Análisis de un protocolo basado en la norma USEPA 1.213 para la evaluación regulatoria de la eficacia de las cebaderas en el control seguro de roedores pequeños / Analysis of a protocol based on the USEPA 1.213 standard for the regulatory evaluation of the efficacy of the bait station system in the safe control of small rodents

Varios rodenticidas modernos son formulados con compuestos anticoagulantes superwarfarínicos. Debido a su alta toxicidad en humanos, los cebos suelen ser formulados con otros ingredientes destinados a generar respuestas de rechazo en el caso de ingestión accidental o intento de suicidio; aun así, las unidades hospitalarias reportan anualmente numerosos casos de intoxicaciones con rodenticidas. Se han desarrollado cebaderas con el propósito de brindar al usuario alta eficacia y seguridad extendida. Dado que en muchos países existe experiencia limitada para la evaluación regulatoria de cebos combinados con cebaderas, en este trabajo se presenta un protocolo adaptado a partir de la guía USEPA- 1.213/1990, el cual se propone para verificar la aptitud de las cebaderas para controlar roedores en ambientes hogareños, ocupacionales y otros espacios urbanos. Se incluye una discusión de aspectos técnicos que se espera que sean de ayuda para los asesores de las agencias regulatorias intervinientes al interpretar los resultados en términos de eficacia y seguridad. El sistema cebadera-cebo examinado mostró alta letalidad en ratas adultas jóvenes. La inspección, carga y recarga de producto fresco se realizó en forma simple, rápida y segura; sólo excepcionalmente se observó dispersión del cebo fuera de la cebadera. Sin embargo, debe tenerse en cuenta que el sistema que solicita un registro ante la autoridad regulatoria debe ser adecuado a la especie que se busca controlar, considerando las diferencias de peso corporal entre ratas y ratones, entre machos y hembras, y entre animales jóvenes y adultos, lo cual determina la facilidad de ingreso al interior del dispositivo (cebadera) donde se coloca el cebo contenido en su embalaje unitario original. (AU)

Several modern rodenticides are formulated with anticoagulant superwarfarin compounds. Due to their high toxicity in humans, these baits are usually formulated with other ingredients intended to generate rejection responses in the case of accidental ingestion or suicide attempt. However, hospital units report numerous cases of poisoning with rodenticides every year. Box-like bait stations have been developed to provide the user with high efficacy and extended safety. Given that in many countries there is limited experience for the regulatory consideration of bait stations, this work presents a protocol adapted from the USEPA-1.213/1990 guideline, proposed to verify the aptitude of these devices to control wild rodents in home, work, and other urban spaces. The work includes a discussion of technical issues that are expected to be helpful to advisors of the regulatory agencies involved in interpreting the results in terms of efficacy and safety. The bait-station system examined showed high efficacy in young adult rats. The inspection, loading and reloading of fresh product were carried out in a simple, fast and safe way; bait dispersal outside the station was only rarely observed. However, it must be taken into account that the system that require a registration by the regulatory authority must be appropriate to the species sought to be controlled. This is important due to differences in body weight between rats and mice, between males and females, and between young and aged animals, which determines the ease of entry into the station where the bait contained in its original unitary packaging is placed. (AU)

Intoxicación por fosfuro de aluminio / Aluminum phosphide poisoning

Resumen En la industria agrícola se ha implementado el uso de plaguicidas lo que ha aumentado la cantidad y calidad de los productos agrícolas en varios países en desarrollo, su objetivo es mejorar la calidad de vida y sustento de los consumidores, sin embargo, el uso inadecuado puede causar graves intoxicaciones tanto por ingestión accidental, ocupacional o ingestión con fines suicidas u homicidas, lo cual los hace un tema de relevancia médico legal. El fosfuro de aluminio es un rodenticida, insecticida y fumigante sólido usado como una sustancia ideal para la conservación de los granos, ya que es altamente tóxico contra los insectos que invaden los granos en todos sus estadios sin afectar como tal las semillas y su germinación, es un compuesto accesible y económico lo que hace que su uso con fines suicidas y homicidas sea elevado, ante la intoxicación con fosfuro de aluminio se han descritos síntomas bastante inespecíficos como lo son dolor en el epigastrio, vómitos, diarrea, mareos, disnea y en algunos casos acompañado de un olor a ajo que es característico de ésta intoxicación lo que aumenta la sospecha clínica. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en diferentes bases de datos, de los artículos publicados referentes al tema de los últimos doce años, con el objetivo de profundizar en las características del fosfuro de aluminio, su mecanismo de acción y toxicidad. Se concluye que es fundamental conocer los diferentes plaguicidas y sus efectos en la salud, principalmente de aquellos con una alta letalidad, que se podrían estar utilizando clandestinamente y que al ser sumamente económicos son de fácil acceso para emplearse con fines delictivos.

Abstract The agricultural industry has implemented the use of pesticides, which has increased the quantity and quality of agricultural products in several developing countries, its objective is to improve the quality of life and livelihood of consumers, however, improper use can cause serious intoxications both by accidental ingestion, occupational or ingestion for suicidal or homicidal purposes, which makes them an issue of medico-legal relevance. Aluminum phosphide is a rodenticide, insecticide and solid fumigant used as an ideal substance for the preservation of grains, since it is highly toxic against insects that invade the grains in all their stages without affecting the seeds and their germination, it is an accessible and economic compound which makes its use for suicidal and homicidal purposes high, In the face of aluminum phosphide poisoning, quite unspecific symptoms have been described, such as pain in the epigastrium, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, dyspnea and in some cases accompanied by a garlic odor which is characteristic of this poisoning, which increases clinical suspicion. A bibliographic review was conducted in different databases, of the articles published on the subject in the last twelve years, with the aim of deepening in the characteristics of aluminum phosphide, its mechanism of action and toxicity. It is concluded that it is essential to know the different pesticides and their effects on health, those with a high lethality, which could be used clandestinely and which, being extremely cheap, are easily accessible to be used for criminal purposes

Intoxicación por rodenticida anticoagulante de acción prolongada ¿Publicación duplicada? (1)

Tocante al artículo "Intoxicación humana intencional por rodenticida anticoagulante de acción prolongada", enviado a la Revista de la SPMI (febrero de 2021)1, manifiesto, que:

Intoxicación por rodenticida anticoagulante de acción prolongada ¿Publicación duplicada? (2)

Ante todo, debo saludarlo atentamente, no antes también manifestarle que he sido y soy respetuoso de las leyes, reglamentos y normas de vida en el ejercicio de mi profesión docente y administrativa.

Intoxicación con rodenticidas anticoagulantes de larga duración / Poisoning with long-lasting anticoagulant rodenticides

Resumen Los rodenticidas son sustancias de venta libre ampliamente utilizadas a nivel agrícola y a nivel doméstico para el control de roedores. Los rodenticidas anticoagulantes de larga duración tienen un mecanismo de acción similar al de la warfarina, pero con mayor potencia de acción. El espectro de manifestaciones clínicas de la intoxicación por rodenticidas anticoagulantes es muy amplio, que se puede presentar de manera asintomática hasta con sangrados que comprometan la vida del paciente. El tratamiento se basa en el control del sangrado y la reposición con su antídoto lógico que corresponde a la vitamina K para restablecer la hemostasis.

Abstract Rodenticides are agriculturally and domestically used substances used for the control of rats and other rodents, easily available on the market. Anticoagulant rodenticides have a similar mechanism of action than that of warfarin, but their potency is bigger. The spectrum of clinical manifestations of rodenticide intoxications is broad; and it varies from asymptomatic cases to hemorrhages that compromise the patient's life. Treatment is based on active bleeding control and reposition of its logical antidote Vitamin K in order to restore hemostasis.

Unintentional wildlife poisoning and proposals for sustainable management of rodents.

In Europe, bromadiolone, an anticoagulant rodenticide authorized for plant protection, may be applied intensively in fields to control rodents. The high level of poisoning of wildlife that follows such treatments over large areas has been frequently reported. In France, bromadiolone has been used to control water voles (Arvicola terrestris) since the 1980s. Both regulation and practices of rodent control have evolved during the last 15 years to restrict the quantity of poisoned bait used by farmers. This has led to a drastic reduction of the number of cases of poisoned wildlife reported by the French surveillance network SAGIR. During the autumn and winter 2011, favorable weather conditions and high vole densities led to the staging of several hundreds of Red Kites (Milvus milvus) in the Puy-de-Dôme department (central France). At the same time, intensive treatments with bromadiolone were performed in this area. Although no misuse has been mentioned by the authorities following controls, 28 Red Kites and 16 Common Buzzards (Buteo buteo) were found dead during surveys in November and December 2011. For all these birds, poisoning by bromadiolone as the main cause of death was either confirmed or highly suspected. Other observations suggest a possible impact of bromadiolone on the breeding population of Red Kites in this area during the spring 2011. French regulation of vole control for plant protection is currently under revision, and we believe this event calls for more sustainable management of rodent outbreaks. Based on large-scale experiments undertaken in eastern France, we propose that direct control of voles at low density (with trapping or limited chemical treatments) and mechanical destruction of vole tunnels, mole control, landscape management, and predator fostering be included in future regulation because such practices could help resolve conservation and agricultural issues.

Choque hipovolêmico em um cão com suspeita de intoxicação por cumarínico: relato de caso / Hypovolemic shock in a dog with suspected coumarin poisoning: case report

Um cão adulto, fêmea, SRD e 5,0 kg foi atendido no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul com sinais de choque. A anamnese não revelou nenhuma informação consistente. No exame clínico, o paciente apresentava estado de estupor, midríase, hipotermia (36,5oC), bradicardia (50 b.p.m), cianose e presença de hemorragia contínua em região digital. O animal foi imediatamente colocado em oxigênio e submetido à fluidoterapia intensiva com fluido cristalóide (90ml/kg/hora).