Same-day initiation of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis among gay, bisexual, and other cisgender men who have sex with men and transgender women in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru (ImPrEP): a prospective, single-arm, open-label, multicentre implementation study.

BACKGROUND: Although gay, bisexual, and other cisgender men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women have the highest HIV burden in Latin America, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) implementation is poor. We aimed to assess the feasibility of same-day oral PrEP delivery in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru. METHODS: Implementation PrEP (ImPrEP) was a prospective, single-arm, open-label, multicentre PrEP implementation study conducted in Brazil (14 sites), Mexico (four sites), and Peru (ten sites). MSM and transgender women were eligible to participate if they were aged 18 years or older, HIV-negative, and reported one or more prespecified criteria. Enrolled participants received same-day initiation of daily oral PrEP (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [300 mg] coformulated with emtricitabine [200 mg]). Follow-up visits were scheduled at week 4 and quarterly thereafter. We used logistic regression models to identify factors associated with early loss to follow-up (not returning after enrolment), PrEP adherence (medication possession ratio ≥0·6), and long-term PrEP engagement (attending three or more visits within 52 weeks). This study is registered at the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials, U1111-1217-6021. FINDINGS: From Feb 6, 2018, to June 30, 2021, 9979 participants were screened and 9509 were enrolled (Brazil n=3928, Mexico n=3288, and Peru n=2293). 543 (5·7%) participants were transgender women, 8966 (94·3%) were cisgender men, and 2481 (26·1%) were aged 18-24 years. There were 12 185·25 person-years of follow-up. 795 (8·4%) of 9509 participants had early loss to follow-up, 6477 (68·1%) of 9509 were adherent to PrEP, and 5783 (70·3%) of 8225 had long-term PrEP engagement. Transgender women (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% CI 1·20-2·14), participants aged 18-24 years (1·80, 1·49-2·18), and participants with primary education (2·18, 1·29-3·68) had increased odds of early loss to follow-up. Transgender women (0·56, 0·46-0·70), participants aged 18-24 years (0·52, 0·46-0·58), and those with primary education (0·60, 0·40-0·91) had lower odds of PrEP adherence. Transgender women (0·56, 0·45-0·71), participants aged 18-24 years (0·56, 0·49-0·64), and those with secondary education (0·74, 0·68-0·86) had lower odds of long-term PrEP engagement. HIV incidence was 0·85 per 100 person-years (95% CI 0·70-1·03) and was higher for transgender women, participants from Peru, those aged 18-24 years, Black and mixed-race participants, and participants who were non-adherent to PrEP. INTERPRETATION: Same-day oral PrEP is feasible for MSM and transgender women in Latin America. Social and structural determinants of HIV vulnerability need to be addressed to fully achieve the benefits of PrEP. FUNDING: Unitaid, WHO, and Ministries of Health in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru. TRANSLATIONS: For the Portuguese and Spanish translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Teledermatologia: uma interface entre a atenção primária e atenção especializada em Florianópolis / Teledermatology: an interface among primary and specialized care in Florianopolis / Teledermatología: una interfaz entre la atención primaria y atención especializada en salud en Florianópolis

Introdução: A aplicação do telediagnóstico em dermatologia pode apresentar diversos benefícios como a redução do tempo de espera para consultas com especialistas focais, triagem de doenças graves - principalmente neoplasias - e educação permanente de profissionais. Objetivo: Relatar a experiência da implantação do serviço de teledermatologia no município de Florianópolis - Santa Catarina - e o impacto inicial do processo no acesso e qualificação da assistência aos pacientes com afecções dermatológicas. Métodos: Estudo observacional, transversal e descritivo. Foram utilizados dados do sistema de prontuário eletrônico municipal, base de dados da plataforma Telessaúde-SC e documentos públicos institucionais da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Florianópolis entre os anos de 2013 e 2017. Resultados: O serviço de teledermatologia foi implementado no município de Florianópolis em 2015, por meio da adesão ao Sistema Integrado Catarinense de Telemedicina e Telessaúde. O processo de adequação ocorreu por meio da aquisição de equipamentos, adaptações na infraestrutura e capacitações de servidores. No período analisado, verificou-se redução de 52,6% na taxa de encaminhamentos para dermatologia, com expressiva diminuição no tempo de espera para consulta de cerca de 3 anos, em 2013 e 2014, para 20 dias em 2017. Nota-se tendência à qualificação dos encaminhamentos ao serviço, com redução nos laudos emitidos com classificação azul, manejados na APS, e aumento de laudos com classificação amarela, referenciados para dermatologia. Conclusão: A implantação da teledermatologia em Florianópolis representou um grande avanço para o processo de integração entre a Atenção Primária à Saúde e Atenção Especializada, contribuindo para a redução nas filas de espera e na qualificação dos encaminhamentos, com potencial para o aprimoramento da coordenação do cuidado e educação continuada dos profissionais.

Introduction: The application of tele-diagnosis in dermatology can present several benefits such as waiting time reduction for secondary care, screening for serious diseases - mainly neoplasia - and continuing education of professionals. Objective: Report the experience of tele dermatology service implantation in the municipality of Florianopolis - Santa Catarina, and its initial impact on access and qualification of care for patients with dermatological disorders. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study. The experience report was based on data from municipal electronic medical record system, database from "Telessaude-SC" platform and Municipal Health Department of Florianopolis public institutional documents, among 2013 and 2017. Results: Tele dermatology service was implemented in Florianopolis in 2015, through adherence to Santa Catarina State Integrated Telemedicine (Telemedicina) and Telehealth (Telessaúde) System. The suitability process occurred through equipment acquisition, structural adaptations and staff training. In the analyzed period, there was a reduction of 52.6% medical referral rate to dermatology, with a significant decrease in waiting time from about 3 years in 2013-2014, for about 20 days in 2017. There is a trend towards the qualification of referrals to the service, with reduction of reports issued with blue classification, handled in Primary Health Care (PHC), and increase of reports with yellow classification, referred to dermatology. Conclusion: Tele dermatology implementation in Florianopolis represented a major advance on Primary Health Care and Specialized Health Care integration process, contributing to waiting times reduction and qualification of referrals, with potential improvement of coordination care and continuing education of professionals.

Introducción: La aplicación del telediagnóstico en dermatología puede presentar diversos beneficios, como la reducción del tiempo de espera para consultas con expertos en la investigación, para la clasificación de enfermedades graves - principalmente neoplasias - y educación permanente de profesionales. Objetivo: Relatar la experiencia de la implantación del servicio de teledermatología en el municipio de Florianópolis - Santa Catarina y su impacto inicial del proceso en el acceso y cualificación de la asistencia a los pacientes con afecciones dermatológicas. Métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal y descriptivo. Para relatar la experiencia se utilizó datos del registro medico electrónico municipal, base de datos de la plataforma "Telessaúde-SC" y documentos públicos institucionales de la Secretaría Municipal de Salud de Florianópolis entre los años 2013 y 2017. Resultados: El servicio de teledermatología fue implementado en el municipio de Florianópolis en 2015, a través de la adhesión al Sistema Integrado Catarinense de Telemedicina y Telessaúde. El proceso de adecuación ocurrió por medio de la adquisición de equipamientos, adaptaciones en la infraestructura y capacitaciones de servidores. En el período analizado, se verificó reducción de 52,6% en la tasa de encaminamientos para dermatología con expresiva disminución en el tiempo de espera para consulta de cerca de 3 años en 2013 y 2014 para 20 días en 2017. Se observa tendencia a la cualificación de los encaminamientos al servicio, con reducción de los laudos emitidos con clasificación azul, manejados en la APS, y aumento de laudos con clasificación amarilla, encaminados a dermatología. Conclusión: La implantación de la teledermatología en Florianópolis representó un gran avance para el proceso de integración de la Atención Primaria a la Salud y la Atención Especializada, contribuyendo con la reducción de las colas de espera y en la cualificación de los encaminamientos, con potencial para el mejoramiento de la coordinación del cuidado y la educación continuada de los profesionales.

Effects of PACK guide training on the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by primary care clinicians: a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial in Florianópolis, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: The Practical Approach to Care Kit (PACK) guide was localised for Brazil, where primary care doctors and nurses were trained to use it. METHODS: Twenty-four municipal clinics in Florianópolis were randomly allocated to receive outreach training and the guide, and 24 were allocated to receive only the guide. 6666 adult patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were enrolled, and trial outcomes were measured over 12 months, using electronic medical records. The primary outcomes were composite scores of treatment changes and spirometry, and new asthma and COPD diagnosis rates. RESULTS: Asthma scores in 2437 intervention group participants were higher (74.8%, 20.4% and 4.8% with scores of 0, 1 and 2, respectively) than in 2633 control group participants (80.0%, 16.8% and 3.2%) (OR for higher score 1.32, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.61, p=0.006). Adjusted for asthma scores recorded in each clinic before training started, the OR was 1.24 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.50, p=0.022). COPD scores in 1371 intervention group participants (77.7%, 17.9% and 4.3% with scores of 0, 1 and 2) did not differ from those in 1181 control group participants (80.5%, 15.8% and 3.7%) (OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.55, p=0.142). Rates of new asthma and COPD diagnoses, and hospital admission, and indicators of investigation, diagnosis and treatment of comorbid cardiovascular disease, diabetes and depression, and tobacco cessation did not differ between trial arms. CONCLUSION: PACK training increased guideline-based treatment and spirometry for asthma but did not affect COPD or comorbid conditions, or diagnosis rates. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02786030 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/).

Using a mentorship model to localise the Practical Approach to Care Kit (PACK): from South Africa to Brazil.

Brazil's Sistema Único de Saúde, or Unified Health System policy, has delivered major improvements in health coverage and outcomes, but challenges remain, including the rise of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and variations in quality of care across the country. Some of these challenges may be met through the adaptation and implementation of a South African primary care strategy, the Practical Approach to Care Kit (PACK). Developed by the University of Cape Town's Knowledge Translation Unit (KTU), PACK is intended for in-country adaptation by employing a mentorship model. Using this approach, the PACK Adult guide and training materials were localised for use in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, as part of an initiative to reform primary care, expand care for NCDs and make services more accessible and equitable. The value of the collaboration between the KTU and Florianópolis municipality is the transfer of skills and avoidance of duplication of effort involved in de-novo guide development, while ensuring that materials are locally acceptable and applicable. The collaboration has informed the development of the KTU's PACK mentorship package and led to a relationship between the groups of developers, ensuring ongoing learning and research, with the potential of assisting the further scale-up of PACK in Brazil.

Integrating primary care of chronic respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease and diabetes in Brazil: Practical Approach to Care Kit (PACK Brazil): study protocol for randomised controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Multimorbidity is increasing common in Brazilian adults. Comorbid chronic lung disease, cardiovascular disease and diabetes are often inaccurately diagnosed or ineffectively treated. The Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD) aims to strengthen health systems to prevent and control non-communicable diseases through primary health care. The Practical Approach to Care Kit (PACK Adult) is a clinical decision support tool that provides evidence-supported algorithmic guidelines for screening, diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases, and is widely used in South Africa. It was adapted for Brazil by family physicians in the Florianopolis City Health Department, which trains clinic doctors and nurses to use it. METHODS: Effectiveness of PACK Adult training will be evaluated in two pragmatic cluster randomised trials, one enrolling adults with chronic lower respiratory diseases and the other enrolling adults with cardiovascular disease or diabetes. Forty-eight municipal clinics in Florianopolis were randomly allocated to intervention or control arms. In intervention arm clinics, doctors and nurses will receive educational outreach training and the PACK Adult clinical decision support tool. In control arm clinics, doctors and nurses will receive only the tool. Trial outcomes will be measured using patients' electronic medical records during 12 months after completion of basic training. Primary outcomes for the respiratory trial are appropriate prescribing, spirometry and diagnosis rates. Primary outcomes for the cardiovascular trial are testing for cardiovascular risk and diabetes, and systolic blood pressure. Educational outreach to primary care professionals could improve respiratory, cardiovascular and diabetes care in Brazil. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02786030 and NCT02795910 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/).

Estratégias de enfrentamento do estresse desenvolvidas por estudantes de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina / Stress coping strategies developed by medical students of the Federal University of Santa Catarina

Em um estudo qualitativo sobre a qualidade de vida de estudantes de Medicina, na Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, emergiu o tema "Estratégias de enfrentamento do estresse". O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar dados relativos a este tema, na perspectiva de melhorar a qualidade de vida do estudante de Medicina. Seguindo princípios da pesquisa qualitativa, o tema proposto é apresentado com base na análise dos dados empíricos, relativos a depoimentos selecionados do conjunto de dados dos 25 participantes do estudo e no diálogo com a literatura. Entre os que desenvolveram estratégias, as apontadas incluíam valorização dos relacionamentos interpessoais e de fenômenos do cotidiano, equilíbrio entre estudo e lazer, organização do tempo, cuidados com a saúde, alimentação e o sono, prática de atividade física, religiosidade, trabalhar a própria personalidade para lidar com situações adversas e procura por assistência psicológica. Sugere-se maior preocupação dos envolvidos na educação médica com a qualidade de vida do estudante de Medicina e o desenvolvimento de estratégias para promovê-la ou que preparem o estudante para lidar com o estresse durante a formação médica.

The theme "Stress coping strategies"came up in the course of a qualitative study about the quality of life of medical students at the Federal University of Santa Catarina. The objective of this article is to present data related to this issue in the hope of improving the quality of life of the medical student. According to the principles of qualitative research, the theme proposed is presented based on the analysis of empirical data derived from selected statements of the 25 particpants of the study and from the literature. Those participants who developed strategies mentioned among others the importance of interpersonal relationships and day-to-day phenomena, balance between study and leisure, organization of one's time, physical exercise, health nutrition and sleep, religiosity, working the own personality to deal with adverse situations and seek for psychological assistance. One recommends a greater concern of those involved in medical education with the qualit y of life of the students and the development of strategies to promote this behavior or to prepare the students to cope with the stress during medical education.