Human herpesvirus-6A/B binds to spermatozoa acrosome and is the most prevalent herpesvirus in semen from sperm donors.

An analysis of all known human herpesviruses has not previously been reported on sperm from normal donors. Using an array-based detection method, we determined the cross-sectional frequency of human herpesviruses in semen from 198 Danish sperm donors. Fifty-five of the donors had at least one ejaculate that was positive for one or more human herpesvirus. Of these 27.3% (n = 15) had a double herpesvirus infection. If corrected for the presence of multiple ejaculates from some donors, the adjusted frequency of herpesviruses in semen was 27.2% with HSV-1 in 0.4%; HSV-2 in 0.1%; EBV in 6.3%; HCMV in 2.7%; HHV-6A/B in 13.5%; HHV-7 in 4.2%, whereas none of the samples had detectable VZV or HHV-8. Subsequently, we examined longitudinally data on ejaculates from 11 herpesvirus-positive donors. Serial analyses revealed that a donor who tested positive for herpesvirus at one time point did not necessarily remain positive over time. For the most frequently found herpesvirus, HHV-6A/B, we examined its association with sperm. For HHV-6A/B PCR-positive semen samples, HHV-6A/B could be detected on the sperm by flow cytometry. Conversely, PCR-negative semen samples were negative by flow cytometry. HHV-6B was shown to associate with sperm within minutes in a concentration dependent manner. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that HHV-6B associated with the sperm head, but only to sperm with an intact acrosome. Taken together, our data suggest that HHV-6A/B could be transported to the uterus via binding to the sperm acrosome. Moreover, we find a 10 times higher frequency of HHV-7 in semen from healthy individuals than previously detected. Further research is required to determine the potential risk of using herpesvirus-positive donor semen. Longitudinally analyses of ejaculate series indicate that implementation of quarantine for a donor shown to shed a herpesvirus is not a tenable solution.

Detection of bovine papillomavirus type 2 DNA in commercial frozen semen of bulls (Bos taurus).

Papillomaviruses are found in epithelial lesions and are linked to different carcinogenic processes in humans and other animals. Although bovine papillomavirus (BPV) has been characterized as epitheliotropic, the presence of viral DNA has been detected in other sample types, including fresh semen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of BPV DNA in spermatozoa and seminal plasma samples of commercial frozen semen taken from bulls (Bos taurus) and its effects on semen function. PCR assays were conducted with specific primers to detect BPV types 1-6 in 40 semen samples of dairy Gir bulls. The semen quality was assessed by the use of parameters such as motility, vigor, acrosomal integrity and DNA integrity. BPV-2 DNA was detected in all of the sperm cell samples and all the seminal samples; however BPV-1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 could not be detected. The presence of BPV DNA was apparently not a cause of reduced sperm function. This is the first record of BPV-2 DNA the commercial frozen semen taken from dairy Gir cattle by several companies that provide semen. Further studies are needed to assess the viability of the virus and the extent to which it can be spread through semen.