Germline PRKACA amplification-associated primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease: a case report and literature review.

Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) is a rare adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)-independent Cushing's syndrome (CS). Pediatric patients with PPNAD typically have unusual skin lesions and slow growth with unknown causes. We present a case of a female Chinese patient with PPNAD caused by the germline PRKACA gene copy number gain of chromosome 19. The patient initially presented with kidney stones, short stature, and obesity. After further testing, it was discovered that the patient had diabetes, mild hypertension, low bone mass, a low ACTH level, and hypercortisolemia, and neither the low-dose or high-dose dexamethasone suppression test was able to inhibit hematuric cortisol, which paradoxically increased. PPNAD was pathologically diagnosed after unilateral adrenalectomy. Chromosome microarrays and whole exon sequencing analyses of the peripheral blood, as well as testing of sectioned adrenal tissue, showed a rise in the copy number of the duplication-containing PRKACA gene on chromosome 19p13.13p13.12, a de novo but not heritable gene defect that causes disease. The clinical signs and symptoms supported the diagnosis of Carney complex (CNC). One significant mechanism of CNC pathogenesis may be the rise in germline PRKACA copy number of chromosome 19. When assessing PPNAD patients for CNC, the possibility of PRKACA gene amplification should be considered. The effect of PRKACA gene amplification on the clinical manifestations of CNC needs to be confirmed by more cases.

Children with Cushing's syndrome: Primary Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical Disease should always be suspected.

Primary Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical Disease (PPNAD) is a rare form of bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia that is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and leads to ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome (CS). PPNAD may be isolated or associated with Carney Complex (CNC). For the diagnosis of PPNAD and CNC, in addition to the hormonal and imaging tests, searching for PRKAR1A mutations may be recommended. The aims of the present study are to discuss the clinical and molecular findings of two Brazilian patients with ACTH-independent CS due to PPNAD and to show the diagnostic challenge CS represents in childhood. Description of two patients with CS and the many sequential steps for the diagnosis of PPNAD is provided. Sequencing analysis of all coding exons of PRKAR1A in the blood, frozen adrenal nodules (patients 1 and 2) and testicular tumor (patient 1) is performed. After several clinical and laboratory drawbacks that misled the diagnostic investigation in both patients, the diagnosis of PPNAD was finally established and confirmed through pathology and molecular studies. In patient 1, sequencing of PRKAR1A gene revealed a novel heterozygous 10-bp deletion in exon 3, present in his blood, adrenal gland and testicular tumor. The etiologic diagnosis of endogenous CS in children is a challenge that requires expertise and a multidisciplinary collaboration for its prompt and correct management. Although rare, PPNAD should always be considered among the possible etiologies of CS, due to the high prevalence of this disease in this age group.

Incidentaloma suprarrenal: a propósito de un caso / Adrenal incidentaloma. apropos of a case

El hallazgo de masas suprarrenales descubiertas de forma accidental ante la utilización de técnicas de imagen abdominales para el estudiode otras patologías es un problema cada vez màs frecuente.Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 44 años de edad a la que se descubrió una masa en la glándula suprarrenal derecha de formaaccidental. Su aparición requiere un estudio de funcionalidad hormonal y estudios con técnicas de imagen para determinar su naturaleza,tamaño y tratamiento...

Abdominal masses discovered accidentally during abdominal imaging perfomed for other reasons, are a common problem. We report a case of a 44 years old woman with a right adrenal masse incidentally discovered, this study requires the exclusion of hypersecreting lesions and imaging studies to determine its nature, size and treatment.

Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease and Cushing's syndrome

Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) is a form of bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia that is often associated with corticotrophin (ACTH)-independent Cushing's syndrome (CS) and is characterized by small to normal-sized adrenal glands containing multiple small cortical pigmented nodules (1,2). PPNAD may occur in an isolated form or associated with a multiple neoplasia syndrome, the complex of spotty skin pigmentation, myxomas, and endocrine overactivity, or Carney complex, in which Cushing's syndrome is the most common endocrine manifestation (3). Molecular studies have led to the identification of several genes, defects in which may predispose PPNAD formation; all of these molecules play important role for the cAMP signaling pathway. This review intends to present the most recent knowledge of the pathology and molecular genetics of the benign bilateral adrenocortical lesions, as well as to discuss the modern tools for diagnostics and treatment of this condition.

A doença adrenocortical nodular pigmentada primária (PPNAD) é uma forma de hiperplasia adrenocortical bilateral que está freqüentemente associada com a síndrome de Cushing (SC) ACTH-independente, sendo caracterizada por glândulas adrenais de tamanho pequeno ou normal contendo múltiplos nódulos corticais pigmentados pequenos. PPNAD pode ocorrer de forma isolada ou associada com uma síndrome de neoplasia múltipla, o complexo de manchas pigmentadas na pele (lentigíneas), mixomas e hiperatividade endócrina, ou complexo de Carney, no qual a SC é a manifestação endócrina mais comum. Estudos moleculares levaram à identificação de vários genes que, quando mutados, podem predispor à formação da PPNAD; todas essas moléculas têm um papel importante na via de sinalização do AMPc. Esta revisão pretende apresentar os conhecimentos mais recentes sobre a patologia e a genética molecular das lesões adrenocorticais benignas bilaterais e discutir os modernos instrumentos para diagnóstico e tratamento dessa condição.

Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease and Cushing's syndrome.

Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) is a form of bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia that is often associated with corticotrophin (ACTH)-independent Cushing's syndrome (CS) and is characterized by small to normal-sized adrenal glands containing multiple small cortical pigmented nodules (1,2). PPNAD may occur in an isolated form or associated with a multiple neoplasia syndrome, the complex of spotty skin pigmentation, myxomas, and endocrine overactivity, or Carney complex, in which Cushing's syndrome is the most common endocrine manifestation (3). Molecular studies have led to the identification of several genes, defects in which may predispose PPNAD formation; all of these molecules play important role for the cAMP signaling pathway. This review intends to present the most recent knowledge of the pathology and molecular genetics of the benign bilateral adrenocortical lesions, as well as to discuss the modern tools for diagnostics and treatment of this condition.

Clinical and molecular genetics of primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease

Complexo de Carney (CNC) é uma síndrome de neoplasia endócrina múltipla (MEN) associada com outras manifestações não endócrinas, como lentígenes, cardiomixomas e adenomas de células de Schwann. A doença nodular pigmentada primária da adrenal (PPNAD), que apresenta-se como síndrome de Cushing independente de corticotropina é a lesão mais freqüente observada em CNC. O CNC tem sido relacionados aos sítios cromossômicos 2p16 e 17q22-24, entretanto, heterogenicidade pode ocorrer. O gene codificador da proteína reguladora tipo 1A da proteína quinase A(RIa), PRKAR1A, tem sido localizado no cromossomo 17q. A clonagem da estrutura genômica e seqüenciamento do gene PRKAR1A revelou mutações em pacientes com CNC e em formas esporádicas de PPNAD. Em tumores de pacientes com CNC, a proteína quinase A apresenta uma resposta de atividade maior após o estímulo com AMPc. Também, nestes tecidos, é observada a perda de heterozigose do alelo normal. Isto sugere que o gene normal do PRKAR1A pode funcionar como um gene de supressão tumoral nos tecidos estudados. CNC é a primeira doença conhecida a ocorrer devido a mutações de uma das sub-unidades da proteína quinase A, um componente crucial na via de sinalização do AMPc e um potencial participante de outras vias de sinalização celular.

Clinical and molecular genetics of primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease.

Carney complex (CNC) is a multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome associated with other, non-endocrine manifestations such as lentigines, cardiac myxomas and schwannomas. Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD), leading to corticotrophin-independent Cushing's syndrome is the most frequent endocrine lesion in CNC. The complex has been mapped to 2p16 and 17q22-24, although additional heterogeneity may exist. The gene coding for the protein kinase A (PKA) type I-a regulatory subunit (RIa), PRKAR1A, had been mapped to 17q. Cloning of the PRKAR1A genomic structure and its sequencing showed mutations in CNC-, CNC with PPNAD- and sporadic PPNAD-patients. In CNC tumors, PKA activity showed increased stimulation by cAMP, whereas PKA activity ratio was decreased, and in CNC tumors, there is LOH of the normal allele, suggesting that normal PRKAR1A may be a tumor suppressor in these tissues. CNC is the first human disease caused by mutations of one of the subunits of the PKA enzyme, a critical component of the cAMP signaling system and a potential participant in many other signaling pathways.

Un caso de síndrome de Cushing por hiperplasia nodular pigmentaria primaria / A case of primary pigmented nodular edrenocortical disease

La hiperplasia nodular pigmentaria primaria es una causa rara de síndrome de Cushing, con predilección en adultos jóvenes del género femenino. En el laboratorio está caracterizada por un hipercortisolismo independiente de ACTH; en el estudio histopatológico por múltiples nódulos corticales pequeños y obscuros, de células grandes, citoplasma con eosinofilia y lipofuscina que le dan una particularidad distintiva; además puede encontrarse una atrofia internodular el tratamiento de elección es la adrenalectomía bilateral. En este reporte damos a conocer el caso de una mujer de 32 años de edad con hiperplasia nodular pigmentaria primaria; además presentamos una revisión de la literatura