CD69 modulates sphingosine-1-phosphate-induced migration of skin dendritic cells.

In this study, we have investigated the role of CD69, an early inducible leukocyte activation receptor, in murine dendritic cell (DC) differentiation, maturation, and migration. Skin DCs and DC subsets present in mouse lymphoid organs express CD69 in response to maturation stimuli. Using a contact sensitization model, we show that skin DCs migrated more efficiently to draining lymph nodes (LNs) in the absence of CD69. This was confirmed by subcutaneous transfer of CD69-/- DCs, which presented an increased migration to peripheral LNs. Two-photon microscopy analysis showed that once DCs reached the LNs, CD69 deficiency did not alter DC interstitial motility in the LNs. Chemotaxis to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) was enhanced in CD69-/- DCs compared with wild-type DCs. Accordingly, we detected a higher expression of S1P receptor type-1 (S1P(1)) by CD69-/- DCs, whereas S1P(3) expression levels were similar in wild-type and CD69-/- DCs. Moreover, in vivo treatment with S1P analogs SEW2871 and FTY720 during skin sensitization reduced skin DC migration to peripheral LNs. These results suggest that CD69 regulates S1P-induced skin DC migration by modulating S1P(1) function. Together, our findings increase our knowledge on DC trafficking patterns in the skin, enabling the development of new directed therapies using DCs for antigen (Ag) delivery.

Immunological synapse formation inhibits, via NF-kappaB and FOXO1, the apoptosis of dendritic cells.

The immunological synapse (IS) is a cell-cell junction formed between CD4(+) T cells and dendritic cells (DCs). Here we show in vitro and in vivo that IS formation inhibits apoptosis of DCs. Consistent with these results, IS formation induced antiapoptotic signaling events, including activation of the kinase Akt1 and localization of the prosurvival transcription factor NF-kappaB and the proapoptotic transcription factor FOXO1 to the nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase and Akt1 partially prevented the antiapoptotic effects of IS formation. Direct stimulation of the IS component CD40 on DCs leads to the activation of Akt1, suggesting the involvement of this receptor in the antiapoptotic effects observed upon IS formation.

The role of CD69 in acute neutrophil-mediated inflammation.

The leukocyte activation marker CD69 functions as a negative regulator of the immune response, both in NK-dependent tumor rejection and in the inflammation associated with lymphocyte-dependent collagen-induced arthritis. In contrast, it has been reported that CD69-deficient mice are refractory to the neutrophil-dependent acute inflammatory response associated with anti-type II collagen antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA), suggesting a positive regulatory role for CD69 in neutrophil function during arthritis induction. To clarify this discrepancy, the CAIA response was independently analyzed in our CD69-deficient mice. In these experiments, the inflammatory response was unaffected by CD69 deficiency. Additionally, the in vivo down-regulation of CD69 expression by treatment of wild-type mice with the anti-CD69 mAb 2.2, which mimics the CD69-deficient phenotype, did not affect the course of arthritis in this model. Moreover, down-regulation of CD69 expression increased expression in arthritic joints of key inflammatory mediators, including IL-1beta, IL-6 and the chemokine MCP-1. Neutrophil accumulation in zymosan-treated air pouches and in thioglycolate-treated peritoneal cavities was also unaffected in CD69-deficient mice. In addition, CD69 expression was absent in activated neutrophils. Taken together, these results rule out a significant stimulatory role for CD69 in acute inflammatory responses mediated by neutrophils.

Characterization of a new subpopulation of mouse CD8alpha+ B220+ dendritic cells endowed with type 1 interferon production capacity and tolerogenic potential.

We describe a new B220+ subpopulation of immaturelike dendritic cells (B220+ DCs) with low levels of expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and costimulatory molecules and markedly reduced T-cell stimulatory potential, located in the thymus, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes. B220+ DCs display ultrastructural characteristics resembling those of human plasmacytoid cells and accordingly produce interferon-alpha after virus stimulation. B220+ DCs acquired a strong antigen-presenting cell capacity on incubation with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides, concomitant with a remarkable up-regulation of MHC and costimulatory molecules and the production of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-10. Importantly, our data suggest that nonstimulated B220+ DCs represent a subset of physiological tolerogenic DCs endowed with the capacity to induce a nonanergic state of T-cell unresponsiveness, involving the differentiation of T regulatory cells capable of suppressing antigen-specific T-cell proliferation. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that B220+ DCs represent a lymphoid organ subset of immature DCs with a dual role in the immune system-exerting a tolerogenic function in steady state but differentiating on microbial stimulation into potent antigen-presenting cells with type 1 interferon production capacity.

Characterization of a common precursor population for dendritic cells.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for the establishment of immune responses against pathogens and tumour cells, and thus have great potential as tools for vaccination and cancer immunotherapy trials. Experimental evidence has led to a dual DC differentiation model, which involves the existence of both myeloid- and lymphoid-derived DCs. But this concept has been challenged by recent reports demonstrating that both CD8- and CD8+ DCs, considered in mice as archetypes of myeloid and lymphoid DCs respectively, can be generated from either lymphoid or myeloid progenitors. The issue of DC physiological derivation therefore remains an open question. Here we report the characterization of a DC-committed precursor population, which has the capacity to generate all the DC subpopulations present in mouse lymphoid organs---including CD8- and CD8+ DCs, as well as the B220+ DC subset---but which is devoid of myeloid or lymphoid differentiation potential. These data support an alternative model of DC development, in which there is an independent, common DC differentiation pathway.

Dramatic increase in lymph node dendritic cell number during infection by the mouse mammary tumor virus occurs by a CD62L-dependent blood-borne DC recruitment.

Despite the information dealing with the differential phenotype and function of the main mouse dendritic cell (DC) subpopulations, namely, CD8alpha(-) and CD8alpha(+) DCs, their origin and involvement in antiviral immune responses in vivo are still largely unknown. To address these issues, this study used the changes occurring in DC subpopulations during the experimental infection by the Swiss (SW) strain of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). MMTV(SW) induced an 18-fold increase in lymph node DCs, which can be blocked by anti-CD62L treatment, concomitant with the presence of high numbers of DCs in the outer cortex, in close association with high endothelial venules. These data suggest that the DC increase caused by MMTV(SW) infection results from the recruitment of blood-borne DCs via high endothelial venules, by a CD62L-dependent mechanism. In addition, skin sensitization assays indicate that MMTV(SW) infection inhibits epidermal Langerhans cell migration to the draining lymph node. Moreover, data on the kinetics of MMTV(SW)-induced expansion of the different DC subsets support the hypothesis that CD8(-) and CD8(+) DCs represent different maturation stages of the same DC population, rather than myeloid- and lymphoid-derived DCs, respectively, as previously proposed. Finally, the fact that DCs were infected by MMTV(SW) suggests their participation in the early phases of infection.