Effects of supplementation with vitamins C and E on the acute inflammatory response in Piaractus mesopotamicus / Efeitos da suplementação com vitaminas C e E na resposta inflamatória aguda em Piaractus mesopotamicus

Vitamins C and E are potent antioxidants that reduces the harmful effects of stress in several species including fish. In this study, it was evaluated the effect of vitamins C, E and their combination in the acute aerocystitis induced by inactivated Aeromonas hydrophila in pacu. 288 fish were distributed into 4 groups supplemented for 90 days: G1-control; G2- supplemented with 500 mg of Vitamin C; G3-supplemented with 500 mg of Vitamin E; G4-supplemented with 500 mg of Vitamin C + 500 mg of Vitamin E. The fish were divided in three groups, the first was not inoculated; second were inoculated in the swim bladder with 3 x 109 CFU of inactivated A. hydrophila and the last one with saline. The inflammatory exudate was collected from the swim bladder for assessment of cellular component and cytochemistry. The results showed higher accumulation of leukocytes in fish inoculated with bacteria. Cytochemistry was effective identifying thrombocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages and, granulocytes present in the exudate. It was also observed fish that received supplementation with vitamins presented higher accumulation of total cells in the exudate with a predominance of lymphocytes and thrombocytes. These results suggested that supplementation with vitamins improved the immunological responses.

As vitaminas C e E são potentes antioxidantes que reduzem os efeitos nocivos do estresse em várias espécies, incluindo peixes. Neste estudo, avaliou-se o efeito das vitaminas C, E e sua combinação na aerocistite aguda induzida por Aeromonas hydrophila inativada em pacu. 288 peixes foram distribuídos em 4 grupos suplementados por 90 dias: G1-controle; G2- suplementado com 500 mg de Vitamina C; G3-suplementado com 500 mg de Vitamina E; G4-suplementado com 500 mg de Vitamina C + 500 mg de Vitamina E. Os peixes foram divididos em três grupos, o primeiro não foi inoculado; o segundo foi inoculado na bexiga natatória com 3 x 109 UFC de A. hydrophila inativada e a última com soro fisiológico. O exsudato inflamatório foi coletado da bexiga natatória para avaliação do componente celular e citoquímica. Os resultados mostraram maior acúmulo de leucócitos nos peixes inoculados com a bactéria. A citoquímica foi eficaz na identificação de trombócitos, linfócitos, macrófagos e granulócitos presentes no exsudato. Também foi observado que os peixes que receberam suplementação com vitaminas apresentaram maior acúmulo de células totais no exsudato com predominância de linfócitos e trombócitos. Esses resultados sugeriram que a suplementação com vitaminas melhorou as respostas imunológicas.

Aerossacolitis and pneumonia in an Indian peafowl caused by Lactobacillus agilis

Background: The peafowl is an ornamental bird that has the habit of eating directly from the earthy soil, which makes thisbird more susceptible to endoparasites. One important endoparasite is Eucoleus contortus, which leads to inflammatoryprocesses that alter the local microbiota, potentializing disease. By the other way, a member of the birds microbiota thereis the genus Lactobacillus, but when occurs some imbalance, these bacteria can overgrowth and even cause some infection.This report describes the pathological and microbiological findings of chronic necrotizing pneumonia and aerossacolitiscaused by Lactobacillus agilis in a peafowl, associated with parasitism by E. contortus.Case: A peafowl (Pavo cristatus), adult, male, who lived on a farm with contact with other species of animal, was submittedto post-mortem examination due to sudden death. This animal lived in an extensive system on the property and was the onlyone of its species. During the gross evaluation, the air sacs were filled with solid yellowish crumbly material. The samematerial was observed forming well-defined nodules that occupied > 50% of the lung parenchyma. Histological analysisshowed multiple parabronchi dilated and filled with caseous necrosis, characterized by abundant cellular debris and fibrindeposition. These areas were surrounded by the proliferation of fibrous connective tissue and inflammatory infiltrate ofmacrophages, giant cells, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. The air sacs parenchyma showed fibrin deposition and mixedinflammatory infiltrate. Multiple gram-positive bacilli were observed within the caseous foci in Gram-stained slides. Inthe crop and esophageal mucosa, cross-sections of filiform nematodes morphologically compatible with E. contortus wereassociated with chronic inflammatory infiltrate and epidermal hyperkeratosis. A lung section was submitted to GramBrown-Hopps and Ziehl-Neelsen...(AU)

Aerossacolitis and pneumonia in an Indian peafowl caused by Lactobacillus agilis

Background: The peafowl is an ornamental bird that has the habit of eating directly from the earthy soil, which makes thisbird more susceptible to endoparasites. One important endoparasite is Eucoleus contortus, which leads to inflammatoryprocesses that alter the local microbiota, potentializing disease. By the other way, a member of the bird’s microbiota thereis the genus Lactobacillus, but when occurs some imbalance, these bacteria can overgrowth and even cause some infection.This report describes the pathological and microbiological findings of chronic necrotizing pneumonia and aerossacolitiscaused by Lactobacillus agilis in a peafowl, associated with parasitism by E. contortus.Case: A peafowl (Pavo cristatus), adult, male, who lived on a farm with contact with other species of animal, was submittedto post-mortem examination due to sudden death. This animal lived in an extensive system on the property and was the onlyone of its species. During the gross evaluation, the air sacs were filled with solid yellowish crumbly material. The samematerial was observed forming well-defined nodules that occupied > 50% of the lung parenchyma. Histological analysisshowed multiple parabronchi dilated and filled with caseous necrosis, characterized by abundant cellular debris and fibrindeposition. These areas were surrounded by the proliferation of fibrous connective tissue and inflammatory infiltrate ofmacrophages, giant cells, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. The air sacs parenchyma showed fibrin deposition and mixedinflammatory infiltrate. Multiple gram-positive bacilli were observed within the caseous foci in Gram-stained slides. Inthe crop and esophageal mucosa, cross-sections of filiform nematodes morphologically compatible with E. contortus wereassociated with chronic inflammatory infiltrate and epidermal hyperkeratosis. A lung section was submitted to GramBrown-Hopps and Ziehl-Neelsen...

A incidência de aerossaculite na produção de frango de corte / The incidence of airsacculitis in the production of broiler

Esta revisão de literatura foi conduzida com o objetivo de contribuir para o conhecimento a respeito de uma das principais infecções respiratórias que podem acometer os frangos de corte, denominada aerossaculite. Essa patologia é de extrema importância para as empresas avícolas pois, uma vez que causa o acometimento dos sacos aéreos, desencadeia grandes perdas econômicas para o produtor em decorrência da condenação de sua carcaça. Dessa forma, foi discutido a incidência que a aerossaculite tem sobre os sistemas de criação, as principais causas que podem levar a contaminação e a disseminação dessa patogenia e como o produtor pode prevenir a exposição dos animais a essa infecção, visando assim a melhor qualidade e aceitação desse produto no mercado interno e externo.

This literature review was conducted with the objective of contributing to the knowledge of one of the main respiratory infections that can be accompanied by broilers, called airsacculitis. This pathology is of extreme importance for poultry companies, since it causes the attack of the air sacs, it triggers great economic losses for the producer due to the condemnation of its carcass. Thus, it was discussed the incidence of airsacculitis on breeding systems, as the main causes that can lead to a contamination and a dissemination of the pathogenesis and how the producer can prevent an exposure of the animals to this infection, aiming at the best quality and acceptance of the product in the internal and external market.

A incidência de aerossaculite na produção de frango de corte / The incidence of airsacculitis in the production of broiler

Esta revisão de literatura foi conduzida com o objetivo de contribuir para o conhecimento a respeito de uma das principais infecções respiratórias que podem acometer os frangos de corte, denominada aerossaculite. Essa patologia é de extrema importância para as empresas avícolas pois, uma vez que causa o acometimento dos sacos aéreos, desencadeia grandes perdas econômicas para o produtor em decorrência da condenação de sua carcaça. Dessa forma, foi discutido a incidência que a aerossaculite tem sobre os sistemas de criação, as principais causas que podem levar a contaminação e a disseminação dessa patogenia e como o produtor pode prevenir a exposição dos animais a essa infecção, visando assim a melhor qualidade e aceitação desse produto no mercado interno e externo.(AU)

This literature review was conducted with the objective of contributing to the knowledge of one of the main respiratory infections that can be accompanied by broilers, called airsacculitis. This pathology is of extreme importance for poultry companies, since it causes the attack of the air sacs, it triggers great economic losses for the producer due to the condemnation of its carcass. Thus, it was discussed the incidence of airsacculitis on breeding systems, as the main causes that can lead to a contamination and a dissemination of the pathogenesis and how the producer can prevent an exposure of the animals to this infection, aiming at the best quality and acceptance of the product in the internal and external market.(AU)

Time series evaluation of traumatic lesions and airsacculitis at one poultry abattoir in the state of São Paulo, Brazil (1996-2005).

Ten year official condemnation records of one officially inspected poultry abattoir in state of São Paulo, Brazil, were analyzed. Seasonal and cyclical trends were analyzed in relation to traumatic lesions and airsacculitis, which were the most relevant official condemnation causes. Time series analysis of the records, seasonal indexes and moving averages was used to describe the adherence to the mathematical model and to offer preventive management strategies for the slaughterhouse industry. Although cause-effect relationships were not defined, some insight was given into the causal mechanisms that generated the series.

Histopathological analysis of sublethal toxicity of zinc chloride to the respiratory organs of the airbreathing catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch).

Sublethal toxicity of zinc chloride (ZnCl2; 7.5 ppm: 10% of 96 h LC50 value) on the aerial (accessory respiratory organs or air sacs) and branchial (gills) respiratory organs of Heteropneustes fossilis has been analysed histopathologically. Zinc chloride exposure cause certain common but severe damage to both tissues. The prominent changes in the accessory respiratory organs include periodic deformation of lamellar elements, haemorrhages due to necrosis and sloughing off of the respiratory epithelium, and hyperplasia accompanied by fusion of secondary lamellae. Subsequently, regeneration of the lamellar system from the focal inflammatory tissues takes place. Deposition of glycogen in the muscular layer indicates disturbed aerial respiration. The alterations in the gills include periodic lifting off of the respiratory epithelium, extensive intercellular vacuolization and occasional fusion of secondary lamellae, resulting in increased thickness of primary and secondary lamellae. Fusion of secondary lamellae reduces the surface area for gaseous exchange. The increased thickness of the respiratory epithelium due to uncontrolled hyperplasia of the epithelial cells, also increases the diffusion distance between the ambient and vascular components. Vasodilation in the secondary lamellae of the gills and periodic fluctuations in the mucous cell density are also observed at various stages of ZnCl2 exposure.