RESUMEN
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is triggered by the SARS-CoV-2, which is able to infect and cause dysfunction not only in lungs, but also in multiple organs, including central nervous system, skeletal muscle, kidneys, heart, liver, and intestine. Several metabolic disturbances are associated with cell damage or tissue injury, but the mechanisms involved are not yet fully elucidated. Some potential mechanisms involved in the COVID-19-induced tissue dysfunction are proposed, such as: (a) High expression and levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α IL-6, IL-1ß, INF-α and INF-ß, increasing the systemic and tissue inflammatory state; (b) Induction of oxidative stress due to redox imbalance, resulting in cell injury or death induced by elevated production of reactive oxygen species; and (c) Deregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, exacerbating the inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. In this review, we discuss the main metabolic disturbances observed in different target tissues of SARS-CoV-2 and the potential mechanisms involved in these changes associated with the tissue dysfunction.
RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Evaluating health-related, physical fitness (HRPF) in adolescents from a town having a medium/low Human Development Index (HDI). METHODS: This was a descriptive study involving 627 adolescents (266 boys and 361 girls) from public schools aged 14 to 17. Anthropometric measurements were obtained and the students were given motor tests analysed according to the cut-off points suggested by US Physical Best fitness standards (1988). RESULTS: Low physical fitness was observed amongst the students being studied, thereby presenting a health risk in terms of flexibility (40.8 %), muscle strength/endurance (98.5 %) and cardio respiratory fitness (35.4 %); 25 % of the students did not fulfil the body composition criteria. Overall classification in the three motor tests revealed a high percentage of students from both genders (boys: 99.6 % and girls: 100 %) who did not fulfil the preestablished criteria for having a satisfactory level of physical fitness. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that implementing intervention aimed at the school-age population having poor HRPF is of fundamental importance.