The relationship between alterations in plasma metabolites and treatment responses in antipsychotic-naïve female patients with schizophrenia.

This study aimed to explore the relationship between alterations in plasma metabolites and treatment responses amongst antipsychotic-naïve female patients with schizophrenia. A total of 38 antipsychotic-naïve female schizophrenia patients (ANS) and 19 healthy female controls (HC) were recruited. Plasma samples were obtained from all participants, and targeted metabolomics were measured with FIA-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) was used to assess the severity of psychotic symptoms before and after eight weeks of treatment. Receiver operator characteristics (ROC) curves were used to predict diagnostic and therapeutic responses. A total of 186 metabolites passed quality control procedures and were used in statistical analysis to identify potential biomarkers. Before treatment, the ANS patients had lower levels of γ -Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and higher levels of Cholesteryl esters (CE) (20:3), Cholic Acid (CA) and Glycocholic Acid (GCA) compared to the HCs. These four differential metabonomic markers were synthesised into a combinatorial biomarker panel. This panel significantly distinguished ANS from HC. Moreover, this biomarker panel was able to effectively predict therapeutic responses. Our results suggest that plasma CE (20:3), CA, GCA, and GABA levels may be useful for diagnosing and predicting antipsychotic efficacy amongst female schizophrenia patients.

ZmELF3.1 integrates the RA2-TSH4 module to repress maize tassel branching.

Tassel branch number (TBN) is a key agronomic trait for adapting to high-density planting and grain yield in maize. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying tassel branching are still largely unknown. Here, we used molecular and genetic studies together to show that ZmELF3.1 plays a critical role in regulating TBN in maize. Previous studies showed that ZmELF3.1 forms the evening complex through interacting with ZmELF4 and ZmLUX to regulate flowering in maize and that RA2 and TSH4 (ZmSBP2) suppresses and promotes TBN in maize, respectively. In this study, we show that loss-of-function mutants of ZmELF3.1 exhibit a significant increase of TBN. We also show that RA2 directly binds to the promoter of TSH4 and represses its expression, thus leading to reduced TBN. We further demonstrate that ZmELF3.1 directly interacts with both RA2 and ZmELF4.2 to form tri-protein complexes that further enhance the binding of RA2 to the promoter of TSH4, leading to suppressed TSH4 expression and consequently decreased TBN. Our combined results establish a novel functional link between the ELF3-ELF4-RA2 complex and miR156-SPL regulatory module in regulating tassel branching and provide a valuable target for genetic improvement of tassel branching in maize.

FBLPF-ABOW: An Effective Method for Blink Artifact Removal in Single-Channel EEG Signal.

OBJECTIVE: The latest development in low-cost single-channel Electroencephalography (EEG) devices is gaining widespread attention because it reduces hardware complexity. Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) has been a popular solution to eliminate the blink artifacts in EEG signals. However, the existing DWT-based methods share the same wavelet function among subjects, which ignores the individual difference. To remedy this deficiency, this article proposes a novel approach to eliminate the blink artifacts in single-channel EEG signals. METHODS: Firstly, the forward-backward low-pass filter (FBLPF) and a fixed-length window are used to detect blink artifact intervals. Secondly, the adaptive bi-orthogonal wavelet (ABOW) is constructed based on the most representative blink signal. Thirdly, these detected signals are filtered by ABOW-DWT. The DWT's decomposition depth is automatically chosen by a similarity-based method. RESULTS: Compared to eight state-of-the-art methods, experiments on semi-simulated and real EEG signals demonstrate the proposed method's superiority in removing the blink artifacts with less neural information loss. SIGNIFICANCE: To filter the blink artifacts in single-channel EEG signals, the innovative idea of constructing an adaptive wavelet function based on the signal characteristics rather than using the conventional wavelet is proposed for the first time.

Negative symptoms and neurocognition in drug-naïve schizophrenia: moderating role of plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and interferon-gamma (INF-γ).

Previous studies reported that peripheral inflammation was associated with cognitive performance and brain structure in schizophrenia. However, the moderating effect of inflammation has not been extensively studied. This study investigated whether inflammation markers moderated the association between negative symptoms and neurocognition in schizophrenia. This cross-sectional study included 137 drug-naïve schizophrenia patients (DNS) and 67 healthy controls (HC). We performed the Measurements and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) for cognitive assessment and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for psychiatric symptoms. Plasma concentrations of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were measured. The MCCB neurocognition score, social cognition score, and total score; the plasma concentrations of NGAL, IFN-γ, and NF-κB were significantly decreased in DNS than in HC (all P's < 0.001). PANSS negative subscale (PNS), PANSS reduced expressive subdomain (RES) negatively correlated with neurocognition score (P = 0.007; P = 0.011, respectively). Plasma concentrations of IFN-γ and NGAL positively correlated with neurocognition score (P = 0.043; P = 0.008, relatively). The interactions of PNS × NGAL; PNS × IFN-γ; RES × IFN-γ accounted for significant neurocognition variance (P = 0.025; P = 0.029, P = 0.007, respectively). Simple slope analysis showed that all the above moderating effects only occurred in patients with near normal IFN-γ and NGAL levels. Plasma concentrations of IFN-γ and NGAL moderated the relationship between negative symptoms (especially RES) and neurocognition in schizophrenia. Treatment targeting inflammation may contribute to neurocognition improvement in schizophrenia.

ZmSPL13 and ZmSPL29 act together to promote vegetative and reproductive transition in maize.

Flowering time is a key agronomic trait determining environmental adaptation and yield potential of crops. The regulatory mechanisms of flowering in maize still remain rudimentary. In this study, we combine expressional, genetic, and molecular studies to identify two homologous SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) transcription factors ZmSPL13 and ZmSPL29 as positive regulators of juvenile-to-adult vegetative transition and floral transition in maize. We show that both ZmSPL13 and ZmSPL29 are preferentially expressed in leaf phloem, vegetative and reproductive meristem. We show that vegetative phase change and flowering time are moderately delayed in the Zmspl13 and Zmspl29 single knockout mutants and more significantly delayed in the Zmspl13/29 double mutants. Consistently, the ZmSPL29 overexpression plants display precocious vegetative phase transition and floral transition, thus early flowering. We demonstrate that ZmSPL13 and ZmSPL29 directly upregulate the expression of ZmMIR172C and ZCN8 in the leaf, and of ZMM3 and ZMM4 in the shoot apical meristem, to induce juvenile-to-adult vegetative transition and floral transition. These findings establish a consecutive signaling cascade of the maize aging pathway by linking the miR156-SPL and the miR172-Gl15 regulatory modules and provide new targets for genetic improvement of flowering time in maize cultivars.

Metabolic biomarkers of risperidone-induced weight gain in drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia.

Background: Risperidone is a commonly prescribed antipsychotic drug with a potential side effect of weight gain. However, the pathophysiological mechanism is still poorly understood. Here, we sought to identify potential biomarkers of risperidone-induced weight gain by using a targeted metabolomics approach. Methods: We enrolled 30 subjects who received risperidone monotherapy for 8 weeks from a prospective longitudinal cohort study for drug-naïve schizophrenia patients. Plasma metabolites were measured by targeted metabolomics Biocrates MxP® Quant 500 Kit at baseline and 8-week follow-up. Results: After 8 weeks of risperidone treatment, the levels of 48 differential metabolites were upregulated, including lysophosphatidylcholines (2), phosphatidylcholines (PC) (8), cholesteryl esters (CE) (3), and triglycerides (35), while 6 differential metabolites namely PC aa C38:6, methionine (Met), α-aminobutyric acid (AABA), TrpBetaine, CE (22:6), and Taurocholic acid (TCA) were downregulated. Interestingly, the reduction of PC aa C38:6, AABA and CE (22:6) was linearly related with increased BMI. Further multiple regression analysis showed that the changes of PC aa C38:6 and AABA were independent contributors of increased BMI. In addition, baseline levels of PC aa C36:5, CE (20:5) and AABA had positive relationships with the change of BMI. Conclusion: Our findings indicate phosphatidylcholines and amino acids may serve as biomarkers for risperidone-induced weight gain.

Altered microRNA expression profiles of human spermatozoa in normal fertile men of different ages.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are mediators of the aging process. The purpose of this work was to analyze the miRNA expression profiles of spermatozoa from men of different ages with normal fertility. Twenty-seven donors were divided into three groups by age (Group A, n = 8, age: 20-30 years; Group B, n = 10, age: 31-40 years; and Group C, n = 9, age: 41-55 years) for high-throughput sequencing analysis. Samples from 65 individuals (22, 22, and 21 in Groups A, B, and C, respectively) were used for validation by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). A total of 2160 miRNAs were detected: 1223 were known, 937 were newly discovered and unnamed, of which 191 were expressed in all donors. A total of 7, 5, and 17 differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMs) were found in Group A vs B, Group B vs C, and Group A vs C comparisons, respectively. Twenty-two miRNAs were statistically correlated with age. Twelve miRNAs were identified as age-associated miRNAs, including hsa-miR-127-3p, mmu-miR-5100_L+2R-1, efu-miR-9226_L-2_1ss22GA, cgr-miR-1260_L+1, hsa-miR-652-3p_R+1, pal-miR-9993a-3p_L+2R-1, hsa-miR-7977_1ss6AG, hsa-miR-106b-3p_R-1, hsa-miR-186-5p, PC-3p-59611_111, hsa-miR-93-3p_R+1, and aeca-mir-8986a-p5_1ss1GA. There were 9165 target genes of age-associated miRNAs. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of the target genes identified revealed enrichment of protein binding, membrane, cell cycle, and so on. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of age-related miRNAs for target genes revealed 139 enriched pathways, such as signaling pathways regulating stem cell pluripotency, metabolic pathways, and the Hippo signaling pathway. This suggests that miRNAs play a key role in male fertility changes with increasing age and provides new evidence for the study of the mechanism of age-related male fertility decline.

UB2/UB3/TSH4-anchored transcriptional networks regulate early maize inflorescence development in response to simulated shade.

Increasing planting density has been adopted as an effective means to increase maize (Zea mays) yield. Competition for light from neighbors can trigger plant shade avoidance syndrome, which includes accelerated flowering. However, the regulatory networks of maize inflorescence development in response to high-density planting remain poorly understood. In this study, we showed that shade-mimicking treatments cause precocious development of the tassels and ears. Comparative transcriptome profiling analyses revealed the enrichment of phytohormone-related genes and transcriptional regulators among the genes co-regulated by developmental progression and simulated shade. Network analysis showed that three homologous Squamosa promoter binding protein (SBP)-like (SPL) transcription factors, Unbranched2 (UB2), Unbranched3 (UB3), and Tasselsheath4 (TSH4), individually exhibited connectivity to over 2,400 genes across the V3-to-V9 stages of tassel development. In addition, we showed that the ub2 ub3 double mutant and tsh4 single mutant were almost insensitive to simulated shade treatments. Moreover, we demonstrated that UB2/UB3/TSH4 could directly regulate the expression of Barren inflorescence2 (BIF2) and Zea mays teosinte branched1/cycloidea/proliferating cell factor30 (ZmTCP30). Furthermore, we functionally verified a role of ZmTCP30 in regulating tassel branching and ear development. Our results reveal a UB2/UB3/TSH4-anchored transcriptional regulatory network of maize inflorescence development and provide valuable targets for breeding shade-tolerant maize cultivars.

The evening complex promotes maize flowering and adaptation to temperate regions.

Maize (Zea mays) originated in southern Mexico and has spread over a wide latitudinal range. Maize expansion from tropical to temperate regions has necessitated a reduction of its photoperiod sensitivity. In this study, we cloned a quantitative trait locus (QTL) regulating flowering time in maize and show that the maize ortholog of Arabidopsis thaliana EARLY FLOWERING3, ZmELF3.1, is the causal locus. We demonstrate that ZmELF3.1 and ZmELF3.2 proteins can physically interact with ZmELF4.1/4.2 and ZmLUX1/2, to form evening complex(es; ECs) in the maize circadian clock. Loss-of-function mutants for ZmELF3.1/3.2 and ZmLUX1/2 exhibited delayed flowering under long-day and short-day conditions. We show that EC directly represses the expression of several flowering suppressor genes, such as the CONSTANS, CONSTANS-LIKE, TOC1 (CCT) genes ZmCCT9 and ZmCCT10, ZmCONSTANS-LIKE 3, and the PSEUDORESPONSE REGULATOR (PRR) genes ZmPRR37a and ZmPRR73, thus alleviating their inhibition, allowing florigen gene expression and promoting flowering. Further, we identify two closely linked retrotransposons located in the ZmELF3.1 promoter that regulate the expression levels of ZmELF3.1 and may have been positively selected during postdomestication spread of maize from tropical to temperate regions during the pre-Columbian era. These findings provide insights into circadian clock-mediated regulation of photoperiodic flowering in maize and new targets of genetic improvement for breeding.

Improvement of adjunctive berberine treatment on negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.

The upregulation of immune and inflammatory response may play a role in the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Berberine is an effective drug with anti-inflammatory property, and may be beneficial for the treatment of negative symptoms. The aim of this study is to test this hypothesis through a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Eligible patients with schizophrenia were randomized to receive placebo or berberine (900 mg/day) for 8 weeks as adjunctive treatment to single atypical antipsychotic drug. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to evaluate clinical symptoms at three time points (baseline, 4th and 8th week). Blood samples were collected at the above three time points to determine the concentrations of inflammatory markers including interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP). 59 patients with intention-to-treat were analyzed, 32 in the berberine group and 27 in the placebo group. From the baseline to the 8th week, berberine treatment significantly improved the negative symptom subscale of PANSS (F = 18.981; p < 0.001). From the baseline to the 8th week, the plasma CRP concentration decreased in the berberine group, while increased in the placebo group (F = 5.373; p = 0.024). Furthermore, in the berberine group, the change of CRP concentration was significantly positively correlated with the change of PANSS negative symptom subscale within 8 weeks (r = 0.56; p = 0.002). There was no significant difference in adverse events between the two groups (p's > 0.05). Our study suggests that berberine treatment is well tolerated in patients with schizophrenia. Berberine may improve negative symptoms through anti-inflammatory effect.Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT03548155.

Berberine treatment for weight gain in patients with schizophrenia by regulating leptin rather than adiponectin.

BACKGROUND: Berberine could improve antipsychotic-induced weight gain in obese cell lines and animal models. This study aimed to exam the effect of berberine on weight gain in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: Each subject who met DSM-IV-TR criteria for schizophrenia had been on stable dose of a single antipsychotic for at least one month. In an 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, subjects received either berberine (900 mg per day) or placebo. Anthropometric parameters, leptin and adiponectin were measured at baseline, week 4, and week 8. RESULTS: A total of 65 patients were enrolled, 49 of which completed the treatment. At the 8th week, the mean weight of patients in the berberine group (N = 27) lost 1.10 kg, while in the placebo group (N = 22) gained 1.45 kg. There were significant differences in body weight (Ftime*group=10.493, P = 0.001), BMI (Ftime*group=9.344, P = 0.002) and leptin (Ftime*group=6.265, P = 0.003). Further, the change of leptin had significant positive correlations with the changes of body weight(r = 0.395, P = 0.041) and BMI(r = 0.389, P = 0.045). There was no significant difference in adverse events between the two groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that berberine is a potential weight loss and weight maintenance drug for patients with schizophrenia. The effect of berberine on weight gain may be related to the regulation of leptin, but not adiponectin.

Forsythiaside A alleviates methotrexate-induced intestinal mucositis in rats by modulating the NLRP3 signaling pathways.

Most chemotherapeutic drugs can kill the tumor cells, but also cause a vast damage to body, such as intestinal mucositis (IM). The present study was design to find out the effect of Forsythiaside A (FTA) on chemotherapeutic-induced IM in rats. Briefly, for 3 consecutive days, male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 7 mg / kg methotrexate (MTX) to establish IM and simultaneously administered with 40 or 80 mg / kg FTA for 7 days. Our results showed that the final body weight and daily food intake were increased, and the disease activity index was reduced in the MTX group after FTA treatment. The MTX group showed the pathological alterations like the inflammatory cells infiltration, the mucosal layer destruction, glands expansion, intestinal villi structure disorder and goblet cells reduction, while we found that 80 mg / kg FTA treatment displayed evident reversal effects. ELISA further suggested that TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-18 levels in serum in MTX-induced rats were reduced after 80 mg / kg FTA treatment. Moreover, FTA decreased the number of leukocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Western blot and immunofluorescence results indicated that the expression levels of NLRP3, cleaved caspase 1, cleaved IL-1ß and CD68 positive rate were down-regulated in MTX-induced rats after 80 mg / kg FTA intervention. The findings of the current study suggested that FTA effectively inhibited MTX-induced IM in rats by attenuating the activation of the NLRP3 signaling pathways.

DWARF53 interacts with transcription factors UB2/UB3/TSH4 to regulate maize tillering and tassel branching.

Strigolactones (SLs) are a recently identified class of phytohormones that regulate diverse developmental processes in land plants. However, the signaling mechanism of SLs in maize (Zea mays) remains largely unexplored. Here, we identified the maize gene DWARF 53 (ZmD53) and demonstrated that ZmD53 interacts with the SL receptors DWARF 14A/B (ZmD14A/B) in a rac-GR24-dependent manner. Transgenic maize plants expressing a gain-of-function mutant version of Zmd53 exhibited insensitivity to exogenous rac-GR24 treatment and a highly pleiotropic phenotype, including excess tillering and reduced tassel branching, indicating that ZmD53 functions as an authentic SL signaling repressor in maize. In addition, we showed that ZmD53 interacts with two homologous maize SPL transcription factors, UB3 and TSH4, and suppresses their transcriptional activation activity on TB1 to promote tillering. We also showed that UB2, UB3, and TSH4 can physically interact with each other and themselves, and that they can directly regulate the expression of TSH4, thus forming a positive feedback loop. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ZmD53 can repress the transcriptional activation activity of UB3 and TSH4 on their own promoters, thus decreasing tassel branch number. Our results reveal new insights into the integration of SL signaling and the miR156/SPL molecular module to coordinately regulate maize development.

The effect of berberine adjunctive treatment on glycolipid metabolism in patients with schizophrenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Previous studies have shown that berberine can improve metabolic disturbances in non-psychiatric patients, but no clinical research has been conducted in schizophrenia. This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eligible patients diagnosed with schizophrenia were randomized to receive placebo or berberine (900mg/day) as an adjunctive treatment for eight weeks. Peripheral glycolipid metabolism parameters were measured at baseline, week 4, and week 8. Sixty-five patients were included, and forty-nine patients completed the 8-week trial. Berberine led to significant declines in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting serum insulin, and insulin resistance(all p<0.05) compared with placebo. Baseline body mass index and serum prolactin concentration could predict the effect of berberine on insulin resistance. Berberine adjunctive treatment may reduce the risk of glycolipid metabolic disturbances in patients with schizophrenia.

ZmSPL10/14/26 are required for epidermal hair cell fate specification on maize leaf.

The epidermal hair and stomata are two types of specialized structures on the surface of plant leaves. On mature maize leaves, stomatal complexes and three types of hairs are distributed in a stereotyped pattern on the adaxial epidermis. However, the spatiotemporal relationship between epidermal hair and stomata development and the regulatory mechanisms governing their formation in maize remain largely unknown. Here, we report that three homologous ZmSPL transcription factors, ZmSPL10, ZmSPL14 and ZmSPL26, act in concert to promote epidermal hair fate on maize leaf. Cytological analyses revealed that Zmspl10/14/26 triple mutants are completely glabrous, but possess ectopic stomatal files. Strikingly, the precursor cells for prickle and bicellular hairs are transdifferentiated into ectopic stomatal complexes in the Zmspl10/14/26 mutants. Molecular analyses demonstrated that ZmSPL10/14/26 bind directly to the promoter of a WUSCHEL-related homeobox gene, ZmWOX3A, and upregulate its expression in the hair precursor cells. Moreover, several auxin-related genes are downregulated in the Zmspl10/14/26 triple mutants. Our results suggest that ZmSPL10/14/26 play a key role in promoting epidermal hair fate on maize leaves, possibly through regulating ZmWOX3A and auxin-related gene expression, and that the fates of epidermal hairs and stomata are switchable.

The Characteristics of Targets of Bullying Among Chinese Youth Attending Key Versus Non-Key Schools: A Mixed-Methods Analysis.

The current study examined the characteristics of targets of bullying using a sample of students from two distinct school types (key vs. non-key), wherein key middle schools are defined as having better teaching resources and higher performing students than non-key middle schools. Open-ended, self-report surveys were collected from 322 Chinese students in sixth to 11th grades. Two cycle coding methods analyses generated 3,566 original codes in which 21 main categories and 77 subcategories were extracted. Five major themes emerged: multiple deviant personalities; prominent puniness and imperfect body characteristics accompanied by polarization of appearance; polarization school engagement and academic performance; psychological and behavioral problems; and problematic family and social contexts. Results of chi-square analysis indicated characteristics of targets of bullying were significantly different between key and non-key school in 12 main categories. Implications for ecological systems theory and person-group dissimilarity theory as well as bullying prevention approaches in schools are discussed.

CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout and overexpression studies reveal a role of maize phytochrome C in regulating flowering time and plant height.

Maize is a major staple crop widely used for food, feedstocks and industrial products. Shade-avoidance syndrome (SAS), which is triggered when plants sense competition of light from neighbouring vegetation, is detrimental for maize yield production under high-density planting conditions. Previous studies have shown that the red and far-red photoreceptor phytochromes are responsible for perceiving the shading signals and triggering SAS in Arabidopsis; however, their roles in maize are less clear. In this study, we examined the expression patterns of ZmPHYC1 and ZmPHYC2 and found that ZmPHYC1, but not ZmPHYC2, is highly expressed in leaves and is regulated by the circadian clock. Both ZmPHYC1 and ZmPHYC2 proteins are localized to both the nucleus and cytoplasm under light conditions and both of them can interact with themselves or with ZmPHYBs. Heterologous expression of ZmPHYCs can complement the Arabidopsis phyC-2 mutant under constant red light conditions and confer an attenuated SAS in Arabidopsis in response to shading. Double knockout mutants of ZmPHYC1 and ZmPHYC2 created using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology display a moderate early-flowering phenotype under long-day conditions, whereas ZmPHYC2 overexpression plants exhibit a moderately reduced plant height and ear height. Together, these results provided new insight into the function of ZmPHYCs and guidance for breeding high-density tolerant maize cultivars.

Arabidopsis FHY3 and FAR1 integrate light and strigolactone signaling to regulate branching.

Branching/tillering is an important parameter of plant architecture and is tightly regulated by both internal factors (such as plant hormones) and external factors (such as light conditions). How the various signaling pathways converge to coordinately regulate branching is not well understood. Here, we report that in Arabidopsis, FHY3 and FAR1, two homologous transcription factors essential for phytochrome A-mediated light signaling, and SMXL6/SMXL7/SMXL8, three key repressors of the strigolactone (SL) signaling pathway, directly interact with SPL9 and SPL15 and suppress their transcriptional activation of BRC1, a key repressor of branching, thus promoting branching. In addition, FHY3 and FAR1 also directly up-regulate the expression of SMXL6 and SMXL7 to promote branching. Simulated shade treatment reduces the accumulation of FHY3 protein, leading to increased expression of BRC1 and reduced branching. Our results establish an integrated model of light and SL coordinately regulating BRC1 expression and branching through converging at the BRC1 promoter.

Genome-wide selection and genetic improvement during modern maize breeding.

Since the development of single-hybrid maize breeding programs in the first half of the twentieth century1, maize yields have increased over sevenfold, and much of that increase can be attributed to tolerance of increased planting density2-4. To explore the genomic basis underlying the dramatic yield increase in maize, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the genomic and phenotypic changes associated with modern maize breeding through chronological sampling of 350 elite inbred lines representing multiple eras of germplasm from both China and the United States. We document several convergent phenotypic changes in both countries. Using genome-wide association and selection scan methods, we identify 160 loci underlying adaptive agronomic phenotypes and more than 1,800 genomic regions representing the targets of selection during modern breeding. This work demonstrates the use of the breeding-era approach for identifying breeding signatures and lays the foundation for future genomics-enabled maize breeding.