Asunto(s)
Personal Administrativo , COVID-19 , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U.S.) , Política , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Personal Administrativo/ética , Personal Administrativo/legislación & jurisprudencia , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , COVID-19/virología , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U.S.)/ética , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U.S.)/organización & administración , National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U.S.)/normas , Salud Pública/ética , Salud Pública/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salud Pública/métodos , SARS-CoV-2/aislamiento & purificación , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaAsunto(s)
Antígenos CD19/uso terapéutico , Países en Desarrollo/economía , Costos de la Atención en Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/economía , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva/economía , Personal Administrativo/legislación & jurisprudencia , Antígenos CD19/economía , Productos Biológicos , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Costo de Enfermedad , Síndrome de Liberación de Citoquinas/inducido químicamente , Síndrome de Liberación de Citoquinas/economía , Síndrome de Liberación de Citoquinas/epidemiología , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva/estadística & datos numéricos , India/epidemiología , Linfoma de Células B/tratamiento farmacológico , Linfoma de Células B/inmunología , Mieloma Múltiple/tratamiento farmacológico , Mieloma Múltiple/inmunología , Polonia/epidemiología , Inducción de Remisión/métodos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Idiopathic short stature (ISS) causes a high economic burden worldwide. As part of a research project that synthesizes economic evidence for Korean medicine treatment of ISS, we describe the methods that will be used for the comprehensive review of articles that analyze health-related economic evaluation for available interventions for ISS using a systematic review methodology. METHODS: Eight electronic English, Korean, and Chinese databases will be searched from their inception until December 2020 to identify studies on the economic evaluation of available interventions on ISS, without language, study design, or publication status restrictions. From the included studies, the effectiveness, utility, and cost data will be collected as the outcome measures by two researchers independently. Descriptive analysis of individual studies will be conducted. If it is judged that the interventions and outcomes of the included studies are sufficiently homogeneous, we will attempt a quantitative synthesis through meta-analysis using Review Manager version 5.4 software (Cochrane, London, UK). RESULTS: This study will summarize the evidence regarding the economic evaluation of available interventions for ISS. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this review will help clinicians and patients in evidence-based decision-making in clinical settings and help policy makers develop effective policies and distribute resources based on the available evidence.
Asunto(s)
Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Enanismo , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Acupuntura/métodos , Personal Administrativo/legislación & jurisprudencia , Toma de Decisiones Clínicas/ética , Costo de Enfermedad , Análisis Costo-Beneficio/métodos , Manejo de Datos , Enanismo/economía , Enanismo/epidemiología , Enanismo/terapia , Recursos en Salud/provisión & distribución , Medicina de Hierbas/métodos , Hormona de Crecimiento Humana/uso terapéutico , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados no Aleatorios como Asunto , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , República de Corea/epidemiología , Metaanálisis como Asunto , Revisiones Sistemáticas como AsuntoAsunto(s)
Medicina Hospitalar/economía , Atención Primaria de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Atención Secundaria de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Medicina Estatal/organización & administración , Acceso a la Información/legislación & jurisprudencia , Personal Administrativo/legislación & jurisprudencia , Interpretación Estadística de Datos , Humanos , Difusión de la Información/métodos , Reino Unido/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Government funding and policies are critical to academic medicine. Publicfunds sustain the education, research, and patient care missions of medical schools and teaching hospitals, and regulations govern the fulfillment of those missions. Consequently, both individuals and institutions often need to engage with those who develop these policies, including through lobbying. Lobbying fulfills a constitutionally protected right to petition the government for a redress of grievances, despite perceptions that it is instead only back-room dealing and insider influence. As an important part of the system of government in the United States, lobbying is subject to complex regulations, and failure to comply can result in substantial penalties, particularly for tax-exempt entities, of which almost all medical schools and the large majority of teaching hospitals are. In this Invited Commentary, the author briefly summarizes these regulations to complement the article in this issue by Lynch and colleagues. He then argues that while regulatory compliance is essential, it is not the same as lobbying effectively. For individual academic researchers to do that involves a number of considerations, including whether to coordinate their efforts with those of their institution to leverage the expertise and resources of the institution, to maximize their chances for success with policymakers.
Asunto(s)
Personal Administrativo/legislación & jurisprudencia , Financiación Gubernamental/legislación & jurisprudencia , Facultades de Medicina/economía , Política de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Hospitales de Enseñanza , Humanos , Maniobras Políticas , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Medical school faculty and their colleagues in schools of nursing, public health, social work, and elsewhere often research issues of critical importance to health and science policy. When academics engage with government policymakers to advocate for change based on their research, however, they may find themselves engaged in "lobbying," thereby entering a complex environment of legal requirements and institutional policies that they may not fully understand. To promote academic advocacy, this article explains what is and is not legally permitted when it comes to engaging with policymakers and encourages academic institutions to facilitate permissible advocacy activities.U.S. law permits academic researchers to conduct certain types of policy-focused advocacy without running afoul of legal restrictions on lobbying. Academics acting in their personal capacities and with their own resources may freely engage with policymakers in any branch of government to provide their expertise and advocate for desired outcomes. When acting in their professional capacities, academics are free to engage in most advocacy activities directed to the executive and judicial branches, and they also may advocate to influence legislation and legislators within certain limits that are particularly relevant to academic work. In all cases, academics must take care to not use restricted funds for lobbying.Academic researchers have an important role to play in advancing evidence-based health and science policy. They should familiarize themselves with legal restrictions and opportunities to influence policy based on their research, and their institutions should actively support them in doing so.
Asunto(s)
Política de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Maniobras Políticas , Ciencia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Academias e Institutos/organización & administración , Personal Administrativo/legislación & jurisprudencia , Personal Administrativo/normas , Defensa del Consumidor/legislación & jurisprudencia , Práctica Clínica Basada en la Evidencia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Docentes Médicos/normas , Apoyo Financiero , Programas de Gobierno , Humanos , Salud Pública/legislación & jurisprudencia , Investigadores/legislación & jurisprudencia , Facultades de Medicina/normas , Facultades de Enfermería/normas , Servicio Social , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaAsunto(s)
Criminales/psicología , Proyectos de Investigación/normas , Delitos Sexuales/psicología , Personal Administrativo/legislación & jurisprudencia , Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual/economía , Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Políticas , Reino Unido/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To explore how Australian residential dementia aged care providers respond to regulation via organisational culture, level, processes and interpretation. METHODS: Observation took place in three provider organisations. Qualitative, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with aged care staff (n = 60) at three different levels of each organisation: senior management from three head offices (n = 17), facility management (n = 13) and personal care workers (n = 30) from eight residential care facilities. RESULTS: Orientations towards regulation included the following: "above and beyond;" "pushing back;" and "engineering out." Regulation was interpreted differently depending on the level of authority within an organisation where boundaries were managed according to strategic, operational and interactional priorities. DISCUSSION: Examining regulation within an organisational context and at different staff levels suggests ways to balance dementia care with regulatory control. Both generate stress, mitigated by culture and interdependent role differentiation.
Asunto(s)
Acreditación/legislación & jurisprudencia , Personal Administrativo/legislación & jurisprudencia , Demencia/terapia , Personal de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Servicios de Salud para Ancianos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Hogares para Ancianos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Casas de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Formulación de Políticas , Acreditación/organización & administración , Personal Administrativo/organización & administración , Personal Administrativo/psicología , Actitud del Personal de Salud , Australia , Demencia/diagnóstico , Demencia/psicología , Adhesión a Directriz , Personal de Salud/organización & administración , Personal de Salud/psicología , Servicios de Salud para Ancianos/organización & administración , Hogares para Ancianos/organización & administración , Humanos , Entrevistas como Asunto , Perfil Laboral , Casas de Salud/organización & administración , Estrés Laboral/etiología , Cultura Organizacional , Rol Profesional , Investigación Cualitativa , Lugar de Trabajo/legislación & jurisprudenciaAsunto(s)
Conducta Compulsiva/psicología , Juego de Azar/psicología , Juegos de Video/economía , Personal Administrativo/ética , Personal Administrativo/legislación & jurisprudencia , Adolescente , Distinciones y Premios , Niño , Conducta Compulsiva/epidemiología , Humanos , Prevalencia , Asunción de Riesgos , Juegos de Video/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
No disponible
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Personal Administrativo/legislación & jurisprudencia , Unidades Hospitalarias/legislación & jurisprudencia , Oftalmología , Selección de Personal/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salud Pública , Administración de Personal en Hospitales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Rol ProfesionalAsunto(s)
Personal Administrativo/legislación & jurisprudencia , Conducta Adictiva/psicología , Medios de Comunicación Sociales/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Ansiedad/diagnóstico , Ansiedad/etiología , Conducta Adictiva/diagnóstico , Conducta Compulsiva/diagnóstico , Conducta Compulsiva/psicología , Depresión/diagnóstico , Depresión/etiología , Humanos , Internet , Medios de Comunicación Sociales/tendencias , Reino Unido/epidemiologíaAsunto(s)
Personal Administrativo/legislación & jurisprudencia , Unidades Hospitalarias/legislación & jurisprudencia , Oftalmología , Selección de Personal/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salud Pública , Humanos , Administración de Personal en Hospitales/legislación & jurisprudencia , Rol Profesional , EspañaAsunto(s)
Atención a la Salud/organización & administración , Atención a la Salud/normas , Servicios de Salud/normas , Mejoramiento de la Calidad/ética , Personal Administrativo/legislación & jurisprudencia , Comunicación , Humanos , Liderazgo , Competencia Mental/normas , Organizaciones/ética , Mejoramiento de la Calidad/normasRESUMEN
Issue: Pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) are responsible for negotiating payment rates for a large share of prescription drugs distributed in the U.S. Recently, policymakers have expressed concern that certain PBMs' business practices may not be consistent with public policy goals to improve the value of pharmaceutical spending. Goal: We sought to explain key controversies related to PBM practices and their roles in driving value in the pharmaceutical market. Methods: Literature review and feedback from top experts on PBM business practices and potential policy solutions. Key Findings and Conclusion: In some cases, PBMs' use of rebates has contributed to high pharmaceutical costs, yet proposed solutions to the rebate controversy--including passing the rebate through to payers or patients--will not on their own reduce overall pharmaceutical spending without other policies that drive toward value. Policymakers seeking to reform pharmaceutical reimbursement beyond the practice of rebates will need to consider these changes in light of the recent mergers between PBMs and insurers and the entry of new market competitors.
Asunto(s)
Personal Administrativo/economía , Personal Administrativo/legislación & jurisprudencia , Beneficios del Seguro/economía , Beneficios del Seguro/legislación & jurisprudencia , Seguro de Servicios Farmacéuticos/economía , Seguro de Servicios Farmacéuticos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Predicción , Formularios Farmacéuticos como Asunto , Sector de Atención de Salud/tendencias , Humanos , Reembolso de Seguro de Salud/economía , Reembolso de Seguro de Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Medicare Part D/economía , Medicare Part D/legislación & jurisprudencia , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Many well-known cases of 'medical manslaughter' have shown that systemic issues play a significant role in contributing to fatal errors in healthcare institutions. The most prominent NHS scandal, Mid Staffordshire, demonstrated that wrongful prioritization of resources and staff shortages had contributed to the deaths of between 400 and 1200 patients due to appalling care by nursing staff and doctors between 2005 and 2009. Following the scandal, the Trust was prosecuted and convicted of a criminal offence under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 in 2014 and 2015. In contrast, in a scandal of comparable scale across the Channel, 'the HIV-contaminated blood scandal', individual decision-makers were subject to criminal convictions. Learning from features of the French criminal process, and the aftermath of the 1980s French tainted blood scandal, this article argues that the criminal process can only be a useful response to healthcare systemic failings if higher-level decision-makers are also included in the scope of criminal liability when they have recklessly endangered patients. When no individual reckless fault is found on the part of decision-makers, corporate criminal liability is a suitable alternative to individual criminal liability, if it is focused on ensuring safety and offering justice to patients who have been harmed as a result of healthcare systemic failings.
Asunto(s)
Atención a la Salud/legislación & jurisprudencia , Atención a la Salud/normas , Infecciones por VIH/sangre , Infecciones por VIH/transmisión , Responsabilidad Legal , Mala Praxis , Medicina Estatal/legislación & jurisprudencia , Personal Administrativo/legislación & jurisprudencia , Derecho Penal , Toma de Decisiones , Francia , Homicidio/legislación & jurisprudencia , Humanos , Castigo , Insuficiencia del Tratamiento , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
Corruption in the construction industry is a serious problem in China. As such, fighting this corruption has become a priority target of the Chinese government, with the main effort being to discover and prosecute its perpetrators. This study profiles the demographic characteristics of major incidences of corruption in construction. It draws on the database of the 83 complete recorded cases of construction related corruption held by the Chinese National Bureau of Corruption Prevention. Categorical variables were drawn from the database, and 'association rule mining analysis' was used to identify associations between variables as a means of profiling perpetrators. Such profiling may be used as predictors of future incidences of corruption, and consequently to inform policy makers in their fight against corruption. The results signal corruption within the Chinese construction industry to be correlated with age, with incidences rising as managers' approach retirement age. Moreover, a majority of perpetrators operate within government agencies, are department deputies in direct contact with projects, and extort the greatest amounts per case from second tier cities. The relatively lengthy average 6.4-year period before cases come to public attention corroborates the view that current efforts at fighting corruption remain inadequate.