Awareness and knowledge of dementia and its communication disorders amongst Brazilian speech and language therapists.

BACKGROUND: Speech and language therapists (SLTs) play an important role in assessing and rehabilitating communication disorders in people with dementia, but there is evidence to suggest that they do not receive appropriate training to provide management and support during their training. AIM: To investigate the level of awareness and knowledge that practising SLTs from Brazil have about dementia and their role in the care of dementia through an online survey. METHODS & PROCEDURES: An online survey tool was developed to collect information from practising Brazilian SLTs regarding their knowledge about dementia, awareness about their role in the care of people with dementia, and opinions on how SLTs may be better prepared to work in the dementia field. The survey was disseminated via social media, websites, and e-mail lists of researchers and stakeholders. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: A total of 227 SLTs completed the survey. Participants showed good knowledge of dementia in general, while their answers were less accurate on primary progressive aphasia. Regarding the awareness by SLTs of their role in the care of people with dementia, most agreed or strongly agreed that SLTs could help people in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of dementia (> 80%). However, fewer participants agreed or strongly agreed that they felt confident in contributing to the treatment and diagnosis process of dementia (about 50%). To improve the training of SLTs in Brazil, most participants believed that it would be necessary to improve the teaching of dementia at the undergraduate speech and language therapy curriculum level and to develop recommendations or guidelines about speech and language therapy practice in dementia. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: The results of this survey point to a need for improvement in the knowledge and confidence of Brazilian SLTs about dementia. To reach this goal, targeted training courses and applied practice opportunities should be embedded within university curricula and training programmes. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on the subject Many studies confirm the importance of speech and language therapy in the non-pharmacological treatment of people with dementia. However, other evidence suggests to a possible lack of training for Brazilian SLTs, especially in the curriculum of undergraduate courses. What this paper adds to existing knowledge This study reveals that Brazilian SLTs have substantial knowledge of dementia and recognize the significance of their role in treating people with dementia. However, a minority expressed confidence in their ability to assess and treat people with dementia. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? The findings of this research demonstrate that Brazilian SLTs have good knowledge of dementia and endorse their professional role in dementia care; however, they lack confidence in their own skills and expertise in diagnostic assessment and treatment of dementia. Interventions aimed at boosting the SLT's confidence level could lead to improved patients outcomes and overall quality of care within clinical settings.

Self-Reported Hearing Loss and Associated Factors in Older Adults at a Memory Clinic.

Purpose The prevalence of dementia has increased in recent years and, along with hearing loss, can negatively impact the health of older adults. The purpose of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to establish self-reported hearing loss and associated factors in older adults at a memory clinic. Method Researchers conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study on factors associated with self-reported hearing loss (i.e., lifestyle, general health, cognition, functional capacity). Data were taken from medical records of older adults (≥ 60 years old) who received care between 2017 and 2018 at a memory clinic located at the Southern Santa Catarina University in Brazil. Analysis included the Pearson chi-squared test and logistic regression, estimation of the crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR), with respective confidence intervals of 95%. Results Researchers analyzed the medical records of 257 older adults and verified a prevalence of 13.2% of these adults with self-reported hearing loss. There was a higher prevalence of the outcome (i.e., self-reported hearing loss) in older adults who reported tinnitus (35.2%), those with mild cognitive impairment (14.7%), and those who were sedentary (19.2%). After adjustment for confusion factors, tinnitus (OR = 4.63; p = .019) and sedentarism (OR = 2.89; p = .029) were still associated with the outcome. Conclusions Tinnitus and sedentarism were associated with hearing loss in older adults receiving care at a memory clinic. As a public health issue, presbycusis needs to be included in the health planning and health promotion agendas, with effective control, prevention, and treatment measures.

The generation of visualinferences in normal elderly - Influence of schooling and visual complexity / A geração de inferências visuais em idosos normais - influência da escolaridade e complexidade visual

The generation of inferences makes the construction and comprehension of discourse easier, and integrates representations which add coherence to the arguments. Visuoperceptual and inferential deficits merge in the attempt to explain the difficulties that some individuals have in the comprehension of certain kinds of visual stimuli. Objectives: a) To examine the performance of cognitively healthy elderly subjects in the execution of visual inferences using pictures of different levels of complexity; b) To compare the performance of subjects according to schooling level. Methods: A total of 45 normal elderly aged from 61 to 82yrs (M=68; SD=0.57) were examined. The subjects were divided into three groups according to schooling level: Group 1 (1 to 4 years); Group 2 (5 to 8 years) and Group 3 (9 or more years). Each subject had to create a narrative based on four figures with controlled visual complexity. The narratives were transcribed, analysed and scored. Results: For the essential inferences, the high educated group (3) had a better performance in both visually simple and complex conditions. On the visually complex figures, the medium educated group (2) was statistically equivalent to the high educated group for one figure and equivalent to the less educated group (1) for the other. There was no difference among the groups for the accessory propositions. Conclusions: Visual complexity interferes with the subject?s ability to make inferences in low and medium educated individuals. High educated subjects maintain the same performance in making inferences, regardless of the visual complexity level.

A geração de inferências facilita a construção e a compreensão do discurso, e integra representações que dão maior coerência aos argumentos. Os déficits visuoperceptuais e inferenciais confundem-se na tentativa de explicar as dificuldades de alguns indivíduos em compreender alguns tipos de estímulos visuais. Objetivos:a) Investigar o desempenho de indivíduos idosos normais, na realização de inferências visuais, a partir de figuras de diferentes graus de complexidade visual; b) Comparar o desempenho dos sujeitos de acordo com os níveis de escolaridade. Métodos: Foram examinados 45 idosos normais com idades entre 61 e 82 anos (M=68; DP=0.57). Constituiu-se 3 grupos segundo nível de escolaridade: grupo 1 (de 1 a 4 anos); grupo 2 (de 5 a 8 anos) e grupo 3 (9 ou mais anos). A cada indivíduo foram apresentadas 4 figuras, com graus de complexidade visuoespacial controlados para elaboração de discurso. Os itens colhidos foram transcritos, analisados e pontuados. Resultados: No que diz respeito às proposições essenciais, o grupo de maior escolaridade (3) apresentou melhor desempenho na descrição de ambas as figuras (simples e complexas). Nas figuras visualmente complexas, o grupo com escolaridade média (2) apresentou resultados estatisticamente equivalente ao grupo de alta escolaridade para uma figura e resultado estatisticamente equivalente ao grupo de menor escolaridade (1) para outra figura. Em relação às informações acessórias, não houve diferenças entre os grupos. Conclusões: A complexidade visual interfere na capacidade de realizar inferências nos indivíduos com baixa e média escolaridade. Indivíduos com alta escolaridade mantêm o mesmo desempenho na realização de inferências, independentemente do grau de complexidade das figuras.