-entropy materials and catalysts.