Exploiting tropical fruit processing coproducts as circular resources to promote the growth and maintain the culturability and functionality of probiotic lactobacilli.

This study evaluated the use of acerola (Malpighia glabra L., CACE), cashew (Anacardium occidentale L., CCAS), and guava (Psidium guayaba L., CGUA) fruit processing coproducts as substrates to promote the growth, metabolite production, and maintenance of the viability/metabolic activity of the probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-05 and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei L-10 during cultivation, freeze-drying, storage, and exposure to simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Probiotic lactobacilli presented high viable counts (≥8.8 log colony-forming units (CFU)/mL) and a short lag phase during 24 h of cultivation in CACE, CCAS, and CGUA. Cultivation of probiotic lactobacilli in fruit coproducts promoted sugar consumption, medium acidification, and production of organic acids over time, besides increasing the of several phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Probiotic lactobacilli cultivated in fruit coproducts had increased survival percentages after freeze-drying and during 120 days of refrigerated storage. Moreover, probiotic lactobacilli cultivated and freeze-dried in fruit coproducts had larger subpopulations of live and metabolically active cells when exposed to simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The results showed that fruit coproducts not only improved the growth and helped to maintain the viability and metabolic activity of probiotic strains but also enriched the final fermented products with bioactive compounds, being an innovative circular strategy for producing high-quality probiotic cultures.

Effects of Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions on Combined Potentially Probiotic Limosilactobacillus fermentum 296, Quercetin, and/or Resveratrol as Bioactive Components of Novel Nutraceuticals.

This study evaluated the effects of simulated gastrointestinal conditions (SGIC) on combined potentially probiotic Limosilactobacillus fermentum 296 (~ 10 log CFU/mL), quercetin (QUE, 160 mg), and/or resveratrol (RES, 150 mg) as the bioactive components of novel nutraceuticals. Four different nutraceuticals were evaluated during exposure to SGIC and analyzed the plate counts and physiological status of L. fermentum 296, contents and bioaccessibility of QUE and RES, and antioxidant capacity. Nutraceuticals with QUE and RES had the highest plate counts (4.94 ± 0.32 log CFU/mL) and sizes of live cell subpopulations (28.40 ± 0.28%) of L. fermentum 296 after SGIC exposure. An index of injured cells (Gmean index, arbitrary unit defined as above 0.5) indicated that part of L. fermentum 296 cells could be entered the viable but nonculturable state when the nutraceuticals were exposed to gastric and intestinal conditions while maintaining vitality. The nutraceuticals maintained high contents (QUE ~ 29.17 ± 0.62 and RES ~ 23.05 mg/100 g) and bioaccessibility (QUE ~ 41.0 ± 0.09% and RES ~ 67.4 ± 0.17%) of QUE and RES, as well as high antioxidant capacity (ABTS assay ~ 88.18 ± 1.16% and DPPH assay 75.54 ± 0.65%) during SGIC exposure, which could be linked to the protective effects on L. fermentum 296 cells. The developed nutraceuticals could cross along the gastrointestinal tract with high concentrations of functioning potentially probiotic cells and bioavailable phenolic compounds to exert their beneficial impacts on consumer health, being an innovative strategy for the co-ingestion of these bioactive components.

Cleomin Exerts Acute Antinociceptive Effects in Mice via GABAB and Muscarinic Receptors.

Cleomin, a 1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione, was recently isolated from Neocalyptrocalyx longifolium, a species traditionally used for treating painful conditions. Reports about the pharmacological activities of cleomin are lacking. Here, the antinociceptive effects of cleomin were investigated using mice models of pain, namely the formalin, the cold plate, and the tail flick tests. Motor integrity was assessed in the rota-rod test. Antagonism assays and in silico docking analyses were performed to investigate the putative mechanisms of action. Cleomin (12.5-25 mg/kg), at doses that did not induce motor impairment, induced dose-dependent antinociception in both early and late phases of the formalin test and reduced nociceptive behaviors in both the cold plate and tail flick tests. Pretreatments with phaclofen and atropine attenuated the antinociceptive effects of cleomin, implicating the involvement of GABAB and muscarinic receptors. In silico docking studies suggested satisfactory coupling between cleomin and GABAB and M2 receptors, hence corroborating their role in cleomin's activity. Pretreatments with naloxone, yohimbine, bicuculline, and methysergide did not affect the antinociception of cleomin. In silico pharmacokinetics prediction showed a good drug ability profile of cleomin. In conclusion, cleomin promoted antinociception mediated by GABAB and muscarinic receptors. These findings support further investigation of the analgesic potential of cleomin.

The Essential Oil from Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist (Asteraceae) Exerts an In Vitro Antimelanoma Effect by Inducing Apoptosis and Modulating the MAPKs, NF-κB, and PKB/AKT Signaling Pathways.

The characterization and cytotoxicity of the essential oil from Conyza bonariensis (L.) aerial parts (CBEO) were previously conducted. The major compound was (Z)-2-lachnophyllum ester (EZ), and CBEO exhibited significant ROS-dependent cytotoxicity in the melanoma cell line SK-MEL-28. Herein, we employed the Molegro Virtual Docker v.6.0.1 software to investigate the interactions between the EZ and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs), the Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB), and the Protein Kinase B (PKB/AKT). Additionally, in vitro assays were performed in SK-MEL-28 cells to assess the effect of CBEO on the cell cycle, apoptosis, and these signaling pathways by flow cytometry and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay using MAPKs inhibitors. CBEO induced a significant increase in the sub-G1 peak, as well as biochemical and morphological changes characteristic of apoptosis. The in-silico results indicated that EZ interacts with Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1 (ERK1), c-Jun N-terminal Kinase 1 (JNK1), p38α MAPK, NF-κB, and PKB/AKT. Moreover, CBEO modulated the ERK1/2, JNK, p38 MAPK, NF-κB, and PKB/AKT activities in SK-MEL-28 cells. Furthermore, CBEO's cytotoxicity against SK-MEL-28 cells was significantly altered in the presence of MAPKs inhibitors. These findings support the in vitro antimelanoma effect of CBEO through apoptosis induction, and the modulation of ERK, JNK, p38 MAPK, NF-κB, and PKB/AKT activities.

Unrevealing the in vitro impacts of Cereus jacamaru DC. cladodes flour on potentially probiotic strains, selected bacterial populations, and metabolic activity of human intestinal microbiota.

This study investigated the potential impacts of the flour from Cereus jamacaru cactus cladodes (CJF), a cactus native to the Brazilian Caatinga biome, on the growth and metabolism of different potentially probiotic strains, as well as on the abundance of selected intestinal bacterial populations and microbial metabolic activity during in vitro colonic fermentation with a pooled human fecal inoculum. Cultivation of the probiotics in a medium with C. jamacaru cladodes flour (20 g/L) resulted in viable cell counts of up to 9.8 log CFU/mL, positive prebiotic activity scores (0.73-0.91), decreased pH and sugar contents, and increased lactic, acetic, and propionic acid production over time, indicating enhanced probiotic growth and metabolic activity. CJF overall increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp./Enterococcus spp. (2.12-3.29%) and Bifidobacterium spp. (4.08-4.32%) and decreased the relative abundance of Bacteroides spp./Prevotella spp. (8.35-6.81%), Clostridium histolyticum (6.91-3.59%), and Eubacterium rectale/Clostridium coccoides (7.70-3.95%) during 48 h of an in vitro colonic fermentation using a pooled human fecal inoculum. CJF stimulated the microbial metabolic activity, with decreased pH, sugar consumption, lactic and short-chain fatty acid production, alterations in overall metabolic profiling and phenolic compound contents, and maintenance of high antioxidant capacity during colonic fermentation. These results show that CJF stimulated the growth and metabolic activity of distinct potential probiotics, increased the relative abundance of beneficial intestinal bacterial groups, and stimulated microbial metabolism during in vitro colonic fermentation. Further studies using advanced molecular technologies and in vivo experimental models could forward the investigation of the potential prebiotic properties of CJF.

Cactus flour (Opuntia ficus-indica) reduces brain lipid peroxidation and anxious-like behavior in old Wistar rats.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of cactus flour on the anxious-like behavior and cerebral lipid peroxidation in elderly rats (18 months of life). The rats were divided into four groups (n=10). control (CG) - received the AIN-93M ration. P5%. P10% and P15%. treated with the AIN-93M ration with the addition of 5, 10 and 15% of cactus flour respectively. In the elevated plus maze (EPM) groups P5%, P10% and P15% remained longer in the open arms. P15% remained longer in this region and less time in the closed arms. No significant differences were observed between the groups regarding the time the rats remained in the center of the apparatus. P5%. P10% and P15% performed a greater number of head dips. Regarding the open field animals P5%. P10% and P15% performed a greater number of rearing and stayed for a longer time in the center of the apparatus with P15% being the group that remained for the longest time when compared to the other groups. There was no difference in locomotion and grooming. As for the light-dark box. P15% spent more time in the light part. less time in the dark part and performed a smaller number of transitions. P5%. P10% and P15% had the lowest concentrations of brain lipid peroxidation. Our data demonstrated that consumption of cactus flour by rats promoted anxiolytic effects and minimized brain lipid peroxidation in aging. Given the above, it can be deduced that cactus pear can contribute to the prevention and/or treatment of anxiety in the aging phase.Due to its concentrations of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids, soluble fibers and antioxidant contents such as vitamin E and selenium.

Dereplication of tropane alkaloids from four Erythroxylum species using liquid chromatography coupled with ESI-MSn and HRESIMS.

RATIONALE: Tropane alkaloids represent an important class of secondary metabolites, but many of these compounds are already described in the scientific literature, so the use of guided identification and isolation strategies, such as dereplication, represent a fast and safe alternative. METHODS: For the annotation of the tropane alkaloids the chloroform phases of the four Erythroxylum species were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with positive-mode electrospray ionization, then the ions of their protonated molecules, molecular formulas and fragmentation patterns were observed and a comparison of the obtained data with those present in the scientific literature was performed. The compounds not fully annotated were isolated and characterized by 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS: The annotation of 29 tropane alkaloids was performed, some being described for the first time in the family Erythroxylaceae. The chemical profiles of these secondary metabolites in the four Erythroxylum species analyzed were traced and compared. Isolation of three compounds whose mass spectral data were not sufficient for their full annotation was performed. They were 6-(benzoyloxy)-3-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoyloxy)tropane, 6-(benzoyloxy)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyloxy)tropane and 6-(benzoyloxy)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxycinamoyloxy)tropane, first reported in the species Erythroxylum revolutum Mart. CONCLUSIONS: This work contributes to the phytochemical knowledge of the genus Erythroxylum, and demonstrates the efficiency and importance of using guided isolation methodologies of secondary metabolites in natural products research. Since safe results were presented in the annotation of the compounds evidenced, employing small quantities of organic solvents, when compared to classical methodologies, besides promoting an optimization in the research time.

Chemical Composition, In Vitro Antitumor Effect, and Toxicity in Zebrafish of the Essential Oil from Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist (Asteraceae).

The essential oil from Conyza bonariensis (Asteraceae) aerial parts (CBEO) was extracted by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus and was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The antitumor potential was evaluated against human tumor cell lines (melanoma, cervical, colorectal, and leukemias), as well as non-tumor keratinocyte lines using the MTT assay. The effect of CBEO on the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) was evaluated by DCFH-DA assay, and a protection assay using the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) was also performed. Moreover, the CBEO toxicity in the zebrafish model was assessed. The majority of the CBEO compound was (Z)-2-lachnophyllum ester (57.24%). The CBEO exhibited selectivity towards SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells (half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 = 18.65 ± 1.16 µg/mL), and induced a significant increase in ROS production. In addition, the CBEO's cytotoxicity against SK-MEL-28 cells was reduced after pretreatment with NAC. Furthermore, after 96 h of exposure, 1.5 µg/mL CBEO induced death of all zebrafish embryos. Non-lethal effects were observed after exposure to 0.50-1.25 µg/mL CBEO. Additionally, significant alterations in the activity of enzymes associated with oxidative stress in zebrafish larvae were observed. These results provide evidence that CBEO has a significant in vitro antimelanoma effect by increasing ROS production and moderate embryotoxicity in zebrafish.

Revealing the Potential Impacts of Nutraceuticals Formulated with Freeze-Dried Jabuticaba Peel and Limosilactobacillus fermentum Strains Candidates for Probiotic Use on Human Intestinal Microbiota.

This study evaluated the impacts of novel nutraceuticals formulated with freeze-dried jabuticaba peel (FJP) and three potentially probiotic Limosilactobacillus fermentum strains on the abundance of bacterial groups forming the human intestinal microbiota, metabolite production, and antioxidant capacity during in vitro colonic fermentation. The nutraceuticals had high viable counts of L. fermentum after freeze-drying (≥ 9.57 ± 0.09 log CFU/g). The nutraceuticals increased the abundance of Lactobacillus ssp./Enterococcus spp. (2.46-3.94%), Bifidobacterium spp. (2.28-3.02%), and Ruminococcus albus/R. flavefaciens (0.63-4.03%), while decreasing the abundance of Bacteroides spp./Prevotella spp. (3.91-2.02%), Clostridium histolyticum (1.69-0.40%), and Eubacterium rectale/C. coccoides (3.32-1.08%), which were linked to positive prebiotic indices (> 1.75). The nutraceuticals reduced the pH and increased the sugar consumption, short-chain fatty acid production, phenolic acid content, and antioxidant capacity, besides altering the metabolic profile during colonic fermentation. The combination of FJP and probiotic L. fermentum is a promising strategy to produce nutraceuticals targeting intestinal microbiota.

Antimicrobial Potential of Betulinic Acid and Investigation of the Mechanism of Action against Nuclear and Metabolic Enzymes with Molecular Modeling.

Natural products have important pharmacological activities. This study sought to investigate the activity of the compound betulinic acid (BA) against different strains of bacteria and fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined and then the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). After performing the in vitro tests, molecular modeling studies were carried out to investigate the mechanism of action of BA against the selected microorganisms. The results showed that BA inhibited the growth of microbial species. Among the 12 species (Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium citrinum, Trichophyton rubrum, and Microsporum canis) investigated, 9 (75%) inhibited growth at a concentration of 561 µM and 1 at a concentration of 100 µM. In general, the MBC and MFC of the products were between 561 and 1122 µM. In silico studies showed that BA presented a mechanism of action against DNA gyrase and beta-lactamase targets for most of the bacteria investigated, while for fungi the mechanism of action was against sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) targets and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). We suggest that BA has antimicrobial activity against several species.

Computer-Aided drug design of new 2-amino-thiophene derivatives as anti-leishmanial agents.

The leishmaniasis is a neglected disease caused by a group of protozoan parasites from the genus Leishmania whose treatment is limited, obsolete, toxic, and ineffective in certain cases. These characteristics motivate researchers worldwide to plan new therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of leishmaniasis, where the use of cheminformatics tools applied to computer-assisted drug design has allowed research to make great advances in the search for new drugs candidates. In this study, a series of 2-amino-thiophene (2-AT) derivatives was screened virtually using QSAR tools, ADMET filters and prediction models, allowing direct the synthesis of compounds, which were evaluated in vitro against promastigotes and axenic amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis. The combination of different descriptors and machine learning methods led to obtaining robust and predictive QSAR models, which was obtained from a dataset composed of 1862 compounds extracted from the ChEMBL database, with correct classification rates ranging from 0.53 (for amastigotes) to 0.91 (for promastigotes), allowing to select eleven 2-AT derivatives, which do not violate Lipinski's rules, exhibit good druglikeness, and with probability ≤70% of potential activity against the two evolutionary forms of the parasite. All compounds were properly synthesized and 8 of them were shown to be active at least against one of the evolutionary forms of the parasite with IC50 values lower than 10 µM, being more active than the reference drug meglumine antimoniate, and showing low or no citotoxicity against macrophage J774.A1 for the most part. Compounds 8CN and DCN-83, respectively, are the most active against promastigote and amastigote forms, with IC50 values of 1.20 and 0.71 µM, and selectivity indexes (SI) of 36.58 and 119.33. Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) study was carried out and allowed to identify some favorable and/or essential substitution patterns for the leishmanial activity of 2-AT derivatives. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the use of ligand-based virtual screening proved to be quite effective and saved time, effort, and money in the selection of potential anti-leishmanial agents, and confirm, once again that 2-AT derivatives are promising hit compounds for the development of new anti-leishmanial agents.

Evaluating the Stability of a Novel Nutraceutical Formulation Combining Probiotic Limosilactobacillus fermentum 296, Quercetin, and Resveratrol Under Different Storage Conditions.

This study evaluated the stability of a novel nutraceutical formulation composed of the probiotic Limosilactobacillus fermentum 296, quercetin (QUE), and resveratrol (RES) (LFQR) under different storage conditions. The effects of different relative humidities (RH; 11, 22, and 33%) and storage temperatures (refrigeration temperature -4 °C and room temperature -25 °C) on the stability of LFQR were evaluated through the determination of thermal stability, viable cell counts, bacterial physiological status, antioxidant capacity, and contents of QUE and RES during long-term storage. RH did not affect endothermic reactions and mass reduction in LFQR. After a 15-day-humidification period, L. fermentum 296 had higher viable cell counts in LFQR under refrigeration temperature storage when compared to room temperature storage regardless of the RH. The physiological status of L. fermentum 296 in LFQR was overall similar during 90 days of storage (11% RH) under refrigeration and room temperature. L. fermentum 296 had the highest viable cell counts (> 6 log CFU/g) in LFQR up to day 90 of refrigeration storage (11% RH). LFQR kept high contents of QUE and RES and maintained antioxidant capacity during 90 days of storage under refrigeration and room temperature. The results showed that the higher stability and functionality of LFQR during long-term storage should be guaranteed under 11% RH and refrigeration temperature.

Structure Revision of the Sesquiterpene Nordine Based on NMR Spectroscopic Analysis and X-ray Crystallography.

Nordine was reported to be an unusual humulene-type macrocyclic sesquiterpenoid that contains an ether-bridged bicyclic ring between C-10 and C-6 with a hydroxy group at position 2. Here, we report the structure revision of nordine based on incongruities found for carbon chemical shifts in the originally proposed structure, in addition to formation of a diacetylated derivative. As expected, a single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis unambiguously confirmed our proposal that the nordine (1) structure contains an ether-bridged bicyclic ring between C-10 and C-7 and hydroxy groups at C-2 and C-6. Furthermore, the absolute configuration was determined by ECD spectroscopic analysis.

ISCOM-Matrices Nanoformulation Using the Raw Aqueous Extract of Quillaja lancifolia (Q. brasiliensis).

Quillaja saponins have an intrinsic capacity to interact with membrane lipids that self-assembles in nanoparticles (immunostimulating complexes or ISCOM-matrices) with outstanding immunoadjuvant activity and low toxicity profile. However, the expensive and laborious purification processes applied to purify Quillaja saponins used to assemble ISCOM-matrices show an important drawback in the large-scale use of this vaccine adjuvant. Thus, in this study, we describe a protocol to appropriately formulate ISCOM-matrices using the raw aqueous extract (AE) of Quillaja lancifolia leaves. In the presence of lipids, AE was able to self-assemble in nanostructures that resembles immunostimulating complexes (ISCOM). These negatively charged nanoparticles of approximately 40 nm were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. In addition, well-known saponins with remarkable immunoadjuvant activity, as QS-21, were detected into nanoparticles. Thus, the easier, robust, cheaper, and environmentally friendly method developed here may be an alternative to the classical methods for ISCOM-matrices production that use high-purified saponins.

Post-learning caffeine administration improves 'what-when' and 'what-where' components of episodic-like memory in rats.

Episodic-like memory (ELM) consists in the capacity of nonhuman animals to remember 'where' and 'when' a specific episode occurred ('what'). Previous studies have showed that Wistar rats can form an ELM, but not after a 24 h retention delay. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that caffeine can improve episodic memory consolidation in humans. Therefore, we verified whether acute post-sample caffeine administration could improve ELM consolidation in Wistar rats, as well if it could be related to neurochemical changes in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus - regions related to episodic-like memory processing. 46 Male Wistar Rats, approximately 3 months-old, were divided into four groups as follows: untreated (n = 11), saline (n = 11), caffeine 10 mg ∕kg i.p (n = 12); caffeine 15 mg∕kgi.p (n = 12) and tested in WWWhen/ELM task. The animals treated with caffeine in different dosages (10 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg) discriminated temporally and spatially the objects, respectively. These groups also showed a dopamine renewal rate in the hippocampus, suggesting that there was an increase in the turnover compared with the groups with no caffeine administration. We can conclude that caffeine leads to an improvement in the consolidation of the temporal ('what-when') and spatial ('what-where') aspects of episodic-like memory.

(-)-Carveol Prevents Gastric Ulcers via Cytoprotective, Antioxidant, Antisecretory and Immunoregulatory Mechanisms in Animal Models.

Background: (-)-Carveol (p-Mentha-6,8-dien-2-ol) is a monocyclic monoterpenic alcohol, present in essential oils of plant species such as Cymbopogon giganteus, Illicium pachyphyllum and in spices such as Carum carvi (cumin). Pharmacological studies report its antitumor, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, vasorelaxant, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Hypothesis/Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute non-clinical oral toxicity, gastroprotective activity of monoterpene (-)-Carveol in animal models and the related mechanisms of action. Methods: Acute toxicity was assessed according to OECD guide 423 in mice. Ethanol, stress, NSAIDs and pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer models were used to investigate antiulcer properties. The related mechanisms of action were using the ethanol-gastric lesions protocol. Results: (-)-Carveol has low toxicity, with a lethal dose 50% (LD50) equal to or greater than 2,500 mg/kg according to OECD guide nº 423. In all gastric ulcer induction methods evaluated, (-)-Carveol (25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced the ulcerative lesion in comparison with the respective control groups. To investigate the mechanisms involved in the gastroprotective activity, the antisecretory or neutralizing of gastric secretion, cytoprotective, antioxidant and immunoregulatory effects were evaluated. In the experimental protocol of pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulcer, (-)-Carveol (100 mg/kg) reduced (p < 0.001) the volume of gastric secretion in both routes (oral and intraduodenal). The previous administration of blockers NEM (sulfhydryl groups blocker), L-NAME (nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor), glibenclamide (KATP channel blocker) and indomethacin (cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor), significantly reduced the gastroprotection exercised by (-)-Carveol, suggesting the participation of these pathways in its gastroprotective activity. In addition, treatment with (-)-Carveol (100 mg/kg) increased (p < 0.001) mucus adhered to the gastric wall. Treatment also increased (p < 0.001) levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). It also reduced (p < 0.001) malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. Conclusion: Thus, it is possible to infer that (-)-Carveol presents gastroprotective activity related to antisecretory, cytoprotective, antioxidant and immunomodulatory mechanisms.

Dereplication of phenolic derivatives of three Erythroxylum species using liquid chromatography coupled with ESI-MSn and HRESIMS.

INTRODUCTION: Given the diversity of secondary metabolites produced by species of the genus Erythroxylum, in addition to the many methods that have already been described in the literature, modern screening and identification methodologies, such as dereplication, represent an efficient and quick strategy compared to the classic techniques linked to natural product research. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to determine the phenolic profiles obtained from three species of Erythroxylum (Erythroxylum pauferrense Plowman, Erythroxylum pulchrum A.St.-Hil. and Erythroxylum simonis Plowman) by dereplication using liquid chromatography coupled with ESI-MSn and HRESIMS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ethyl acetate and n-butanolic fractions from crude ethanolic extract of Erythroxylum species were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MSn and HPLC-HRESIMS, in order to identify its corresponding compounds. Experiments were performed in negative ionization mode, and the metabolites were provisionally identified based on deprotonated molecules, molecular formulas, fragmentation patterns and literature data. The corresponding isolated compounds were characterized by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. RESULTS: According to the dereplication method, it was possible to establish and compare the phenolic profile of the corresponding species by the assignment of 55 compounds, most of which were first described in these species and among which some were also new to the Erytroxylum genus. Additionally, nine compounds were isolated, including biphenyl-3,3',4,4'-tetraol, where the mass spectral data were not sufficient for their identification, and reported for the first time in the Erythroxylaceae family. CONCLUSION: This research contributes to the phytochemical knowledge of the Erythroxylum genus and demonstrates the importance of the dereplication method regarding the investigation of natural products, enabling accurate identification of the metabolites while avoiding the efforts and material expenses involved in the isolation of known compounds.

Natural Products as Potential Agents against SARS-CoV and SARSCoV- 2.

BACKGROUND: Natural products are useful agents for the discovery of new lead- compounds and effective drugs to combat coronaviruses (CoV). OBJECTIVE: The present work provides an overview of natural substances, plant extracts, and essential oils as potential anti-SARS-CoV agents. In addition, this work evaluates their drug-like properties which are essential in the selection of compounds in order to accelerate the drug development process. METHODS: The search was carried out using PubMed, ScienceDirect and SciFinder. Articles addressing plant-based natural products as potential SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 agents within the last seventeen years were analyzed and selected. The descriptors for Chemometrics analysis were obtained in alvaDesc and the principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out in SIMCA version 13.0. RESULTS: Based on in vitro assays and computational analyses, this review covers twentynine medicinal plant species and more than 300 isolated substances as potential anti-coronavirus agents. Among them, flavonoids and terpenes are the most promising compound classes. In silico analyses of drug-like properties corroborate these findings and indicate promising candidates for in vitro and in vivo studies to validate their activity. CONCLUSION: This paper highlights the role of ethnopharmacology in drug discovery and suggests the use of integrative (in silico/ in vitro) and chemocentric approaches to strengthen current studies and guide future research in the field of antiviral agents.

IMXQB-80: A Quillaja brasiliensis saponin-based nanoadjuvant enhances Zika virus specific immune responses in mice.

Vaccine adjuvants are compounds that enhance/prolong the immune response to a co-administered antigen. Saponins have been widely used as adjuvants for many years in several vaccines - especially for intracellular pathogens - including the recent and somewhat revolutionary malaria and shingles vaccines. In view of the immunoadjuvant potential of Q. brasiliensis saponins, the present study aimed to characterize the QB-80 saponin-rich fraction and a nanoadjuvant prepared with QB-80 and lipids (IMXQB-80). In addition, the performance of such adjuvants was examined in experimental inactivated vaccines against Zika virus (ZIKV). Analysis of QB-80 by DI-ESI-ToF by negative ion electrospray revealed over 29 saponins that could be assigned to known structures existing in their congener Q. saponaria, including the well-studied QS-21 and QS-7. The QB-80 saponins were a micrOTOF able to self-assembly with lipids in ISCOM-like nanoparticles with diameters of approximately 43 nm, here named IMXQB-80. Toxicity assays revealed that QB-80 saponins did present some haemolytical and cytotoxic potentials; however, these were abrogated in IMXQB-80 nanoparticles. Regarding the adjuvant activity, QB-80 and IMXQB-80 significantly enhanced serum levels of anti-Zika virus IgG and subtypes (IgG1, IgG2b, IgG2c) as well as neutralized antibodies when compared to an unadjuvanted vaccine. Furthermore, the nanoadjuvant IMXQB-80 was as effective as QB-80 in stimulating immune responses, yet requiring fourfold less saponins to induce the equivalent stimuli, and with less toxicity. These findings reveal that the saponin fraction QB-80, and particularly the IMXQB-80 nanoadjuvant, are safe and capable of potentializing immune responses when used as adjuvants in experimental ZIKV vaccines.

Toxicological and Pharmacological Activities of Leptohyptis macrostachys (Benth.) Harley and J.F.B.Pastore (Lamiaceae) on Intestinal Smooth Muscle.

Leptohyptis macrostachys, previously known as Hyptis macrostachys Benth., is used in folk medicine to relieve the symptoms of asthma, cough, and bronchitis. Recently, we showed that the ethanol extract obtained from Leptohyptis macrostachys has selective spasmolytic activity on guinea pig ileum. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the spasmolytic mechanism of this extract, investigated whether it presents toxicological and antidiarrheal activities. Therefore, the crude ethanolic extract of Leptohyptis macrostachys was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatographic-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The spasmolytic effect was evaluated on guinea pig ileum, toxicological activity using rats and antidiarrheal activity using male and female mice. In HPLC-DAD analysis, Rosmarinic acid (5.44%) was the most abundant phenolic compound, being considered as a chemical marker. The spasmolytic potency of the extract on histamine-induced contraction was reduced in the presence of 1 mM TEA+, a selective big-conductance K+ channels blocker (BKCa). The extract produces a dose-dependent antidiarrheal activity, inhibiting equipotently defecation frequency and liquid stool formation. In addition, the extract has inhibited in a dose-dependent manner both castor oil-induced intestinal transit and intestinal fluid content. Thus, the spasmolytic activity of the extract involves positive modulation of BKCa and its antidiarrheal activity is related to inhibition of intestinal motility and secretion.