Association of breast milk-derived arachidonic acid-induced infant gut dysbiosis with the onset of atopic dermatitis.

OBJECTIVE: The specific breast milk-derived metabolites that mediate host-microbiota interactions and contribute to the onset of atopic dermatitis (AD) remain unknown and require further investigation. DESIGN: We enrolled 250 mother-infant pairs and collected 978 longitudinal faecal samples from infants from birth to 6 months of age, along with 243 maternal faecal samples for metagenomics. Concurrently, 239 corresponding breast milk samples were analysed for metabolomics. Animal and cellular experiments were conducted to validate the bioinformatics findings. RESULTS: The clinical findings suggested that a decrease in daily breastfeeding duration was associated with a reduced incidence of AD. This observation inspired us to investigate the effects of breast milk-derived fatty acids. We found that high concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA), but not eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid, induced gut dysbiosis in infants. Further investigation revealed that four specific bacteria degraded mannan into mannose, consequently enhancing the mannan-dependent biosynthesis of O-antigen and lipopolysaccharide. Correlation analysis confirmed that in infants with AD, the abundance of Escherichia coli under high AA concentrations was positively correlated with some microbial pathways (eg, 'GDP-mannose-derived O-antigen and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis'). These findings are consistent with those of the animal studies. Additionally, AA, but not EPA, disrupted the ratio of CD4/CD8 cells, increased skin lesion area and enhanced the proportion of peripheral Th2 cells. It also promoted IgE secretion and the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes in BALB/c mice fed AA following ovalbumin immunostimulation. Moreover, AA significantly increased IL-4 secretion in HaCaT cells costimulated with TNF-α and INF-γ. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that AA is intimately linked to the onset of AD via gut dysbiosis.

Efficacy and advantage of immunotherapy for melanoma via intramuscular co-expression of plasmid-encoded PD-1 and CTLA-4 scFvs.

Immunotherapy, in the shape of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has completely changed the treatment of cancer. However, the increasing expense of treatment and the frequency of immune-related side effects, which are frequently associated with combination antibody therapies and Fc fragment of antibody, have limited the patient's ability to benefit from these treatments. Herein, we presented the therapeutic effects of the plasmid-encoded PD-1 and CTLA-4 scFvs (single-chain variable fragment) for melanoma via an optimized intramuscular gene delivery system. After a single injection, the plasmid-encoded ICI scFv in mouse sera continued to be above 150 ng/mL for 3 weeks and reached peak amounts of 600 ng/mL. Intramuscular delivery of plasmid encoding PD-1 and CTLA-4 scFvs significantly changed the tumor microenvironment, delayed tumor growth, and prolonged survival in melanoma-bearing mice. Furthermore, no significant toxicity was observed, suggesting that this approach could improve the biosafety of ICIs combination therapy. Overall, the expression of ICI scFvs in vivo using intramuscular plasmid delivery could potentially develop into a reliable, affordable, and safe immunotherapy technique, expanding the range of antibody-based gene therapy systems that are available.

Current state and challenges of emerging biomarkers for immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review).

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent form of primary liver cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, among patients diagnosed with advanced liver cancer, HCC has the sixth-highest incident rate, resulting in a poor prognosis. Surgery, radiofrequency ablation, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy are the current treatment options available. Immunotherapy, which has emerged as an innovative treatment strategy over the past decade, is serving a vital role in the treatment of advanced liver cancer. Since only a small number of individuals can benefit from immunotherapy, biomarkers are required to help clinicians identify the target populations for this precision medicine. These biomarkers, such as PD-1/PD-L1, tumor mutational burden and circulating tumor DNA, can be used to investigate interactions between immune checkpoint inhibitors and tumors. The present review summarizes information on the currently available biomarkers used for immunotherapy and the challenges that are present.

Perspectives for immunotherapy of EBV-associated GLELC: A relatively "hot" tumor microenvironment.

BACKGROUND: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (EBVaGLELC) represents a small number of gastric cancer (GC), and research on tumor microenvironment (TME) and treatment strategy are still lacking. AIMS: Here, we aim to elucidate the immune features of this rare disease and further help to develop more effective treatment options. MATERIALS & METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted between 2019 to 2022 in West China Hospital to reveal the immunological characteristics of EBV-positive GLELC. The difference of immune cell subset and tumor vascular structure between gastric denocarcinoma (GAC) and EBVaGLELC will be pointed out. DISCUSSION: 13 patients with GELEC and 8 patients with GAC were retrospectively studied. The heterogeneity of the immune cell profile was then confirmed through multiplexed immunofluorescence staining (mIF), which revealed a higher proportion of CD3+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and Treg cells in the EBV-associated GLELC group. Such a distinct TME may provide therapeutic advantages, and patients with this rare subtype of GC could be good candidates for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Angiogenesis in EBV-positive GLELC may be less intense than that in gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC), a feature that might decrease their susceptibility to antiangiogenic therapy. Furthermore, we reported a 52-year-old male with advanced EBV-positive GLELC who showed a favorable response to the combined therapy with . A repeat evaluation showed sustained partial response (PR), and the progression-free survival (PFS) was more than 34 months until now. CONCLUSION: Compared with GAC, EBVaGLELC revealed higher T cell infiltration and less intense of angiogenesis. It displays relatively "hot" TME that may provide the rationality to treat with immunotherapy in EBV-related GLELC.

Enhancedanti-tumor efficacy through a combination of intramuscularly expressed DNA vaccine and plasmid-encoded PD-1 antibody.

Immune check inhibitors (ICIs) have moderate response rates (~20%-30%) in some malignancies clinically, and, when used in combination with other immunotherapeutic strategies such as DNA tumor vaccines, there is evidence to suggest that they could optimize the efficacy of cancer treatment. In this study, we validated that intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding OVA combined with pDNA encoding α-PD-1 (abbreviated as α-PD-1 in the following treatment groups) may enhance therapeutic efficacy by means of in situ gene delivery and enhanced muscle-specific potent promoter. Mice treated with pDNA-OVA or pDNA-α-PD-1 alone showed weak tumor inhibition in the MC38-OVA-bearing model. In comparison, the combined treatment of pDNA-OVA and pDNA-α-PD-1 resulted in superior tumor growth inhibition and a significantly improved survival rate of over 60% on day 45. In the B16-F10-OVA metastasis model, the addition of the DNA vaccine enhanced resistance to tumor metastasis and increased the populations of CD8+ T cells in blood and spleen. In conclusion, the current research shows that a combination of pDNA-encoded PD-1 antibody and DNA vaccine expressed in vivo is an efficient, safe, and economical strategy for tumor therapy.

Tissue factor as a new target for tumor therapy-killing two birds with one stone: a narrative review.

Background and Objective: Cancer is an important disease and can occur anywhere in the body. It is caused by uncontrolled cell growth that spreads to other body parts. This study extensively investigated the transmembrane receptor tissue factor (TF), which is the key motivator of the clotting cascade and plays an essential role in cancer-associated coagulation. TF is considered to be aberrantly expressed in various tumors and appears to promote tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Therefore, this study was performed to explain the pathological characteristics of TF expression and to discuss future cancer therapies that target TF. Methods: We extensively reviewed the literature on TF published in PubMed, and discussed the effect of TF on tumor progression and TF-targeted therapeutics. Key Content and Findings: This review aimed to uncover how TFs contribute to tumor progression and cancer-associated thrombosis and summarize TF-based targeted therapy. Multiple functions and mechanisms of the TF in cancer-associated thrombosis and tumor progression were discussed. Conclusions: The current literature has confirmed that the TF is involved in the hypercoagulable state of tumors and promotes malignant tumors through coagulation-dependent or non-coagulation-dependent pathways. TF-dependent signaling is also involved in divergent cancer progression. Thus, TF-targeted therapeutics could have broad clinical applicability for the treatment of tumors.

Intrinsic Differences in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Myocarditis: A Retrospective Analysis of Real World Data.

Immune-related myocarditis is a severe and even life-threatening immune-related adverse event (irAE) which may also be underestimated due to the challenge in diagnosis. The inherent difference between individuals with immune-associated myocarditis has received little attention. Our study aimed to identify which baseline characteristics could contribute to distinguishing mild from severe ICI myocarditis. A retrospective analysis was conducted between March 2019 and June 2020 in West China Hospital, and 18 patients with immune-related myocarditis were studied. Patients were classified as having mild (n = 12) or severe myocarditis (n = 6), according to the clinical manifestations and hemodynamic complications. Factors associated with severe myocarditis were identified by comparing covariates derived from medical records in various groups. In this retrospective analysis, the median age of the 18 patients was 60 years old. Most myocarditis cases occur early and approximately after the first or second ICI infusion. The severity of myocarditis may be correlated with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (p = 0.04) and troponin levels (p = 0.0057). The relationship between troponin and myocarditis was further confirmed in another cohort, which included 30 patients. In addition, patients are more likely to develop multi-irAEs, and myositis was the most common second irAE. Those who experience multi-irAEs usually had significantly higher LDH (p = 0.02) and myoglobin levels (p = 0.02) than those who did not experience them. All patients were treated with steroids timely, and the mortality rate was 5.6% in our study. In this study, we explored risk factors for severe myocarditis and emphasized the importance of a multidisciplinary team in assisting diagnosis and treatment options. It is critical to initiate corticosteroid therapy, regardless of the severity of the myocarditis.

Intra-Arterial Injection of Thrombin as Rescue Therapy of Vessel Perforation during Mechanical Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke.

BACKGROUND: Vessel perforation during stent mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is a rare and disastrous complication. A routine rescue strategy includes balloon occlusion for tamponade, procedure suspension, and lowering or normalizing blood pressure. However, this complication is still associated with poor outcome and high mortality. OBJECTIVE: We present our experience with intra-arterial injection of thrombin in the treatment of vessel perforation secondary to microcatheter/microwire perforation, which prevents further deterioration in clinical outcomes. METHODS: Cases with intraprocedural vessel perforation during mechanical thrombectomy were included in the final analysis. Clinical data, procedural details, and radiographic and clinical outcomes were collected. RESULTS: Four patients with intraprocedural vessel perforation were included. Intraprocedural perforations occurred at the distal middle cerebral artery in two cases: the A2 segment in one case and the internal carotid artery terminus in one case. The etiology of four cases was intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS). The ruptured vessels were effectively occluded in all cases. Endovascular therapy was continued in three cases, and mTICI ≥ 2b recanalization was achieved in all cases. The culprit artery was kept patent on CTA for 72 h post-operation. No active bleeding was detected on follow-up CT post-operation. During the 90-day follow-up period, one patient died, modified Rankle Scare (mRS) 3 was observed in two patients, and mRS 4 was observed in one patient. CONCLUSIONS: The key benefit of this method is occluding the ruptured vessel without affecting the following MT. We propose that intra-arterial injection of prothrombin may be simple yet effective in managing vessel perforation complications during MT.

Meloxicam Alleviates Sepsis-Induced Kidney Injury by Suppression of Inflammation and Apoptosis via Upregulating GPNMB.

Objective: At present, renal injury caused by sepsis seriously endangers the health of patients. Our paper proposed to study the protective effects of meloxicam (Mel) in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (SAKI) and the underlying mechanisms. Methods: The in vitro and in vivo models of SAKI were established using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Mel was injected intraperitoneally at 60 mg/kg into male C57BL/6 mice 4 hours before LPS injection (10 mg/kg). The HK-2 cells were treated with LPS (1 µg/mL) and Mel (40 µM). The renal function and renal pathological changes as well as renal inflammation and apoptosis were detected in SAKI mice. The inflammation and apoptosis of HK-2 cells induced by LPS were also detected. Results: The treatment of Mel significantly decreased the elevated levels of serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in SAKI mice. In addition, the results of HE staining suggested that Mel significantly reduced kidney damage in SAKI mice. Consistently, Mel reduced the expression of LPS-induced kidney injury markers (NGAL and KIM-1). Moreover, LPS induced the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α) in the kidney, which can be reduced by Mel. Furthermore, Mel effectively reduced the number of apoptotic cells and inhibited the expression of proapoptotic-related proteins (cleaved Caspase-3 and Bax) but increased the antiapoptotic-related protein (Bcl-2) in the kidneys of SAKI mice. Mechanistically, Mel inhibited the phosphorylation of P65 but induced the phosphorylation of AKT and the expression of glycoprotein B of nonmetastatic melanoma (GPNMB). However, knocking down GPNMB can eliminate the anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects of Mel. Conclusion: Mel alleviated sepsis-induced kidney injury by inhibiting kidney inflammation and apoptosis via upregulating GPNMB.

Glypican-3: A Novel and Promising Target for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a membrane-associated proteoglycan that is specifically up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) although rarely or not expressed in normal liver tissues, making it a perfect diagnostic and treatment target for HCC. Several GPC3-based clinical trials are ongoing and recently several innovative GPC3-targeted therapeutic methods have emerged with exciting results, including GPC3 vaccine, anti-GPC3 immunotoxin, combined therapy with immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T or NK cells. Here, we review the value of GPC3 in the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC, together with its signaling pathways, with a specific focus on GPC3-targeted treatments of HCC and some prospects for the future GPC3-based therapeutic strategies in HCC.

Characteristics and survival outcomes of primary splenic cancers: A SEER population-based study.

ABSTRACT: Primary splenic cancers represent a small number of cancer cases and studies on its clinicopathological features and outcomes are limited. Splenic lymphomas and primary splenic angiosarcoma (PSA) are the 2 most common histological types of splenic cancers. This population-based study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and survival outcomes of patients with splenic lymphomas or PSA.Patients diagnosed with splenic lymphomas or PSA between 2000 and 2015 were identified from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database of the National Cancer Institutes. Overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. A Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify independent predictors of cancer-specific mortality.A total of 700 patients with splenic lymphoma and 48 patients with PSA were included in this study. The median age of patients with splenic lymphoma was 65 years and 57 years for patients with PSA. For patients with splenic lymphoma, the most prevalent histological subtypes were splenic marginal zone lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. A total of 52.6% of the cases had stage IV disease based on the Ann Arbor staging system. Five-year OS and CSS were 76.9% and 83.4%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that independent predictors of splenic lymphoma CSS included race, stage, chemotherapy, and histological subtype. However, a much shorter OS time was seen in the PSA cohort which had a 5-year OS of 11.8%, a median OS of 10.0 months and the 5-year CSS of 12.4%. Chemotherapy was correlated with better outcomes in patients with PSA. However, the survival benefits of surgery for splenic cancer were not statistically significant in our study.The current study is the largest cohort of primary splenic cancer presented in literature based on the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database and our large series describe the characteristics and survival outcomes of such rare diseases which may provide reliable information for further studies and clinicians.

A Distinct Clinicopathological Feature and Prognosis of Young Gastric Cancer Patients Aged ≤ 45 Years Old.

PURPOSE: The aim of this retrospective study was to probe into clinicopathological features and prognosis of early-onset gastric cancer (EOGC) patients aged ≤ 45 years old. METHODS: This study selected 154 young gastric cancer patients aged ≤ 45 years old and 158 elderly gastric cancer patients aged > 50 years old admitted to West China Hospital of Sichuan University in 2009-2019 as the research object. These patients were further divided into two groups according to whether tumor can be resected radically. The following parameters were analyzed: age, gender, helicobacter pylori (HP) infection status, Her-2 status, pathological type and stage, chemotherapy, tumor differentiation degree, overall survival (OS). RESULTS: More than 3,000 patients with gastric carcinoma were screened, and 154 young gastric cancer patients aged ≤ 45 years old were identified as EOGC. Among them, the number of female patients in EOGC group was significantly higher than that of males, accounting for 63.6%. In addition, EOGC were associated with diffuse Laur´en type and poorly differentiated tumors. Interestingly, the Kaplan-Meier method showed that the OS of unresectable EOGC group was significantly lower than that of unresectable LOGC group (P = 0.0005) and chemotherapy containing paclitaxel tended to be more effective in the young people (P = 0.0511). Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in OS between young and elderly patients with gastric cancer in the radical resection group (P = 0.3881). CONCLUSION: EOGC patients have a worse prognosis than late-onset gastric cancer (LOGC) patients with advanced unresectable gastric cancer. Palliative surgery or chemotherapy containing paclitaxel may improve the OS of unresectable young individuals with gastric cancer. Additional randomized controlled trials are required for guiding clinical practice.

Locally advanced gastroesophageal junction cancer with pathological complete response to neoadjuvant therapy: a case report and literature review.

Most gastric cancer and gastroesophageal junction carcinoma (GEJ) patients are already in the advanced stage at the time of diagnosis. Thus, the probability of radical gastrectomy is low, and surgical treatment alone has a poor prognosis due to the high recurrence rate. In order to reduce the recurrence and distant metastasis after surgery, there have been many attempts made to improve the perioperative treatment of advanced localized gastric cancer, but no uniform criteria exist. Over recent years, immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown excellent efficacy across various types of tumors, becoming a potential treatment after surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy. However, the efficacy of single-agent ICIs for gastric cancer is still unsatisfactory. As comprehensive, chemotherapy-based treatment has become the standard care for locally advanced gastric cancer, exploring combination treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) may be valuable to improving survival outcomes. Here, we report a 66-year-old male with dysphagia diagnosed with GEJ and was defined as clinical stage (cT4N2M0) and Siewert type II, characterized as mismatch repair proficient (pMMR) and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) negative; surprisingly, with anti-PD-1 antibody plus SOX (S-1: a combination of tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil+ oxaliplatin) as perioperative therapy, the patient achieved pathological complete remission (pCR), which indicates that the addition of ICIs to chemotherapy as a perioperative comprehensive treatment might provide a promising strategy option for GEJ. In addition, we review the current status of perioperative comprehensive treatment, in hope that this may provide some reference value for clinical decision-making.

Progress and Challenges of Predictive Biomarkers for Immune Checkpoint Blockade.

Over the past decade, immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has revolutionized the outlook for oncology with significant and sustained improvement in the overall patient survival. Unlike traditional cancer therapies, which target the cancer cells directly, ICB acts on the immune system to enhance anti-tumoral immunity. However, the response rate is still far from satisfactory and most patients are refractory to such treatment. Unfortunately, the mechanisms underlying such heterogeneous responses between patients to ICB therapy remain unclear. In addition, escalating costs of cancer care and unnecessary immune-related adverse events also are pertinent considerations with applications of ICB. Given these issues, identifying explicit predictive biomarkers for patient selection is an urgent unmet need to increase the efficacy of ICB therapy. The markers can be classified as tumor related and non-tumor-related biomarkers. Although substantial efforts have been put into investigating various biomarkers, none of them has been found to be sufficient for effectively stratifying patients who may benefit from immunotherapy. The present write up is an attempt to review the various emerging clinically relevant biomarkers affecting the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors, as well as the limitations associated with their clinical application.

Mitoquinone attenuates vascular calcification by suppressing oxidative stress and reducing apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells via the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway.

Oxidative stress and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are key to vascular calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, mitoquinone (MitoQ), which reduces oxidative stress and apoptosis, has a protective effect in acute models of renal injury but whether MitoQ can attenuate vascular calcification in CKD patients is unknown. This study was conducted to investigate whether MitoQ can prevent calcification, both in vitro and in vivo. Adenine was used to induce calcification in rats, and inorganic phosphate was used to induce calcification in VSMCs. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism, a specific inhibitor of Nrf2, ML385, was used 1 h before MitoQ administration. Histological staining, ELISA, flow cytometry, alizarin red staining and western blotting were used to test this hypothesis. Administration of MitoQ alleviated calcification and oxidative stress. The anti-apoptotic effect of MitoQ was associated with upregulation of Bcl-2, downregulation of Bax, and increased Nrf2 expression. The effects of MitoQ were reversed by treatment with ML385. This study offers evidence that MitoQ attenuates vascular calcification by suppressing oxidative stress and apoptosis of VSMCs through the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. MitoQ should be further investigated as a potential therapy to prevent vascular calcification in CKD patients.

Does an Earlier or Late Intravenous Injection of Ondansetron Affect the Dose of Phenylephrine Needed to Prevent Spinal-Anesthesia Induced Hypotension in Cesarean Sections?

BACKGROUND: There was controversy about ondansetron can reduce the incidence of spinal-induced hypotension and decrease the consumption of vasopressor in cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia. We hypothesized that different timing of ondansetron administration may contribute to the controversy. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effect of different timing of ondansetron administration on the dose requirement of preventing phenylephrine via comparing the ED50 of prophylactic phenylephrine. METHODS: Seventy-five parturients were finally enrolled in this prospective, randomized, double-blinded dose finding study. Ondansetron or placebo was administered 5 min or 15 min before intrathecal injection. Up-down allocation method was used to determine the dose of prophylactic phenylephrine for each parturient in the three groups. The initial infusion rate of first patient was 0.5 µg/kg/min. Then, the rate for next patient was varied with increasing or decreasing of 0.05 µg/kg/min according to the response of the previous patient. An effective dose was defined as no hypotension occurred during the study period. An ineffective dose was defined as hypotension occurred during the study period. Study period in this study is from intrathecal injection to neonatal delivery. ED50 of phenylephrine infusion was calculated by probit regression. RESULTS: The ED50 of intravenous phenylephrine calculated by probit analysis was 0.33 (95% CI 0.20 to 0.38) µg/kg/min and 0.36 (95% CI 0.32 to 0.38) µg/kg/min in group A and B, and 0.41 (95% CI 0.37 to 0.44) µg/kg/min in group C for patients undergoing cesarean delivery with combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. CONCLUSION: An earlier administration of 4 mg prophylactic ondansetron contributed no benefits for lowing the dose of prophylactic phenylephrine compared to a late administration, but can decrease the dose of preventing phenylephrine in patients undergoing cesarean delivery with combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. This finding may be useful for clinical practice and further studies.

The Role of NADPH Oxidase in the Inhibition of Trichophyton rubrum by 420-nm Intense Pulsed Light.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of intense pulsed light (IPL) on Trichophyton rubrum and investigate its mechanism of action. Methods: The viability of fungi treated with IPL alone and with IPL combined with an NADPH oxidase inhibitor (DPI) pretreatment was determined by MTT assays. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) were quantified with a DCFH-DA fluorescent probe. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were determined by commercial kits. The transcription of the Nox gene was quantified using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis, and micromorphology was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, fungal keratinase activity was detected by measuring dye release from keratin azure. Results: The growth declined with statistical significance after 6 h of treatment (P < 0.001). The ROS and MDA content increased after IPL treatment, whereas the SOD and GSH-Px activity decreased. Nox gene expression was upregulated, and the micromorphology was damaged. Keratinase activity decreased. Fungi that received DPI pretreatment exhibited contrasting outcomes. Conclusion: We found that 420-nm IPL significantly inhibited the growth and pathogenicity of T. rubrum in vitro. A suggested mechanism involves Nox as a factor that mediates 420-nm IPL-induced oxidative damage of T. rubrum.

Apoptosis of THP-1 Macrophages Induced by Pseudohypericin-Mediated Sonodynamic Therapy Through the Mitochondria-Caspase Pathway.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Pseudohypericin (P-HY) and its congener hypericin are the major hydroxylated phenanthroperylenediones present in Hypericum species. Our previous study indicated that hypericin was able to function as a sonosensitizer. The potential use of P-HY as a sonosensitizer for sonodynamic therapy (SDT) requires further exploration. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of P-HY-SDT on THP-1 macrophages. METHODS: THP-1 macrophages were incubated with P-HY, and cell viability was measured using a CCK-8 assay. Fluorescence microscopy assessed the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ) and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. Apoptotic and necrotic cell levels were measured by the flow cytometry analysis. Western blots were employed to assay BAX, Cytochrome C expression and apoptosis-related proteins. RESULTS: P-HY-SDT induced THP-1 macrophage apoptosis. The levels of ROS were significantly increased in the SDT group, resulting in both mPTP opening and ΔΨm loss, which led to apoptosis. In addition, the translocation of BAX, release of Cytochrome C and the upregulated expression of apoptosis-related proteins after P-HY-SDT were observed, all of which were reversed by N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). CONCLUSION: P-HY-SDT induced THP-1 macrophage apoptosis through the mitochondria-caspase pathway via ROS generation, the translocation of BAX and the release of Cytochrome C to regulate the mPTP opening.

Role of TRIF Small Interference RNA (siRNA) in Chronic Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis (EAE).

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease causing multifocal demyelination and axonal injuries in the central nervous system (CNS). Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-domain containing adaptor protein-inducing interferon beta (TRIF) is an important adaptor protein for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and can modulate the immune response via regulating cytokine secretion. This study investigated the potential function of TRIF in MS mice via small interference RNA (siRNA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Isolated mouse lymphocytes were processed using TRIF siRNA, followed by RT-PCR assay to quantify TRIF expression level. An experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) model was prepared in C57BL/6 mice immunized with MOG 35-55. TRIF siRNA or controlled siRNA were intravenously applied to evaluate the neurological function of animals. Serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 were observed. RESULTS: Specific siRNA effectively decreased the TRIF expression in mouse dendritic cells and this siRNA improved the EAE severity and neurological scores. Further assays showed that both IFN-γ and IL-2 levels in the siRNA treatment group were significantly lower than in controls. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of TRIF can be down-regulated by siRNA, thereby alleviating the severity of EAE via its inhibition of interleukin and cytokine release. This may provide new insights for future treatment of MS.

Upconversion nanoparticle-mediated photodynamic therapy induces THP-1 macrophage apoptosis via ROS bursts and activation of the mitochondrial caspase pathway.

Atherosclerosis (AS) is the most vital cardiovascular disease, which poses a great threat to human health. Macrophages play an important role in the progression of AS. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a useful therapeutic modality not only in the treatment of cancer but also in the treatment of AS. The purpose of this study was to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying the activity of PDT, using mesoporous-silica-coated upconversion fluorescent nanoparticles encapsulating chlorin e6 (UCNPs-Ce6) in the induction of apoptosis in THP-1 macrophages. Here, we investigated the ability of UCNPs-Ce6-mediated PDT to induce THP-1 macrophage apoptosis by facilitating the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulation of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) to depolarize mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Both Bax translocation and the release of cytochrome C were examined using immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Our results indicated that the levels of ROS were significantly increased in the PDT group, resulting in both MPTP opening and MMP depolarization, which led to apoptosis. In addition, immunofluorescence and Western blotting revealed that PDT induced both Bax translocation and the release of cytochrome C, as well as upregulation of cleaved caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3, and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Therefore, we demonstrated that UCNPs-Ce6-mediated PDT induces apoptosis in THP-1 macrophages via ROS bursts. The proapoptotic factor Bax subsequently translocates from the cytosol to the mitochondria, resulting in the MPTP opening and cytochrome C release. This study demonstrated the great potential of UCNPs-Ce6-mediated PDT in the treatment of AS.