Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT): An examination of health disparities.

Risky substance use can lead to a variety of negative health outcomes, yet treatment is often underutilized by historically minoritized racial/ethnic groups. Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) is effective in changing substance use patterns across diverse settings and for diverse demographic groups. However, few studies have focused on whether individuals receive the appropriate level of care based on screening criteria. The purpose of this study was to investigate intervention match/mismatch and factors (e.g., service site, gender, race, ethnicity, age, socio-economic status) that predicted the likelihood of being matched/mismatched to an intervention. A sample of N = 3412 were available for analyses and logistic regressions were performed to examine the relationship between matching/mismatching to an intervention and other factors. Of participants, 2222 (65%) were matched to an intervention and 1190 (35%) were mismatched to an intervention. Being older, Hispanic, and receiving SBIRT by health-teams designed to reduce health disparities was related to increased odds of being mismatched. Exploratory results suggested that across predictors, individuals were more likely to receive a lesser intervention than their screening score indicated. Most clients were matched well to intervention as based on screening score. When mismatch occurred, a lower level of care was given. Staff may benefit from attending to more client engagement so that clients return for more intensive interventions; and agencies may need more resources to facilitate client access to services.

Perspectives on unhealthy alcohol use among men who have sex with men prescribed HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: A qualitative study.

Unhealthy alcohol use is a common, often unaddressed behavior associated with increased risk for acquisition of HIV and may also be associated with decreased adherence to oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) living in the United States. To inform future alcohol-reduction interventions among individuals engaging in PrEP care, we sought to explore perspectives on alcohol use, PrEP adherence, and the acceptability of alcohol use treatment options for MSM prescribed oral formulations of PrEP in the Northeastern United States. Between February 2019 and July 2020, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 15 MSM without HIV who were prescribed PrEP and screened positive for unhealthy alcohol use with AUDIT-C ≥ 4 and were receiving care in Providence, Rhode Island or New Haven, Connecticut. Interviews were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis. Three themes emerged: 1) Consequences of fluctuations in drinking 2) Alcohol use negatively impacts health and relationships; and 3) Desire for a multimodal approach to treatment of unhealthy alcohol use. Our findings support the need to raise awareness of potential alcohol-related harms, address the spectrum of unhealthy alcohol use among MSM prescribed PrEP, and the acceptability and preferences for alcohol reduction interventions within PrEP programs.

ReACH2Gether: Iterative Development of a Couples-Based Intervention to Reduce Alcohol use Among Sexual Minority Men Living with HIV and Their Partners.

Unhealthy alcohol use, which encompasses heavy episodic drinking to alcohol use disorder, has been identified as a modifiable barrier to optimal HIV care continuum outcomes. Despite the demonstrated efficacy of couples-based interventions for addressing unhealthy alcohol use, there are no existing couples-based alcohol interventions designed specifically for people living with HIV. This study presents the development and refinement of a three-session couples-based motivational intervention (ReACH2Gether) to address unhealthy alcohol use among a sample of 17 sexual minority men living with HIV and their partners living in the United States. To increase potential population reach, the intervention was delivered entirely remotely. Throughout an original and a modified version, results indicated that the ReACH2Gether intervention was acceptable and there were no reports of intimate partner violence or adverse events. Session engagement and retention were high. In pre-post-test analyses, the ReACH2Gether intervention showed trends in reducing Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test scores and increasing relationship-promoting dynamics, such as positive support behaviors and goal congruence around alcohol use. Results support the need for continued work to evaluate the ReACH2Gether intervention.

RESUMEN: El consumo no saludable de alcohol, que abarca episodios intensos de consumo hasta llegar a causar trastornos de alcohol, se ha identificado como una barrera modificable para los resultados óptimos continuos de la atención del VIH. A pesar de la eficacia demostrada de las intervenciones basadas en parejas para abordar el consumo no saludable de alcohol, no existen intervenciones de alcohol basadas en parejas diseñadas específicamente para personas que viven con el VIH. Este estudio presenta el desarrollo y perfeccionamiento de una intervención motivacional basada en parejas de tres sesiones (ReACH2Gether) para abordar el consumo no saludable de alcohol entre una muestra de 17 hombres de minorías sexuales que viven con el VIH y sus parejas que viven en los Estados Unidos. Para aumentar el alcance de la población potencial, la intervención se realizó de forma totalmente remota. A lo largo de una versión original y modificada, los resultados indicaron que la intervención ReACH2Gether era aceptable y no hubo informes de violencia de pareja o eventos adversos. El compromiso y la retención de la sesión fueron altos. En los análisis previos y posteriores a la prueba, la intervención ReACH2Gether mostró tendencias en la reducción de las puntuaciones de la prueba de identificación del trastorno por consumo de alcohol y en el aumento de las dinámicas que promueven las relaciones, como comportamientos de apoya positivas y congruencia de objetivos en torno al consumo alcohol. Los resultados respaldan la necesidad de un trabajo continuo para evaluar la intervención ReACH2Gether.

Utilizing Community Based Participatory Research Methods in Black/African American and Hispanic/Latinx Communities in the US: The CDC Minority HIV Research Initiative (MARI-Round 4).

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Minority HIV Research Initiative (MARI) funded 8 investigators in 2016 to develop HIV prevention and treatment interventions in highly affected communities. We describe MARI studies who used community-based participatory research methods to inform the development of interventions in Black/African American and Hispanic/Latinx communities focused on sexual minority men (SMM) or heterosexual populations. Each study implemented best practice strategies for engaging with communities, informing recruitment strategies, navigating through the impacts of COVID-19, and disseminating findings. Best practice strategies common to all MARI studies included establishing community advisory boards, engaging community members in all stages of HIV research, and integrating technology to sustain interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Implementing community-informed approaches is crucial to intervention uptake and long-term sustainability in communities of color. MARI investigators' research studies provide a framework for developing effective programs tailored to reducing HIV-related racial/ethnic disparities.

Bridging the age gap: intergenerational communication of HIV risk and prevention among younger and older men who have sex with men.

ABSTRACTTrends in HIV incidence and prevalence vary between younger MSM (YMSM) and older MSM (OMSM). HIV prevention was revolutionized with the advent of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), but uptake of PrEP among OMSM is relatively unknown. Community connectedness among MSM is a strong driver of prevention. This qualitative study sought to explore similarities and differences between YMSM and OMSM's knowledge, perceptions, and barriers of HIV prevention and understand how intergenerational communication may enhance engagement in prevention, especially PrEP. Twenty semi-structured, in-depth interviews (ten YMSM and ten OMSM) were conducted with HIV-negative, non-monogamous MSM aged 18-24 and 55+ years. Interviews were transcribed and coded using NVivo 12 to identify themes within each age group and compare between age groups. YMSM expressed greater knowledge and more positive perceptions of PrEP than OMSM. OMSM felt that PrEP use increased engagement in sexual risk behavior. Both groups emphasized a need for more conversations between different age groups of MSM to educate each other about forms of prevention and reduce stigma. Intergenerational communication among MSM about HIV risk and prevention strategies may be an effective way to address the generational gaps in knowledge and perceptions and enhance engagement in HIV prevention.

Childhood sexual abuse, alcohol and drug use problems among Black sexual minority men in six US Cities: Findings from the HPTN 061 study.

BACKGROUND: Prior research has found a high prevalence of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) among sexual minority men (SMM) in the US, and has indicated that CSA is associated with higher rates of alcohol and drug use disorders. However, most of these studies have focused almost exclusively on White SMM. We assessed associations of CSA, alcohol use, and drug use problems among adult Black SMM. METHODS: Participants were 1,016 Black SMM recruited from six US cities (Atlanta, Boston, Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco, and Washington, DC) between July 2009 and December 2011. We used hierarchical logistic regression to evaluate the associations between CSA, alcohol use problems (≥ 8 AUDIT), and drug use problems (excluding marijuana). RESULTS: Mean (SD) age was 37.8 (11.7) years, and 28.6% and 49.2% reported alcohol and drug use disorders in the past six months, respectively. Most of the study participants reported history of CSA (70.3%). Adjusting for sociodemographic and confounding variables, CSA was associated with higher odds of alcohol use problems (odds ratio (OR) = 1.52, 95% CI 1.09, 2.12) and drug use problems (OR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.19, 2.10) than non-CSA group. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of CSA is high among BSMM in the US and is positively associated with alcohol and drug use problems. Substance use interventions should address the psychological health needs of BSMM with a history of CSA.

Barriers and Facilitators to HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Uptake Among Men Who have Sex with Men Who Use Stimulants: A Qualitative Study.

The HIV epidemic disproportionately impacts men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly those who use stimulants. We explored barriers and facilitators to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake among this population. From June 2018 through February 2019, we conducted semi-structured interviews in Providence, Rhode Island, and New Haven, Connecticut, with 21 MSM who reported recent (past six months) stimulant use. We identified individual, interpersonal, and structural barriers to PrEP, including: (1) high awareness but mixed knowledge of PrEP, resulting in concerns about side effects and drug interactions; (2) interest that was partly determined by substance use and perceived HIV risk; (3) fragmented and constrained social networks not conducive to disseminating PrEP information; and (4) PrEP access, such as insurance coverage and cost. Our findings suggest potential approaches to increase PrEP uptake in this group, including promotion through mainstream and social media, clarifying misinformation, and facilitating increased access through structural interventions.

RESUMEN: La epidemia del VIH afecta de manera desproporcionada a los hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH), particularmente a aquellos que usan estimulantes. Exploramos las barreras y los facilitadores para la adopción de la profilaxis previa a la exposición (PrEP) en esta población. Desde junio de 2018 hasta febrero de 2019, realizamos entrevistas semiestructuradas en Providence, Rhode Island y New Haven, Connecticut, con 21 HSH que nos informaron de haber usado estimulantes recientemente (en los últimos seis meses). Identificamos barreras individuales, interpersonales, y estructurales para la PrEP, que incluyen: (1) gran conciencia pero conocimiento mixto de la PrEP, lo que produce preocupaciones sobre los efectos secundarios y las interacciones farmacológicas; (2) interés que fue determinado en parte por el uso de sustancias y el riesgo percibido de VIH; (3) redes sociales fragmentadas y restringidas que no conducen a la difusión de información sobre la PrEP; y (4) problemas con el acceso a la PrEP, como la cobertura y el costo del seguro. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren enfoques potenciales para aumentar la aceptación de la PrEP en esta población, incluida la promoción a través de los medios tradicionales y sociales, aclarando la información errónea, y facilitando un mayor acceso a través de intervenciones estructurales.

Substance Use Treatment Engagement among Men Who Have Sex with Men Who Use Stimulants in the Northeastern United States.

BACKGROUND: Stimulant use is increasing in the United States (U.S.), especially among men who have sex with men (MSM). Objectives: We sought to ascertain barriers and facilitators to substance use treatment utilization among MSM who use stimulants in the northeastern U.S. Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with MSM who reported recent stimulant use. Interviews explored perceptions of and experiences with substance use treatment. We used thematic analysis to identify factors that facilitated or impeded substance use treatment engagement. Results: We interviewed 21 MSM in Providence, Rhode Island (n = 15) and New Haven, Connecticut (n = 6). Most participants identified as White (57.1%) and gay (52.4%). Over half (52.4%) screened positive for stimulant use disorder. We identified themes in how participants defined, entered, and engaged in substance use treatment. Participants described treatment to include a variety of modalities, including self-help and peer support groups; they defined treatment as an iterative process. Social networks played both a supportive and obstructive role in treatment entry depending on the relationships and approaches of network members. Meanwhile, social connection during treatment could be both therapeutic (reducing isolation) and counterproductive (precipitating cravings to use). Participants generally expressed a desire for harm reduction approaches to treatment over abstinence-only ones. Finally, participants did not find treatment responsive to their needs as MSM. Conclusion: This study highlights key barriers and facilitators to substance use treatment engagement and underscores the urgent need for culturally-responsive treatment programs that employ harm reduction approaches and are tailored to the unique circumstances of MSM who use stimulants.Supplemental data for this article is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2022.2026965.

HIV Status, Obesity, and Risk for Weight Stigma: Comparing Weight Stigma Experiences and Internalization Among Adults with Obesity with and Without HIV.

Little is known about weight stigma among people living with HIV (PLWH). This study examined whether levels of perceived weight stigma experiences and internalization, assessed retrospectively and naturalistically, differed among adults with obesity based on HIV status. 50 PLWH (BMI = 35 kg/m2) and 51 adults without HIV (BMI = 36 kg/m2) completed retrospective assessments of lifetime perceived weight stigma experiences/internalization. Next, participants were invited to complete an optional 2-week Ecological Momentary Assessment study. 28 PLWH and 39 adults without HIV completed five momentary assessments of perceived weight stigma experiences/internalization daily. In covariate-adjusted models, PLWH reported 1.2-2.8 times lower frequency of lifetime and momentary perceived weight stigma experiences than adults without HIV, but levels of retrospectively- and naturalistically-assessed internalized weight stigma did not differ between groups. Findings suggest that HIV status may buffer against perceptions of weight stigma events, but not internalized weight stigma, highlighting weight stigma as an important area for future research in PLWH.

Sexual satisfaction with daily oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among gay and bisexual men at two urban PrEP clinics in the United States: an observational study.

Background Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly effective in preventing HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM). However, limited data are available on the effect of PrEP use and sexual satisfaction among MSM taking PrEP. METHODS: We conducted a one-time, cross-sectional survey of MSM receiving PrEP care at two hospital-based PrEP clinics in Providence, Rhode Island and Boston, Massachusetts, USA (April-September 2017). We oversampled Black and Hispanic/Latino individuals. Participants completed the 20-item New Sexual Satisfaction Scale (NSSS) twice, once for before and once for after starting PrEP. Participants reported sexual behaviours, PrEP adherence, PrEP attitudes, and quality of life with PrEP. RESULTS: A total of 108 gay and bisexual men (GBM) participated. Overall, 15.7% were Black (non-Hispanic/Latino) and 23.1% were Hispanic/Latino, with an average age of 36.6 years. Most participants reported private health insurance coverage (71.3%), and 88.9% identified as homosexual, gay, or same gender-loving. The mean NSSS score before PrEP initiation across all 20 items was 3.94 (maximum = 5; 95% CI: 4.22, 4.43), and increased significantly after PrEP initiation (4.33, 95% CI: 4.22, 4.43; P < 0.001). Most participants (73.2%) reported that PrEP increased quality of life. This was associated with significant change in pre- to post-PrEP NSSS scores (linear regression coefficient = 1.21; 95% CI: 0.585, 1.84). CONCLUSIONS: Initiating PrEP and reporting improved quality of life were significantly associated with an increase in sexual satisfaction. PrEP implementation efforts should consider sexual satisfaction to promote PrEP engagement and retention, and researchers and providers should adopt a sex-positive approach with PrEP patients, especially among MSM.

The development and evaluation of an HIV implementation science network in New England: lessons learned.

BACKGROUND: Describe and evaluate an implementation science network focused on HIV prevention and treatment in New England. METHODS: In 2014, we established a partnership among university researchers and community stakeholders to stimulate and support HIV-related implementation research. We solicited information from Network members through surveys, interviews at Network events, and dialog with participants. In 2017, we conducted a sociocentric network assessment of collaborations on research projects, grants, manuscripts, and consultations. RESULTS: We identified 988 connections made through the Network that resulted in 185 manuscripts published and 15 grants funded. Our experience indicated that eight factors were instrumental in building and sustaining the Network: (1) acknowledging different perspectives, (2) balancing content and expertise, (3) encouraging consistent engagement, (4) providing seed funding, (5) membership flexibility, (6) maintenance of Network interactions, (7) supporting local HIV prevention and treatment efforts, and (8) maintaining productive relationships with health departments and community-based organizations. CONCLUSIONS: Developing and maintaining a regional network on implementation science for HIV prevention and treatment is feasible and can facilitate new and productive partnerships among researchers and community organizations and members.

A Randomized Trial of a Brief Behavioral Intervention for PrEP Uptake Among Men Who Have Sex With Men at Increased Risk for HIV Infection.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a novel, brief 2-session behavioral intervention to promote HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake among men who have sex with men (MSM) who are behaviorally at risk for HIV. SETTING: A pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted at a sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic to compare a brief motivational interviewing intervention with passive referral only for PrEP uptake. METHODS: MSM who scored as "high risk" on the HIV Incidence Risk index for MSM was offered a brief (15-20 minutes) motivational interviewing-based intervention at the time of STI testing to address barriers to PrEP uptake, including low risk perception, stigma, side effects, and cost. The initial session was followed by a brief, telephone booster session that lasted <10 minutes. The primary outcome was attending a clinical PrEP appointment and accepting a prescription for PrEP. RESULTS: Participants were recruited from an urban STI clinic in the United States. A total of 86 MSM who were behaviorally at risk for HIV were enrolled in the study (N = 43 intervention; N = 43 treatment-as-usual, "TAU"). Participants randomized to the intervention were significantly more likely to attend a clinical appointment and accept a prescription for PrEP, compared with treatment-as-usual (52.3% versus 27.9%, respectively; odds ratio = 3.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.5 to 8.9; P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: A brief behavioral intervention focused on the initial steps in the PrEP care cascade demonstrated preliminary efficacy in promoting uptake among MSM who are behaviorally at risk for HIV.

Gay and Bisexual Men's Recommendations for Effective Digital Social Marketing Campaigns to Enhance HIV Prevention and Care Continuity.

Because use of geosocial-networking smartphone applications ('apps') is ubiquitous among men who have sex with men (MSM), online-to-offline service models that include advertisements on these apps may improve engagement with effective HIV prevention and treatment services. Through our formative qualitative study, we conducted individual in-depth interviews (n = 30) and focus group discussions (n = 18) with MSM in Rhode Island to develop a digital social marketing campaign aimed at increasing HIV testing, including how best to reach men by advertising on apps. Qualitative data analysis revealed that participants were frequently exposed to pop-up advertisements on apps. These advertisements are viewed as invasive and, as such, many expressed a preference for other formats (e.g., direct messages, banner advertisements). Men expressed a preference for provocative images and phrases to catch their attention followed with fact-driven messaging to motivate them to engage with services offline. Findings from this study offer several practical recommendations for developing a social marketing campaign that uses advertisements on apps to increase HIV testing among MSM, including using formats other than pop-up advertisements and pairing fact-driven messaging with eye-catching images to direct them to trusted local clinical services.

A systematic review of early adoption of implementation science for HIV prevention or treatment in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: To provide the first systematic review of the early adoption of implementation science for HIV prevention or treatment in the United States. We identified primary research studies that addressed implementation of HIV prevention or treatment in the United States and qualitatively assessed the reporting of implementation outcomes and intervention descriptions. METHODS: We searched PubMed, PsycInfo, and CINAHL databases for evaluations of HIV prevention or treatment interventions that at least reported one implementation outcome and were published between 2014 and 2018. We used the 12-item Template for Intervention Description and Replication to assess study interventions. RESULTS: A total of 2275 articles were identified. Thirty-nine studies met inclusion criteria. Of these, 84.6% used quantitative methods with 5% being hybrid effectiveness-implementation studies and 15% used qualitative methods. No studies cited a formal theoretical framework for implementation science. Acceptability and feasibility were the most frequently reported implementation outcomes. Eligible studies were diverse with regard to demographic categories. Most interventions focused on HIV prevention, particularly risk-reduction strategies. HIV treatment interventions targeted linkage to care and adherence to medications. Key implementation outcome findings indicated that these interventions are feasible and acceptable in the real world. CONCLUSION: HIV implementation science could support dissemination of HIV prevention or treatment in the United States, although HIV treatment interventions are limited. Theoretical frameworks and key implementation outcomes like fidelity, penetration, and appropriateness could promote the rigor of future HIV treatment implementation research, helping the field deliver the promise of HIV prevention or treatment efforts in the United States.

Vital Voices: HIV Prevention and Care Interventions Developed for Disproportionately Affected Communities by Historically Underrepresented, Early-Career Scientists.

BACKGROUND: HIV prevention interventions which support engagement in care and increased awareness of biomedical options, including pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), are highly desired for disproportionately affected Black/African American, Hispanic/Latinx and gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) populations in the United States (US). However, in almost 40 years of HIV research, few interventions have been developed directly by and for these priority populations in domestic counties most at risk. We submit that interventions developed by early-career scientists who identify with and work directly with affected subgroups, and which include social and structural determinants of health, are vital as culturally tailored HIV prevention and care tools. METHODS: We reviewed and summarized interventions developed from 2007 to 2020 by historically underrepresented early-career HIV prevention scientists in a federally funded research mentoring program. We mapped these interventions to determine which were in jurisdictions deemed as high priority (based on HIV burden) by national prevention strategies. RESULTS: We summarized 11 HIV interventions; 10 (91%) of the 11 interventions are in geographic areas where HIV disparities are most concentrated and where new HIV prevention and care activities are focused. Each intervention addresses critical social and structural determinants of health disparities, and successfully reaches priority populations. CONCLUSION: Focused funding that supports historically underrepresented scientists and their HIV prevention and care intervention research can help facilitate reaching national goals to reduce HIV-related disparities and end the HIV epidemic. Maintaining these funding streams should remain a priority as one of the tools for national HIV prevention.

Health Disparities Among Transgender Adults in South Korea.

This study aims to identify health disparities among transgender adults in South Korea (hereafter Korea), where they widely experience social stigma. We assessed prevalence of nine health indicators using a nationwide cross-sectional survey of 255 Korean transgender adults in 2017. Standardized prevalence ratios of these indicators were estimated using four nationally representative surveys in Korea that included the same health measures. Overall, transgender adults had a significantly higher risk of adverse health outcomes than the general population in Korea. Specifically, disparities in mental health outcomes between transgender adults and the general population were statistically significant. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 6.44 and 9.71 times higher among transgender adults than women and men in the general population, respectively. For suicidal ideation, transgender adults reported 6.49 and 18.83 times greater risk than women and men in the general population, respectively. Our findings indicate that Korean transgender adults are at a higher risk of negative health outcomes than the general population.

Transmission Risk Among Youth Living With HIV in the U.S.

PURPOSE: HIV treatment as prevention is effective for reducing the risk of HIV transmission and the messaging campaign, undetectable = untransmittable, is gaining recognition. As youth living with HIV (YLWH) who have condomless sex may acquire and potentially transmit other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), the purpose of this study was to assess potential differences in transmission risk of HIV and other STIs among YLWH to inform subsequent HIV and STI prevention efforts. METHODS: A cohort of 600 HIV behaviorally infected youth aged 13-24 years who were engaged in medical care completed an audio computer-assisted self-interview including questions about demographics, HIV disclosure, mental health, substance use, and sexual behaviors and beliefs. HIV viral loads and the presence of other STIs were abstracted from medical records. A viral load <200 copies/mL was considered undetectable. Univariate and bivariate analyses were conducted to examine differences by viral load and STIs. RESULTS: Participants were categorized into four groups: (1) undetectable without STIs (55.2%); (2) undetectable with STIs (14.2%); (3) detectable without STIs (22.8%); and (4) detectable with STIs (7.8%). In comparison to the other three groups, youth in the undetectable group with STIs reported more favorable sexual risk reduction attitudes and beliefs, internet use for finding sex partners, anal sex with male partners, and condomless anal sex with male partners. CONCLUSIONS: YLWH with undetectable viral loads and other STIs engaged in higher risk behaviors. To realize the promise of the messaging campaign, undetectable = untransmittable, efforts must focus on sustained viral suppression and prevention of STIs among YLWH.

Prior incarceration associated with missed HIV care visits among young people living with HIV in the US.

Maintenance in HIV care is important to achieve optimal personal health and HIV viral load suppression for young people living with HIV (PLWH). We assessed the relationship between incarceration and missed visits in a longitudinal data cohort of PLWH (n = 910), ages 12-24, from 14 adolescent trial network sites across the US. The time from study entry to missed visits was modeled using Cox proportional hazards models. The cohort was mostly male (78%) and African American (75%) with a median age of 22. Prior incarceration had been experienced by 39% of the cohort, with a median number of times incarcerated of 2 (IQR: 1-3). The crude and adjusted hazard ratios for missed HIV care visits comparing those with incarceration histories to those without were 1.27 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.54) and 1.53 (95% CI: 1.26, 1.86). Among those returning to care, HIV viral loads were more likely to be unsuppressed among those with incarceration history compared to those without (RR: 1.28, 95% CI: 0.95, 1.74). This association was attenuated to the null after adjustment for suppression of viral load prior to the missed visit. Young PLWH with incarceration histories are at higher risk of missing HIV care visits.

Open pilot trial of a brief motivational interviewing-based HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis intervention for men who have sex with men: preliminary effects, and evidence of feasibility and acceptability.

Gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high-risk of HIV infection in the United States. Daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has demonstrated efficacy in reducing HIV acquisition among MSM. However, PrEP uptake in real-world clinical settings has been slow and uneven. Guided by Self-Regulation Theory, we developed and evaluated a brief (15-25 min) motivational interviewing (MI)-based intervention to promote PrEP uptake in an uncontrolled pilot trial. Nineteen MSM were recruited during the course of routine HIV screening at a sexually transmitted diseases clinic. We administered the 2-session intervention in-person and by telephone. Thirteen (72%) participants completed baseline and 1-month follow-up assessments; all found the intervention and its components highly acceptable. Over the 1-month period, seven participants (37%) obtained a PrEP prescription, more than tripling the rate previously observed with PrEP counseling and referrals alone (11%). The most common barrier to uptake was out-of-pocket costs. This approach was feasible and underscored the need for financial assistance and other PrEP navigation services to supplement behavioral interventions to enhance PrEP uptake.

Sexual and behavioral health disparities among African American sexual minority men and women.

Introduction: Sexual and behavioral health disparities have been consistently demonstrated between African American and White adults and between sexual minority and heterosexual communities in the United States; however, few studies using nationally representative samples have examined disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual adults within African American populations. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of sexual and behavioral health outcomes between sexual minority and heterosexual African American adults and to examine whether there were different patterns of disparities for African American sexual minority men and women, respectively. Methods: We analyzed data from 4502 African American adults who participated in the 2001-2015 waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Using multivariable analyses, we examined differences in HIV, sexually transmitted infections, mental health, and substance use among African American sexual minority and heterosexual men and women. Results: After adjusting for sociodemographic variables, African American sexual minority men had significantly higher odds of HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and poor mental health compared to their heterosexual male counterparts, whereas African American sexual minority women had significantly higher odds of Hepatitis C, poor mental health, and substance use compared to their heterosexual female counterparts. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate notable sexual orientation disparities among African American adults. Disparities persisted beyond the role of sociodemographic factors, suggesting that further research utilizing an intersectional approach is warranted to understand the social determinants of adverse health outcomes among African American sexual minority men and women.