RESUMEN
XRD spectroscopy is an important means of research material inside the crystalline structure of the material. In this study it was analyzed with X-ray sources in terms of manner of preparation of different materials carbon crystal structure of biological characteristics and charring mechanism. The results showed that: Biochar contain d101 and d002 crystal face diffraction peak of carbon graphite-like microcrystalline cellulose, but after charring precipitated salt with different materials, and have a big difference, such as ox dung, castor dregs and furfural dregs of CaCO3 carbon content than other organisms, but only ox dung and castor dregs containing CaMg (CO3)2. Corn stover charcoal preferentially decompose hemicelluloses and cellulose microcrystalline graphite with increasing temperature so with the degree of crystallinity which becomes more stable conversion of carbon compounds. Wherein the mineral salt as a pyrolysis carbonization temperature, gradually precipitated by metals oxidesâAcetalesâcarbonate, and with increasing temperature the content of CaCO3 also increase. After different methods of carbonization, charring its mechanism is different from the first dry charring can promote the decomposition of hemicellulose, high temperature microwave treatment is highly volatile, mainly promoting substances multiple bond rupture decomposed substance carbonate precipitates relatively small. Comprehensive illustrated by X-ray diffraction study biochar may well feature the internal structure of the crystalline, can effectively reflect the cracking mechanism of carbonization process.
RESUMEN
The present paper took the typical saline-alkali soil in Jilin province as study object, and determinated the soil clay mineral composition characteristics of soil in paddy field and dry land. Then XRD spectrum was used to analyze the evolutionary mechanism of clay mineral in the two kinds of soil. The results showed that the physical and chemical properties of soil in paddy field were better than those in dry land, and paddy field would promote the weathering of mineral particles in saline-alkali soil and enhance the silt content. Paddy field soil showed a strong potassium-removal process, with a higher degree of clay mineral hydration and lower degree of illite crystallinity. Analysis of XRD spectrum showed that the clay mineral composition was similar in two kinds of soil, while the intensity and position of diffraction peak showed difference. The evolution process of clay mineral in dry land was S/I mixture-->vermiculite, while in paddy field it was S/I mixture-->vermiculite-->kaolinite. One kind of hydroxylated 'chlorite' mineral would appear in saline-alkali soil in long-term cultivated paddy field. Taking into account that the physical and chemical properties of soil in paddy field were better then those in dry land, we could know that paddy field could help much improve soil structure, cultivate high-fertility soil and improve saline-alkali soil. This paper used XRD spectrum to determine the characteristics of clay minerals comprehensively, and analyzed two'kinds of land use comparatively, and was a new perspective of soil minerals study.
RESUMEN
Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is an important means of seeing the characteristics of the structural properties. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was applied to analyze the structural properties of biochar from different materials with different methods. The results showed that: the biochars have IR absorption peaks of hydroxyls group, aromatic group and containing organic group with the activated? charcoal, but in other absorption peaks, with a significant difference. The high temperature can make -OH, -CH3, -CH2-, -C=O to be associated or loss, and promotes the formation of aromatic groups during Carbonization of corn straw. At the different carbonization mode, the heating and microwave carbonization, has a carbonize mechanism of biochar, heating method may make -OH in alcohol and phenol to combinative with each other or loss, and to form benzene ring group and an aromatic group, Aromatic group in microwave method was so preventing to participate in the hot reaction, to form the more benzene substances. These results show that the Infrared spectrum can well analysis the structural characteristics of biochar, and showed that it comprises -OH, the aromatic group and other active groups.