[Infectious mononucleosis : an atypical cause of acute alithiasic cholecystitis]. / La mononucléose infectieuse : une cause atypique de cholécystite aiguë alithiasique.

The Epstein-Barr virus (also known as EBV), responsible for infectious mononucleosis, is a virus that infects the majority of the world's population. Infection occurs in several forms, most often asymptomatic, or as a fever accompanied by pharyngitis and lymphadenopathies. A rare complication of infectious mononucleosis is acute acalculous cholecystitis, an inflammation of the gallbladder characterized by ischaemia and severe cholestasis. The diagnosis of this pathology is made by imaging, but determining the cause may be tricky. We present here the case of acute acalculous cholecystitis in a 21-year-old woman. This case highlights a rare complication of EBV infection that is probably under-diagnosed, and demonstrates the usefulness of interpreting liver tests and leukocyte count in association with imaging findings.

Le virus d'Epstein-Barr (aussi appelé EBV), responsable de la mononucléose infectieuse, est un virus qui infecte la majorité de la population mondiale. L'infection se présente sous plusieurs formes, soit, le plus souvent, asymptomatique, soit avec une fièvre accompagnée d'une pharyngite et de lymphadénopathies. Une des rares complications de la mononucléose infectieuse est la cholécystite aiguë alithiasique, une inflammation de la vésicule biliaire, caractérisée par une ischémie et une cholestase importante. Le diagnostic de cette pathologie est réalisé par imagerie et la détermination de la cause peut s'avérer compliquée. Nous présentons ici le cas clinique d'une cholécystite aiguë alithiasique chez une jeune femme de 21 ans. Ce cas nous permet de mettre en lumière une complication rare de l'infection par l'EBV, probablement sous-diagnostiquée, et démontre l'utilité d'interpréter les tests hépatiques ainsi que la formule leucocytaire en relation avec les résultats d'une imagerie.

Hepatitis A virus infection associated with bilateral pleural effusion, ascites, and acalculous cholecystitis in childhood: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Acute hepatitis A infection is common among children in developing nations. The clinical presentation in children is usually asymptomatic and anicteric, and it is a self-limiting infection. Rarely, it can be associated with extrahepatic complications such as pleural effusion, acalculous cholecystitis, and ascites. CASE PRESENTATION: An 8-year-old middle eastern child presented with abdominal pain, jaundice in the sclera, yellowish color of urine, and poor appetite. In the last two days, abdominal distension developed. After conducting diagnostic investigations, the child was diagnosed with HAV hepatitis associated with bilateral pleural effusion, acalculous cholecystitis, and ascites. He was managed conservatively with vitamin K supplementation and supportive parenteral fluids. After 4 days, clinical improvement was observed. CONCLUSION: Hepatitis A infections presented with extrahepatic manifestations like pleural effusion, acalculous cholecystitis, and ascites are very rare, especially in children. There have been some reports of these manifestations occurring in isolation, but for them to co-exist to our knowledge, this has only been reported in two cases in the literature, and this is the third case with all these three rare complications being presented simultaneously in a single child. Although HAV infection is an asymptomatic and self-limiting viral disease in childhood, it can manifest with rare extrahepatic complications, so pediatricians should be aware of this rare association to avoid unnecessary investigations.

Can cannabinoids contribute to cholecystitis - a case of gangrenous acalculous cholecystitis.

SUMMARY: Cannabis legalisation continues to grow globally and its effects on the vascular system have been scrutinized.1 Cannabis has become recognised as a contributor to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular disease.2,3 This case report highlights the case of a young male patient presenting with atypical symptoms following cannabis use who developed gangrenous cholecystitis (GC) following vasospasm of his cystic artery. We believe that this is the first-ever case, shared with the anticipation of stimulating more research and prompting recognition of vascular events in this group of patients as our knowledge on the effects of cannabis continues to grow.

Acalculous Cholecystitis in COVID-19 Patients: A Narrative Review.

Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) represents cholecystitis without gallstones, occurring in approximately 5-10% of all cases of acute cholecystitis in adults. Several risk factors have been recognized, while infectious diseases can be a cause of cholecystitis in otherwise healthy people. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has spread worldwide, leading to an unprecedented pandemic. The virus enters cells through the binding of the spike protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors expressed in many human tissues, including the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and this explains the symptoms emanating from the digestive system. Acute cholecystitis has been reported in patients with COVID-19. The purpose of this review is to provide a detailed analysis of the current literature on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of AAC in patients with COVID-19.

Acalculous Cholecystitis as a Complication of Primary Epstein-Barr Virus Infection: A Case-Based Scoping Review of the Literature.

Primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection manifests with diverse clinical symptoms, occasionally resulting in severe complications. This scoping review investigates the rare occurrence of acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) in the context of primary EBV infection, with a focus on understanding its prevalence, clinical features, and underlying mechanisms. The study also explores EBV infection association with Gilbert syndrome, a condition that potentially exacerbates the clinical picture. Additionally, a case report of an 18-year-old female presenting with AAC and ascites secondary to EBV infection enhances the review. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing reported cases of AAC secondary to EBV infection. This involved examining patient demographics, clinical presentations, laboratory findings, and outcomes. The search yielded 44 cases, predominantly affecting young females. Common clinical features included fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, tonsillitis/pharyngitis, and splenomegaly. Laboratory findings highlighted significant hepatic involvement. The review also noted a potential link between AAC in EBV infection and Gilbert syndrome, particularly in cases with abnormal bilirubin levels. AAC is a rare but significant complication of primary EBV infection, primarily observed in young females, and may be associated with Gilbert syndrome. This comprehensive review underscores the need for heightened clinical awareness and timely diagnosis to manage this complication effectively.

Acute acalculous cholecystitis following extended administration of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Immunocompromised patients with hematologic malignancies, particularly those treated with anti-CD20 antibodies such as rituximab and obinutuzumab, are known to be at risk of prolonged infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Prolonged administration or combination therapy with antiviral medications reportedly yields favorable outcomes in these patients. However, knowledge regarding the adverse events associated with such therapeutic approaches is limited. Herein, we report a case of acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) following extended administration of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (NMV/r) in a 68-year-old Japanese man with persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection. The patient had received obinutuzumab and bendamustine for follicular lymphoma and was diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) approximately one year after treatment initiation with these drugs. Subsequently, he was admitted to a different hospital, where he received antiviral drugs, monoclonal antibodies, and steroids. Despite these interventions, the patient relapsed and was subsequently transferred to our hospital due to persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Remdesivir administration was ineffective, leading to the initiation of extended NMV/r therapy. One week later, he exhibited elevated gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) levels, and one month later, he developed AAC. Cholecystitis was successfully resolved via percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage and administration of antibiotics. We speculate that extended NMV/r administration, in addition to COVID-19, may have contributed to the elevated GGT and AAC. During treatment of persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection with extended NMV/r therapy, patients should be carefully monitored for the appearance of findings suggestive of biliary stasis and the development of AAC.

[Genome-wide Mendelian randomization study of the pathogenic role of gut microbiota in benign biliary tract diseases].

Objective: To investigate the causal relationship between intestinal flora and benign biliary diseases by genome-wide Mendelian randomization. Methods: This is a retrospective observational study. The data from the genome-wide association study of the gut microbiota from 18 340 samples from the MiBioGen consortium were selected as the exposure group,and the data from the genome-wide association study of biliary tract diseases were obtained from the FinnGen consortium R8 as the outcome group. There were 1 491 cases of primary sclerosing cholangitis,32 894 cases of cholelithiasis,3 770 cases of acalculous cholecystitis,and 34 461 cases of cholecystitis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were screened as instrumental variables,and the Mendelian randomization method was used to infer the causal relationship between exposures and outcomes. The inverse variance weighting method (IVW) was used as the main basis, supplemented by heterogeneity,pleiotropy and sensitivity tests. Results: Coprococcus 2 was associated with a reduced risk of cholelithiasis (IVW OR=0.88,95%CI:0.80 to 0.97,P=0.012) and cholecystitis (IVW OR=0.88,95%CI:0.80 to 0.97,P=0.011). Coprococcus 3 was associated with cholelithiasis (IVW OR=1.15,95%CI:1.02 to 1.30,P=0.019) and acalculous cholecystitis(IVW OR=1.48, 95%CI: 1.08 to 2.04,P=0.016) and cholecystitis (IVW OR=1.17, 95%CI: 1.02 to 1.33, P=0.020). Peptococcus was associated with an increased risk of cholelithiasis (IVW OR=1.08, 95%CI:1.02 to 1.13, P=0.005) and cholecystitis (IVW CI=1.07, 95%CI:1.02 to 1.13,P=0.010). Clostridiumsensustricto 1 was associated with an increased risk of cholelithiasis (IVW OR=1.16,95%CI:1.02 to 1.31, P=0.020) and cholecystitis (IVW OR=1.16, 95%CI:1.03 to 1.30, P=0.015). Eubacterium hallii was associated with an increased risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis (IVW OR=1.43, 95%CI: 1.03 to 1.99, P=0.033). Eubacterium ruminantium (IVW OR=0.87, 95%CI: 0.76 to 1.00, P=0.043) and Methanobrevibacter (IVW OR=0.81, 95%CI: 0.68 to 0.98, P=0.027) were associated with a reduced risk of acalculous cholecystitis. Conclusions: Eight intestinal bacterial genera maybe play pathogenic roles in benign biliary diseases. Eubacterium hallii can increase the risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Peptococcus and Clostridiumsensustricto 1 can increase the risk of cholelithiasis and generalized cholecystitis. Coprococcus 3 have multiple correlations with biliary stones and inflammation.

Acute acalculous cholecystitis due to hepatitis B virus reactivation: A case report and review of the literature.

We report a 52-year old man presenting with acute acalculous cholecystitis triggered by hepatitis B virus infection. The patient developed protective antibodies and cleared the infection. The relevant data is also discussed.

Current status and therapeutic strategy of acute acalculous cholecystitis: Japanese nationwide survey in the era of the Tokyo guidelines.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to clarify the incidence, therapeutic modality, and prognosis of acute acalculous cholecystitis and to reveal its optimal treatment strategy. METHODS: As a project study of the Japanese Society for Abdominal Emergency Medicine, we performed a questionnaire survey of demographic data and perioperative outcomes of acute acalculous cholecystitis treated between January 2018 and December 2020 from 42 institutions. RESULTS: In this study, 432 patients of acute acalculous cholecystitis, which accounts for 7.04% of acute cholecystitis, were collected. According to the Tokyo guidelines severity grade, 167 (38.6%), 202 (46.8%), and 63 (14.6%) cases were classified as Grade I, II, and III, respectively. A total of 11 (2.5%) patients died and myocardial infarction/congestive heart failure was the only independent risk factor for in-hospital death. Cholecystectomy, especially the laparoscopic approach, had more preferable outcomes compared to their counterparts. The Tokyo guidelines flow charts were useful for Grade I and II severity, but in the cases with Grade III, upfront cholecystectomy could be suitable in some patients. CONCLUSIONS: The proportions of severity grade and mortality of acute acalculous cholecystitis were found to be similar to those of acute cholecystitis, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy is recommended as an effective treatment option. (UMIN000047631).

Is conservative management a safe approach for patients with acute acalculous cholecystitis presenting with an acute abdomen?

Patients with acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) often present with acute abdominal symptoms. However, recent clinical studies have suggested that some patients with AAC and an acute abdomen, especially when caused by viruses or rheumatic disease, may not require cholecystectomy and that conservative treatment is adequate. Whether cholecystectomy is superior to conservative treatment for patients with AAC presenting with a severe acute abdomen is still uncertain. This was a case series study of AAC-related literature published between 1960 and 2022. In total, 171 cases (104 viral infection-associated AAC and 67 rheumatic disease-associated AAC) were included. The prognoses of patients receiving cholecystectomy or conservative treatment were compared. To account for confounding factors, etiological stratification and logistic regression were performed. The prognosis was similar for patients undergoing cholecystectomy and conservative treatment (P value .364), and virus infection-associated AAC had a better prognosis than rheumatic disease-associated AAC (P value .032). In patients with AAC caused by viruses or rheumatic disease, the acute abdomen can be adequately managed by conservative treatment of the underlying etiology and does not mandate surgical intervention.

Percutaneous cholecystostomy as a definitive treatment for acute acalculous cholecystitis: clinical outcomes and risk factors for recurrent cholecystitis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the outcomes of percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) as a definitive treatment for acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) and to identify the risk factors for cholecystitis recurrence after catheter removal. METHODS: Between January 2008 and December 2017, 124 patients who had undergone PC as definitive treatment for moderate or severe AAC. The initial clinical success, complications, and recurrent cholecystitis after PC removal were retrospectively assessed. Twenty-one relevant variables were analyzed to identify risk factors for recurrent cholecystitis. RESULTS: Clinical effectiveness was achieved in 107 patients (86.3%) at 3 days and in all patients (100%) at 5 days after PC placement. Six Grade 2 adverse events occurred, including catheter dislodgement (n = 3) and clogging (n = 3), which required catheter exchange. The PC catheter was removed in 123 patients (99.2%), with a median indwelling duration of 18 days (range 5-116 days). During the follow-up period (median, 1624 days; range, 40-4945 days), five patients experienced recurrent cholecystitis (4.1%). The cumulative recurrence rates were 3.3%, 4.1%, and 4.1% at 6 months, 1 year, and 5 years, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that an age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (aCCI)≥7 positively correlated with recurrence (OR, 1.97; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-3.64; p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: Definitive PC is a safe and effective treatment option for patients with AAC. The PC catheters can be safely removed in most patients. An aCCI≥7 was a risk factor for cholecystitis recurrence after catheter removal. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE: 1. Percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) is a safe and effective as a definitive treatment in patients with acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC).2. PC can be safely removed after recover from AAC in the majority of patients (99.2%) with low rate of recurrence of cholecystitis (4.1%).3. Age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index ≥7 was a risk factor for recurrence of cholecystitis after PC removal.

Cholecystoenteric Stent-Related Complications: Rendering the Inoperable Patient Operable.

INTRODUCTION: Cholecystoenteric stenting is an alternative treatment for cholecystitis. However, complications with this approach can render a need for surgical intervention. METHODS: A case series of three patients undergoing surgery for a cholecystoenteric stent-related complication. RESULTS: Patient 1 was a 42-year-old male with history of lung transplant who had a cholecystoenteric stent placed for acalculous cholecystitis. One year later the stent became occluded with return of symptoms. Endoscopic replacement failed. A laparoscopic cholecystectomy with modified Graham patch was performed. Patient 2 is a 73-year-old female with acalculous cholecystitis in the setting of metastatic colon cancer on FOLFOX. Antibiotic treatment failed. A cholecystoenteric stent was attempted, but the stent dislodged during deployment. The fistula tract was clipped, and a percutaneous cholecystostomy drain was placed, which noted a leak at the gallbladder infundibulum. The patient deteriorated clinically and was taken emergently for an open cholecystectomy. Patient 3 was a 71-year-old male with history of ischemic cardiomyopathy who had a cholecystogastric stent placed for necrotizing gallstone pancreatitis. The stent migrated into the gastrointestinal tract and he developed post-prandial pain. A cholecystectomy and modified Graham patch repair of the gastrotomy was performed. This failed as the gastrotomy was too close to the pylorus. He underwent re-operation with Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty. All patients recovered without any cardiopulmonary complications. CONCLUSION: With the increasing utility of cholecystoenteric stents, surgeons should be aware of the complications and have a plan for managing the duodenotomy or gastrotomy. Shared-medical decision-making involving surgeons should be applied when placing these stents.

Duración de la antibioticoterapia en pacientes con colecistitis aguda manejados con colecistostomía. ¿Afecta los desenlaces clínicos? / Duration of antibiotic therapy in patients with acute cholecystitis managed with cholecystostomy. Does it affect clinical outcomes?

Introducción. En pacientes con diagnóstico de colecistitis aguda tratados con colecistostomía, el tiempo óptimo de duración de la terapia antibiótica es desconocido. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar los resultados clínicos en pacientes con diagnóstico de colecistitis aguda manejados inicialmente con colecistostomía y que recibieron cursos cortos de antibióticos (7 días o menos) versus cursos largos (más de 7 días). Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de cohorte observacional, retrospectivo, que incluyó pacientes con diagnóstico de colecistitis aguda manejados con colecistostomía, que recibieron tratamiento antibiótico. Se hizo un análisis univariado y de regresión logística para evaluar la asociación de variables clínicas con la duración del tratamiento antibiótico. El desenlace primario por evaluar fue la mortalidad a 30 días. Resultados. Se incluyeron 72 pacientes. El 25 % (n=18) recibieron terapia antibiótica por 7 días o menos y el 75 % (n=54) recibieron más de 7 días. No hubo diferencias significativas en la mortalidad a 30 días entre los dos grupos ni en las demás variables estudiadas. La duración de la antibioticoterapia no influyó en la mortalidad a 30 días (OR 0,956; IC95% 0,797 - 1,146). Conclusión. No hay diferencias significativas en los desenlaces clínicos de los pacientes con colecistitis aguda que son sometidos a colecistostomía y que reciben cursos cortos de antibióticos en comparación con cursos largos

Introduction.In patients with acute cholecystitis who receive treatment with cholecystostomy, the optimal duration of antibiotic therapy is unknown. The objective of this study is to compare short courses of antibiotics (7 days or less) with long courses (more than 7 days) in this population. Methods. We performed a retrospective observational cohort study which included patients diagnosed with acute cholecystitis, who received antibiotic therapy and were taken to cholecystostomy. Univariate analysis and logistic regression were performed to evaluate the association between clinical variables and the duration. The main outcome evaluated was 30-day mortality. Results. Seventy-two patients were included, 25% (n=18) were given 7 or fewer days of antibiotics while 75% (n=54) were given them for more than 7 days. Demographic data between both groups were similar (age, severity of cholecystitis, comorbidities). There were no significant differences in 30-day mortality between both groups. Antibiotic duration did not influence mortality at 30 days (OR 0.956, 95% CI 0.797 - 1.146). Conclusion. There are no significant differences in the clinical outcomes of patients with acute cholecystitis who undergo cholecystostomy and receive short courses of antibiotics compared to long courses

Acalculous cholecystitis is a common extrahepatic manifestation of hepatitis E and suggests a more serious condition.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to understand the incidence and clinical significance of acalculous cholecystitis in patients with acute hepatitis E (HE). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A single center enrolled 114 patients with acute HE. All patients underwent imaging of the gallbladder, and patients with gallstones and cholecystectomy were excluded. RESULTS: Acalculous cholecystitis was found in 66 patients (57.89%) with acute HE. The incidence in males was 63.95%, which was significantly higher than in females (39.29%) (P = 0.022). The mean length of hospital stay and the incidence of spontaneous peritonitis in patients with cholecystitis (20.12 ± 9.43 days and 9.09%, respectively) were significantly higher than those in patients without cholecystitis (12.98 ± 7.26 days and 0%, respectively) (P < 0.001 and P = 0.032). Albumin, total bile acid, bilirubin, cholinesterase, and prothrombin activity in patients with cholecystitis were significantly inferior to those in patients without cholecystitis (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). After correction by multivariate analysis, albumin and total bile acid were found to be closely related to acalculous cholecystitis in HE. CONCLUSION: Acalculous cholecystitis is very common in patients with acute HE, and may serve as a predictor of increased peritonitis, synthetic decompensation, and longer hospital stay.

Cyclophilin D Regulates Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis via Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore in Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis.

OBJECTIVE: Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is characterized by acute onset, rapid progression, high mortality, and various complications. Cyclophilin D (CypD) regulates the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and is involved in the occurrence of ischemia-reperfusion injury and inflammation; however, the role of CypD in AAC remains unclear. METHODS: Guinea pigs of 300-350 g were randomly divided into three groups, namely the sham group, the common bile duct ligation-24h group (CBDL-24h group), and the CBDL-48h group. Western blot and qRT-PCR were applied to analyze the differential expression of CypD in each group, and transmission electron microscopy was employed to detect changes in mitochondrial structure. Inhibiting the activity of CypD by Cyclosporine A (CsA), we evaluated the difference of mitochondrial utilizing mitochondrial swelling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection and mitochondrial membrane potential. RESULTS: Compared with the sham group, the prolongation of obstruction aggravated gallbladder inflammation and upregulated CypD expression in the CBDL-24h and CBDL-48h groups. The degree of mitochondrial swelling was increased, and the opening of MPTP was prolonged in the CBDL-24h and 48h groups. Decreasing the expression of CypD could repress the opening of MPTP, prevent manipulation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and ultimately diminish the levels of intracellular ROS and apoptosis. CONCLUSION: CypD plays a proinflammatory role in the development of AAC by regulating the opening of MPTP. Inhibiting the activity of CypD could reduce the levels of ROS and apoptosis, rescue the function of mitochondria and finally alleviate AAC. Therefore, CypD might serve as a potential therapeutic target for ACC.

PARAMETERS OF CENTRAL AND INTRACARDIAC HAEMODYNAMICS IN WOMEN WITH THYROID HYPERPLASIA AND ACALCULOUS CHOLECYSTITIS.

OBJECTIVE: Aim: The study aimed to investigate some parameters of functional status of central and intracardiac haemodynamics in women with thyroid hyperplasia and acalculous cholecystitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and Methods: Functional changes of haemodynamic status in women with thyroid hyperplasia and acalculous cholecystitis were investigated. All data are obtained through general and special clinical methods, standard and special laboratory methods of examination, physiological, biochemical and statistical methods. Parameters of central and intracardiac haemodynamics have been recorded by the method of two-dimensional M-mode echocardiography in the echo chamber "Toshiba-140" (Japan) at the resting state. RESULTS: Results: An increase in heart rate (by 45.6%) was observed in patients, which led to decreased duration of cardiac cycle and ejection time. Statistically significant (p<0.05, 11.7% on average) increase in total peripheral vascular resistance was indicated. Dynamics of changes of parameters of central and intracardiac haemodynamics indicates different parallel existing pathways of secondary disturbances in the part of cardiovascular system. A significant increase in peripheral vascular resistance associated with decreased elasticity (increased vascular rigidity) of the arteries is the element of concentric type of left ventricular hypertrophy. The increase in volume in the absence of vasospastic reactions and increasing venous tone is an element of eccentric hypertrophy. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: It is possible to talk about the presence of systolic dysfunction in patients, which, however, is predominantly of functional character. The revealed specific changes in homeostatic haemodynamic characteristics in the women's body with thyroid hyperplasia and acalculous cholecystitis require the development of new, more effective and preferably drug-free (due to liver pathology and detoxification dysfunction) approaches to medical treatment of such patients.