[Interobserver agreement in using a checklist for the safe administration of enteral nutrition]. / Concordancia entre observadores en la aplicación de la lista de verificación para la administración segura de la nutrición enteral.

INTRODUCTION: Objective: to describe an evaluation of interobserver agreement in the use of a checklist related to the use of nasoenteral tube (NSS) as a presupposition for quality in obtaining data. Method: a methodological study conducted in 2018 in a Brazilian hospital, preceding the data collection of an open-label clinical trial. Independent observers, blinded to the evaluation of their peers, evaluated patients with NSS through a 25-item checklist. The data collected by eight previously trained research assistants (RA) were compared to those obtained by an experienced nurse (reference standard). Agreement was measured using the kappa coefficient and PABAK. Results: a total of 451 observations were made in pairs. Considering the total items on the checklist there was almost perfect agreement (k > 0.80) in all observation pairs (nurse vs. each RA): RA 1 (k = 0.91; 95 % CI = 0.89-0.93); RA 2 (k = 0.83; 95 % CI = 0.80-0.85); RA 3 (k = 0.92; 95 % CI = 0.90-0.94); RA 4 (k = 0.83; 95 % CI = 0.80-0.86); RA 5 (k = 0.94; 95 % CI = 0.92-0.96); RA 6 (k = 0.94; 95 % CI = 0.92-0.96); RA 7 (k = 0.96; 95 % CI = 0.95-0.98); RA 8 (k = 0.73; 95 % CI = 0.70-0.77). However, for isolated items, and in specific RAs, there were fair agreements, unacceptable to effectively collect data from a clinical trial. Retraining and supervision of RAs were able to improve agreement between observers. Conclusion: an evaluation of interobserver agreement proved to be fundamental to ensure the reliability of data collection and, therefore, to avoid measurement biases.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Objetivo: describir una evaluación de la concordancia entre observadores en el uso de una lista de verificación en la atención a pacientes con sonda nasoenteral (SNE) como premisa de la recogida de datos. Método: este estudio de fiabilidad se realizó en 2018 en un hospital brasileño, antes de la recogida de datos para un ensayo clínico abierto. Ocho observadores independientes, previamente capacitados y "cegados" con respecto a las evaluaciones de los demás, evaluaron a pacientes con SNE por medio de una lista de comprobación de 25 elementos. Los datos obtenidos por estos asistentes de investigación (AI) se compararon con los obtenidos por una enfermera experimentada. Se midió la concordancia mediante los coeficientes kappa y PABAK. Resultados: se realizaron 451 observaciones por pares. Considerando la totalidad de los elementos, hubo una concordancia casi perfecta (k > 0,80) en todos los pares de observación (enfermera vs. cada AI): AI 1 (k = 0,91; IC95 % = 0,89-0,93); AI 2 (k = 0,83; IC95 % = 0,80-0,85); AI 3 (k = 0,92; IC95 %= 0,90-0,94 ); AI 4 (k = 0,83; IC95 % = 0,80-0,86); AI 5 (k = 0,94; IC95 % = 0,92-0,96); AI 6 (k = 0,94; IC95 % = 0,92-0,96); AI 7 (k = 0,96; IC95 % = 0,95-0,98); AI 8 (k = 0,73; IC95 % = 0,70-0,77). Se identificó un menor número de concordancia en los elementos individuales y en determinados AI. La recapacitación y supervisión de los AI mejoró su desempeño y la concordancia entre observadores. Conclusión: la evaluación de la concordancia entre observadores resultó fundamental para asegurar la fiabilidad de la recogida de datos y, por consiguiente, evitar sesgos de medición en los estudios clínicos de enfermería.

Factors associated with enteral nutrition and the incidence of gastrointestinal disorders in a cohort of critically ill adults.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: adults in intensive care commonly receive enteral nutrition (EN). Data describing the conditions associated with EN in critically ill patients are limited. Objective: to describe the incidence of gastrointestinal disorders and to identify conditions associated with the use of EN. Methods: a prospective cohort, single-center study of critically ill adults. The patients were followed daily for the first 10 days of hospitalization in the intensive care unit (ICU) or until ICU discharge or death. Clinical, nutritional variables and gastrointestinal disorders were compared between patients who did and did not receive EN. Univariate and multivariate regression identified the conditions associated with EN with the proposed variables. Results: of the 157 included adults, 62 % received EN. The EN group had higher APACHE II (23.6 ± 7.6 vs. 15 ± 7.2, p < 0.001) and SOFA scores on the day of ICU admission [7 (5-10.5) vs. 4 (2-6); p < 0.001], and higher ICU mortality (32 % vs. 10 %, p = 0.002). Diarrhea and need for gastric decompression were more frequent in the EN group (39.7 % vs. 11.7 %, p < 0.001 and 34 % vs. 13.3 %, p = 0.004, respectively). The multivariate analysis showed that neurological deficit (OR: 16.7 [95 % CI: 5.9-46.9]; p < 0.001), previous enteral tube feeding (OR: 45.1 [95 % CI: 5.3-380]; p < 0.001), and SOFA score on the day of ICU admission (OR: 1.2 [95 % CI: 1.01-1.3]; p = 0.03) were associated with EN. Conclusions: conditions related to the severity of critically ill patients, such as higher SOFA scores, greater neurological deficit, and prior enteral tube feeding, were more commonly associated with EN. Diarrhea and need for gastric decompression were more frequent in patients who received EN.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: los adultos en cuidados intensivos comúnmente reciben nutrición enteral (NE). Los datos que describen las condiciones asociadas con la NE en pacientes críticos son limitados. Objetivo: describir la incidencia de trastornos gastrointestinales e identificar las condiciones asociadas con el uso de la NE. Métodos: estudio prospectivo de cohortes en un solo centro, de adultos en estado crítico. Se monitoreó a los pacientes diariamente en los primeros 10 días de hospitalización en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) o hasta el alta o la muerte en la UCI. Se compararon las variables y los trastornos gastrointestinales entre los pacientes que recibieron y no recibieron NE. La regresión univariada y multivariada identificó las condiciones asociadas con la NE con las variables propuestas. Resultados: de los 157 adultos incluidos, el 62 % recibieron NE. El grupo con NE tuvo puntuaciones APACHE II (23,6 ± 7,6 frente a 15 ± 7,2; p < 0,001) y SOFA más altas en el día de la admisión en la UCI [7 (5-10,5) frente a 4 (2-6); p < 0,001] y mayor mortalidad en la UCI (32 % vs. 10 %, p = 0,002). La diarrea y la necesidad de descompresión gástrica fueron más frecuentes en el grupo con NE (39,7 % vs. 11,7 %; p < 0,001 y 34 % vs. 13,3 %, p = 0,004, respectivamente). El análisis multivariado mostró que el déficit neurológico (OR: 16,7 [IC 95 %: 5,9-46,9]; p < 0,001), la alimentación anterior por sonda enteral (OR: 45,1 [IC 95 %: 5,3-380]; p < 0,001) y la puntuación SOFA en el día de la admisión en la UCI (OR: 1,2 [IC 95 %: 1,01-1,3]; p = 0,03) presentaban asociación con la NE. Conclusión: las condiciones relacionadas con la gravedad de los pacientes críticos, como las puntuaciones SOFA más altas, el mayor déficit neurológico y la alimentación anterior por sonda enteral, se asociaron más con la NE. La diarrea y la necesidad de descompresión gástrica fueron más frecuentes en los pacientes que recibieron NE.

The impact of a bundle to prevent hospital-acquired pneumonia in a cohort of nonventilated patients on enteral nutrition.

We conducted a quasi-experimental study to evaluate a bundle to prevent nonventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia (NV-HAP) in patients on enteral tube feeding. After the intervention, there was an increase in bundle compliance from 55.9% to 70.5% (P < .01) and a significant decrease (34%) in overall NV-HAP rates from 5.71 to 3.77 of 1,000 admissions.

Accidental enteral feeding tube dislodgement with the use of a dedicated feeding tube attachment device versus adhesive tape as the securing method: a randomized clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: accidental dislodgement of enteral feeding tubes has been considered as an important quality indicator of the efficacy of enteral nutrition therapy. However, in clinical practice, the use of feeding tube attachment devices (FTADs), as an alternative to the traditional method of adhesive tape alone, has not yet been evaluated for its effectiveness in reducing inadvertent tube dislodgement. Objective: to evaluate the impact of using a dedicated FTAD compared with the traditional securing method with adhesive tape on the occurrence of accidental enteral feeding tube removal. Methods: a randomized clinical trial comparing two strategies for enteral feeding tube securement: use of traditional adhesive tape vs FTAD. The primary endpoint was the percentage of accidental enteral feeding tube dislodgement after randomization. Results: a total of 104 inpatients (mean age: 61.4 ± 17.5 years) were included (52 patients per group). Most were women with cerebrovascular disease (35.6%), diabetes (28.8%) and neoplasia (27.9%). There were 39 (37.5%) cases of accidental tube removal, 30.8% in the FTAD group and 44.2% in the adhesive tape group (p = 0.22). During follow-up, patients in the FTAD group received a mean of 60.0% of the volume of enteral nutrition prescribed, while patients in the adhesive tape group received 57.0% (p = 0.61). There was no difference in skin lesions between the groups. Conclusion: the strategy of using a dedicated FTAD as the method for securing enteral feeding tubes did not reduce the risk of accidental tube dislodgement compared with the traditional securing method with adhesive tape.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: la expulsión accidental de sondas de alimentación enteral se ha considerado un indicador importante de la calidad de la eficacia de la terapia de nutrición enteral. Sin embargo, en la práctica clínica, el uso de dispositivos de fijación de tubos de alimentación (FTAD, por sus siglas en inglés), como una alternativa al método tradicional de cinta adhesiva exclusivamente, aún no se ha evaluado por su eficacia para reducir el desprendimiento accidental de sondas. Objetivo: evaluar el impacto de usar un FTAD dedicado en comparación con el método tradicional de aseguramiento con cinta adhesiva en caso de que se produzca una extracción accidental de la sonda de alimentación enteral. Métodos: se realizó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado que comparó dos estrategias para asegurar la sonda de alimentación enteral: el uso de cinta adhesiva tradicional frente a FTAD. El punto final primario fue el porcentaje de desplazamiento accidental del tubo de alimentación enteral después de la aleatorización. Resultados: se incluyó un total de 104 pacientes hospitalizados (edad media 61,4 ± 17,5 años) (52 pacientes por grupo). La mayoría eran mujeres con enfermedad cerebrovascular (35,6%), diabetes (28,8%) y neoplasia (27,9%). Hubo 39 casos (37.5%) de extracción accidental de tubos, 30,8% en el grupo FTAD y 44,2% en el grupo de cinta adhesiva (p = 0,22). Durante el seguimiento, los pacientes del grupo FTAD recibieron una media del 60,0% del volumen de nutrición enteral prescrito, mientras que los pacientes del grupo de cinta adhesiva recibieron el 57,0% (p = 0,61). No hubo diferencia en las lesiones de la piel entre los grupos. Conclusión: la estrategia de utilizar un FTAD dedicado como método para asegurar las sondas de alimentación enteral no redujo el riesgo de desalojos accidentales en comparación con el método tradicional de sujeción con cinta adhesiva.

Food intake reported versus nursing records: is there agreement in surgical patients?

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the agreement between oral feeding by patients and chart records of this acceptance. METHOD: Besides the food intake surveys of surgical patients, the nursing records of nutrition were evaluated. Is was considered good oral feeding: intake ≥ 75% of total calories prescribed at the day; medium acceptance: 50 to 74.9%; low acceptance: < 50% and NPO (nothing per oral). The Kappa coefficient was adopted to assess agreement. RESULTS: There were similar answers between patient and nursing records in 91.3% of NPO situations, 87.1% for good oral feeding, 17.8% for medium acceptance and 16.5% for low acceptance (Kappa = 0.45). CONCLUSION: Agreement between patient's reports and nursing records was moderate to low. A higher proportion of similar answers were observed when the patients related good oral feeding or NPO.

Objetivo: evaluar la concordancia entre la aceptacion de la dieta oral reportada por los pacientes y los registros en prontuario de esta aceptacion. Método: fueron evaluados el consumo de alimentos y los registros de la ingestion en prontuario por las enfermeras. Se considero "buena aceptacion": la ingesta de ≥ 75% de las calorias totales prescritas por dia, "regular aceptacion": de 50 a 74,9%; "baja aceptacion": < 50% y NPO (nada por la boca). Para la evaluacion de la concordancia fue utilizado el coeficiente Kappa. Resultados: la proporcion de respuestas coincidentes entre el relato del paciente y el registro de las enfermeras fue 91,3% en casos de NPO, 87,1% para "buena aceptacion", 17,8% para "regular aceptacion" y 16.5% para "baja aceptacion" (Kappa = 0,45). Conclusión: la concordancia entre los relatos de los pacientes y los registros de las enfermeras fue de moderada a debil. Hubo una mayor proporcion de respuestas coincidentes cuando los pacientes informaron "buena aceptacion" o cuando habia NPO prescrito.

Is duration of postoperative fasting associated with infection and prolonged length of stay in surgical patients?

OBJECTIVE: Verify whether the postoperative fasting period increases the risk for infection and prolonged length of stay. METHODS: Prospective cohort study. Elective surgery patients were included. Excluded: those with no conditions for nutritional assessment, admitted in minimal care units, as well as with <72h in-hospital stay. Postoperative fasting was recorded from the days of no nutrition therapy. The length of stay was considered prolonged when above the average according to the specialty and type of surgery. Logistic regression was used to assess associations and adjust for confounding factors. RESULTS: 521 patients were analyzed, 44.1% were fasted for a period ≥1 day, 91% for ≥3 days and 5.6% for more than 5 days. Patients with more than 5 days fasting were more eutrophic, more admitted to intensive care units, and had more postoperative surgical complications. After adjustment for confounding variables, it was noted that ≥1 day of postoperative fasting increased the infection risk by 2.04 (CI95%: 1.20 to 3.50), ≥3 days 2.81 (CI95%: 1.4-5.8), and in fasting for more than 5 days the infection risk was 2.88 times higher (CI95%: 1.17 to 7.16). The risk for prolonged hospitalization was 2.4 (CI95%: 1.48 to 3.77) among patients who had ≥1 day fasting, 4.44 (CI95%: 2.0 to 9.8)and 4.43 times higher (CI95%: 1.73 to 11.3) among patients with ≥3 days fasting and more than 5 days, respectively. CONCLUSION: The longer duration of postoperative fasting was an independent risk factor both for infection and for prolonged hospital stay.

Objetivo: Constatar si el periodo de ayuno postoperatorio aumenta el riesgo de infeccion y prolonga la estancia hospitalaria. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo. Fueron incluidos pacientes en cirugia selectiva. Se excluyeron aquellos sin posibilidades de evaluacion nutricional, ingresados a unidades de cuidado minimo y con.

[Association of Braden subscales with the risk of development of pressure ulcer]. / Associação das sub-escalas de braden com o risco do desenvolvimento de úlcera por pressão.

Pressure ulcers (PU) may increase the incidence of hospital complications, and one should prevent this damage. The Braden Scale stands out as a tool to assess the risk of PU. The study aimed to identify changes in the score of the Braden subscales are associated with the risk of developing PCU. Logistic regression was used in a retrospective cohort study conducted in Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre in adults hospitalized in surgical clinical units from October 2005 to June 2006. We evaluated the records database of 1503 patients with a mean aged 55.5 +/- 16 years, 52.7% female. The incidence of PU was 1.8% and was associated with diabetes and heart failure. There was a higher PU in patients worst in sensory perception, mobility, and activity and the presence of moisture. No association was found between nutrition and PU. Except nutrition, the other Braden sub-scales shown to be predictive of PU.

Dietary vitamin K intake and anticoagulation in elderly patients.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Vitamin K is an essential co-factor for the synthesis of several coagulation factors. Oral anticoagulants competitively inhibit enzymes that participate in vitamin K metabolism. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the potential interaction of dietary vitamin K and coagulation stability, particularly in the elderly patient. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent prospective evidences suggest that dietary vitamin K plays an essential role in anticoagulation stability. Vitamin K intake of more than 250 microg/day was shown to decrease warfarin sensitivity in anticoagulated patients consuming regular diets. In a randomized crossover study, brief periods of changes on vitamin K intake also had significant effects on coagulation parameters. Patients that were allocated to an 80% decrease of intake increased International Normalized Ratio (INR) by almost 30% 7 days after the intervention. Similarly, it was estimated by dietary records that for each increase in 100 microg of vitamin K intake, the INR would be reduced by 0.2. A recent study also demonstrated that over-the-counter multivitamin supplements contain enough vitamin K1 to significantly alter coagulation parameters. SUMMARY: Contemporary data strengthen the concept that the interaction between dietary vitamin K and coumarin derivatives is clinically relevant and plays a major role in INR fluctuations in chronic anticoagulated patients.