Cunninghamella echinulata DSM1905 biofilm-based L-asparaginase production in pneumatically-driven bioreactors.

We evaluated by comparing the performance of three pneumatically-driven bioreactors in the production of L-asparaginase (L-ASNase), an enzyme used to treat leukaemia and lymphoma. A two-step screening process was conducted to detect Cunninghamella spp. strains producing L-ASNase. Cunninghamella echinulata DSM1905 produced the highest levels of L-ASNase during screening assays. Subsequently, fermentations were performed in bubble column (BCR), airlift (ALR), and hybrid fixed-bed airlift (FB-ALR) bioreactors to determine the best upstream bioprocess. Mycelial biomass production was higher in BCR than in ALR and FB-ALR (p ≤ 0.0322). The activity of L-ASNase produced in FB-ALR, in which the fungus grew as a consistent biofilm, was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.022) than that from ALR, which was higher than that of BCR (p = 0.036). The specific activity of ALR and FB-ALR presented no differences (p = 0.073), but it was higher than that of BCR (p ≤ 0.032). In conclusion, C. echinulata DSM1905, grown under the biofilm phenotype, produced the highest levels of L-ASNase, and FB-ALR was the best upstream system for enzyme production.

L-Asparaginase producing ability of Aspergillus species isolated from tapioca root soil and optimized ideal growth parameters for L-Asparaginase production.

This research was designed to isolate the predominant L-asparaginase-producing fungus from rhizosphere soil of tapioca field and assess the suitable growth conditions required to produce maximum L-asparaginase activity. The Aspergillus tubingensis was identified as a predominant L-asparaginase producing fungal isolate from 15 isolates, and it was characterized by 18S rRNA sequencing. The L-asparaginase-producing activity was confirmed by pink color zone formation around the colonies in modified Czapek Dox agar plate supplemented with 1% L-Asparagine. The optimal growth conditions required for the L-asparaginase production by A. tubingensis were optimized as pH 6.0, temperature 30 °C, glucose as carbon source, 1.5% of L-Asparagine, ammonium sulphate as nitrogen source, rice husk as natural L-Asparagine enriched source, and 8 days of the incubation period. The L-Asparaginase activity from A. tubingensis was excellent under these optimal growth conditions. It significantly used rice husk as an alternative to synthetic L-Asparagine. As a result, this may be considered a sustainable method of converting organic waste into valuable raw material for microbial enzyme production.

Improving the production of recombinant L-Asparaginase-II in Escherichia coli by co-expressing catabolite repressor activator (cra) gene.

Identification of a single genetic target for microbial strain improvement is difficult due to the complexity of the genetic regulatory network. Hence, a more practical approach is to identify bottlenecks in the regulatory networks that control critical metabolic pathways. The present work focuses on enhancing cellular physiology by increasing the metabolic flux through the central carbon metabolic pathway. Global regulator cra (catabolite repressor activator), a DNA-binding transcriptional dual regulator was selected for the study as it controls the expression of a large number of operons that modulate central carbon metabolism. To upregulate the activity of central carbon metabolism, the cra gene was co-expressed using a plasmid-based system. Co-expression of cra led to a 17% increase in the production of model recombinant protein L-Asparaginase-II. A pulse addition of 0.36% of glycerol every two hours post-induction, further increased the production of L-Asparaginase-II by 35% as compared to the control strain expressing only recombinant protein. This work exemplifies that upregulating the activity of central carbon metabolism by tuning the expression of regulatory genes like cra can relieve the host from cellular stress and thereby promote the growth as well as expression of recombinant hosts.

Studies on the recombinant production and anticancer activity of thermostable L- asparaginase I from Pyrococcus abyssi / Estudos sobre a produção recombinante e atividade anticancerígena da L-asparaginase I termoestável de Pyrococcus abyssi

L-Asparaginase catalysing the breakdown of L-Asparagine to L-Aspartate and ammonia is an enzyme of therapeutic importance in the treatment of cancer, especially the lymphomas and leukaemia. The present study describes the recombinant production, properties and anticancer potential of enzyme from a hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus abyssi. There are two genes coding for asparaginase in the genome of this organism. A 918 bp gene encoding 305 amino acids was PCR amplified and cloned in BL21 (DE3) strain of E. coli using pET28a (+) plasmid. The production of recombinant enzyme was induced under 0.5mM IPTG, purified by selective heat denaturation and ion exchange chromatography. Purified enzyme was analyzed for kinetics, in silico structure and anticancer properties. The recombinant enzyme has shown a molecular weight of 33 kDa, specific activity of 1175 U/mg, KM value 2.05mM, optimum temperature and pH 80°C and 8 respectively. No detectable enzyme activity found when L-Glutamine was used as the substrate. In silico studies have shown that the enzyme exists as a homodimer having Arg11, Ala87, Thr110, His112, Gln142, Leu172, and Lys232 being the putative active site residues. The free energy change calculated by molecular docking studies of enzyme and substrate was found as ∆G ­ 4.5 kJ/mole indicating the affinity of enzyme with the substrate. IC50 values of 5U/mL to 7.5U/mL were determined for FB, caco2 cells and HepG2 cells. A calculated amount of enzyme (5U/mL) exhibited 78% to 55% growth inhibition of caco2 and HepG2 cells. In conclusion, the recombinant enzyme produced and characterized in the present study offers a good candidate for the treatment of cancer. The procedures adopted in the present study can be prolonged for in vivo studies.

A L-asparaginase, que catalisa a degradação da L-asparagina em L-aspartato e amônia, é uma enzima de importância terapêutica no tratamento do câncer, especialmente dos linfomas e da leucemia. O presente estudo descreve a produção recombinante, propriedades e potencial anticancerígeno da enzima de Pyrococcus abyssi, um archaeon hipertermofílico. Existem dois genes que codificam para a asparaginase no genoma desse organismo. Um gene de 918 bp, que codifica 305 aminoácidos, foi amplificado por PCR e clonado na cepa BL21 (DE3) de E. coli usando o plasmídeo pET28a (+). A produção da enzima recombinante foi induzida sob 0,5mM de IPTG, purificada por desnaturação seletiva por calor e cromatografia de troca iônica. A enzima purificada foi analisada quanto à cinética, estrutura in silico e propriedades anticancerígenas. A enzima recombinante apresentou peso molecular de 33 kDa, atividade específica de 1.175 U / mg, valor de KM 2,05 mM, temperatura ótima de 80º C e pH 8. Nenhuma atividade enzimática detectável foi encontrada quando a L-glutamina foi usada como substrato. Estudos in silico mostraram que a enzima existe como um homodímero, com Arg11, Ala87, Thr110, His112, Gln142, Leu172 e Lys232 sendo os resíduos do local ativo putativo. A mudança de energia livre calculada por estudos de docking molecular da enzima e do substrato foi encontrada como ∆G ­ 4,5 kJ / mol, indicando a afinidade da enzima com o substrato. Valores de IC50 de 5U / mL a 7,5U / mL foram determinados para células FB, células caco2 e células HepG2. Uma quantidade de enzima (5U / mL) apresentou inibição de crescimento de 78% a 55% das células caco2 e HepG2, respectivamente. Em conclusão, a enzima recombinante produzida e caracterizada no presente estudo é uma boa possibilidade para o tratamento do câncer. Os procedimentos adotados na presente pesquisa podem ser aplicados para estudos in vivo.

Optimization of L-asparaginase production from endophytic Fusarium proliferatum using OFAT and RSM and its cytotoxic evaluation.

L-asparaginase from endophytic Fusarium proliferatum (isolate CCH, GenBank accession no. MK685139) isolated from the medicinal plant Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon grass), was optimized for its L-asparaginase production and its subsequent cytotoxicity towards Jurkat E6 cell line. The following factors were optimized; carbon source and concentration, nitrogen source and concentration, incubation period, temperature, pH and agitation rate. Optimization of L-asparaginase production was performed using One-Factor-At-A-Time (OFAT) and Response surface methodology (RSM) model. The cytotoxicity of the crude enzyme from isolate CCH was tested on leukemic Jurkat E6 cell line. The optimization exercise revealed that glucose concentration, nitrogen source, L-asparagine concentration and temperature influenced the L-asparaginase production of CCH. The optimum condition suggested using OFAT and RSM results were consistent. As such, the recommended conditions were 0.20% of glucose, 0.99% of L-asparagine and 5.34 days incubation at 30.50 °C. The L-asparaginase production of CCH increased from 16.75 ± 0.76 IU/mL to 22.42 ± 0.20 IU/mL after optimization. The cytotoxicity of the crude enzyme on leukemic Jurkat cell line recorded IC50 value at 33.89 ± 2.63% v/v. To conclude, the enzyme extract produced from Fusarium proliferatum under optimized conditions is a potential alternative resource for L-asparaginase.

[Molecular modification and highly efficient expression of L-asparaginase from Rhizomucor miehei].

L-asparaginase hydrolyzes L-asparagine to produce L-aspartic acid and ammonia. It is widely distributed in microorganisms, plants and serum of some rodents, and has important applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. However, the poor thermal stability, low catalytic efficiency and low yield hampered the further application of L-asparaginase. In this paper, rational design and 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) design strategies were used to increase the specific enzyme activity and protein expression of L-asparaginase derived from Rhizomucor miehei (RmAsnase). The results showed that among the six mutants constructed through homology modeling combined with sequence alignment, the specific enzyme activity of the mutant A344E was 1.5 times higher than the wild type. Subsequently, a food-safe strain Bacillus subtilis 168/pMA5-A344E was constructed, and the UTR strategy was used for the construction of recombinant strain B. subtilis 168/pMA5 UTR-A344E. The enzyme activity of B. subtilis 168/pMA5 UTR-A344E was 7.2 times higher than that of B. subtilis 168/pMA5-A344E. The recombinant strain B. subtilis 168/pMA5 UTR-A344E was scaled up in 5 L fermenter, and the final yield of L-asparaginase was 489.1 U/mL, showing great potential for industrial application.

Microbial production, molecular modification, and practical application of l-Asparaginase: A review.

L-Asparaginase (L-ASNase, EC 3.5.1.1), an antitumor drug for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy, is widely used in the clinical field. Similarly, L-ASNase is also a powerful and significant biological tool in the food industry to inhibit acrylamide (AA) formation. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest achievements and improvements in the production, modification, and application of microbial L-ASNase. To date, the expression levels and optimization of expression hosts such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Pichia pastoris, have made significant progress. In addition, examples of successful modification of L-ASNase such as decreasing glutaminase activity, increasing the in vivo stability, and enhancing thermostability have been presented. Impressively, the application of L-ASNase as a food addition aid, as well as its commercialization in the pharmaceutical field, and cutting-edge biosensor application developments have been summarized. The presented results and proposed ideas could be a good guide for other L-ASNase researchers in both scientific and practical fields.

Studies on the recombinant production and anticancer activity of thermostable L- asparaginase I from Pyrococcus abyssi.

L-Asparaginase catalysing the breakdown of L-Asparagine to L-Aspartate and ammonia is an enzyme of therapeutic importance in the treatment of cancer, especially the lymphomas and leukaemia. The present study describes the recombinant production, properties and anticancer potential of enzyme from a hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus abyssi. There are two genes coding for asparaginase in the genome of this organism. A 918 bp gene encoding 305 amino acids was PCR amplified and cloned in BL21 (DE3) strain of E. coli using pET28a (+) plasmid. The production of recombinant enzyme was induced under 0.5mM IPTG, purified by selective heat denaturation and ion exchange chromatography. Purified enzyme was analyzed for kinetics, in silico structure and anticancer properties. The recombinant enzyme has shown a molecular weight of 33 kDa, specific activity of 1175 U/mg, KM value 2.05mM, optimum temperature and pH 80°C and 8 respectively. No detectable enzyme activity found when L-Glutamine was used as the substrate. In silico studies have shown that the enzyme exists as a homodimer having Arg11, Ala87, Thr110, His112, Gln142, Leu172, and Lys232 being the putative active site residues. The free energy change calculated by molecular docking studies of enzyme and substrate was found as ∆G - 4.5 kJ/mole indicating the affinity of enzyme with the substrate. IC50 values of 5U/mL to 7.5U/mL were determined for FB, caco2 cells and HepG2 cells. A calculated amount of enzyme (5U/mL) exhibited 78% to 55% growth inhibition of caco2 and HepG2 cells. In conclusion, the recombinant enzyme produced and characterized in the present study offers a good candidate for the treatment of cancer. The procedures adopted in the present study can be prolonged for in vivo studies.

L-asparaginase production review: bioprocess design and biochemical characteristics.

In the past decades, the production of biopharmaceuticals has gained high interest due to its great sensitivity, specificity, and lower risk of negative effects to patients. Biopharmaceuticals are mostly therapeutic recombinant proteins produced through biotechnological processes. In this context, L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolase, L-ASNase (E.C. 3.5.1.1)) is a therapeutic enzyme that has been abundantly studied by researchers due to its antineoplastic properties. As a biopharmaceutical, L-ASNase has been used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), and other lymphoid malignancies, in combination with other drugs. Besides its application as a biopharmaceutical, this enzyme is widely used in food processing industries as an acrylamide mitigation agent and as a biosensor for the detection of L-asparagine in physiological fluids at nano-levels. The great demand for L-ASNase is supplied by recombinant enzymes from Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi. However, production processes are associated to low yields and proteins associated to immunogenicity problems, which leads to the search for a better enzyme source. Considering the L-ASNase pharmacological and food importance, this review provides an overview of the current biotechnological developments in L-ASNase production and biochemical characterization aiming to improve the knowledge about its production. KEY POINTS: • Microbial enzyme applications as biopharmaceutical and in food industry • Biosynthesis process: from the microorganism to bioreactor technology • Enzyme activity and kinetic properties: crucial for the final application.

Improvement in extracellular secretion of recombinant L-asparaginase II by Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using glycine and n-dodecane.

L-asparaginase II (ASNase) is the biopharmaceutical of choice for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. In this study, E. coli BL21 (DE3) transformed with the pET15b + asnB vector which expresses recombinant ASNase was used as a source to obtain this enzyme. The ideal conditions to produce ASNase would be a high level of secretion into the extracellular medium, which depends not only on the application of molecular biology techniques but also on the development of a strategy to modify cell permeability such as the addition of substances to the culture medium that stimulate destabilisation of structural components of the cell. Thus, the growth of E. coli BL21 (DE3) in modified Luria-Bertani broth, supplemented with 0.8% (w/v) glycine and 6% (v/v) n-dodecane, increased the total yield of ASNase by about 50% (15,108 IU L-1) and resulted in a 16-fold increase in extracellular enzymatic productivity (484 IU L-1 h-1), compared to production using the same medium without addition of these substances. Most of the enzyme (89%) was secreted into the culture medium 24 h after the induction step. This proposed approach presents a simple strategy to increase extracellular production of ASNase in E. coli.

Fungal endophytes from leaves of Mandevilla catimbauensis (Apocynaceae): diversity and potential for L-asparaginase production.

In this study, we examined endophytic fungi in leaves of Mandevilla catimbauensis, an endemic plant species found in the Brazilian dry forest (Caatinga), and endophytic fungi's potential to produce L-asparaginase (L-ASNase). In total, 66 endophytes were isolated, and the leaf-fragment colonisation rate was 11.78%. Based on morphology, internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and partial large subunit (LSU) of ribosomal DNA sequencing, the endophytic fungi isolated belonged to six Ascomycota orders (Botryosphaeriales, Capnodiales, Diaporthales, Eurotiales, Marthamycetales, and Pleosporales). Phyllosticta species were the most frequent endophytes isolated (23 isolates [45.1%] from two species). The Shannon-Wiener and Fisher alpha index average values were 0.56 and 3.26, respectively. Twenty endophytes were randomly selected for the L-ASNase production test, of which fourteen isolates showed potential to produce the enzyme (0.48-2.22 U g-1), especially Phyllosticta catimbauensis URM 7672 (2.22 U g-1) and Cladosporium sp. G45 (2.11 U g-1). Phyllosticta catimbauensis URM 7672 was selected for the partial optimisation of L-ASNase production because of its ability to generate considerable amounts of enzyme. We obtained the highest L-ASNase activity (3.47 U g-1), representing an increase of 36.02% in enzymatic production, under the following experimental conditions: a pH of 4.2, 1.0% inoculum concentration, and 2.5% L-asparagine concentration. Our study showed that M. catimbauensis harbours an important diversity of endophytic fungi with biotechnological potential for L-ASNase production.

Production of Chemotherapeutic Enzyme L-asparaginase from a Fungal Source.

BACKGROUND: L-Asparaginase is an antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of acute myeloid and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The present study deals with the production of this chemotherapeutic enzyme drug from Aspergillus flavus NCIM 526. The production of enzymes was carried out using oil-extracted cakes in a shake flask culture. Process parameters like carbon and nitrogen sources were also taken into account. METHODS: A total of six isolates were used to screen out efficient microorganisms for enzyme production. Aspergillus flavus NCIM 526 exhibited 138 IU/ml of enzyme activity in oil extracted mix cake after 96 hours of the incubation period. Molasses and l-asparagine were proved to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for enzyme production. The enzyme was purified by column chromatography and the finest enzyme exhibited specific activity of 28 IU/mg. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The fungal enzyme exhibited low Km values as compared with standard E. coli L-asparaginase, proving more substrate affinity of fungal enzyme than bacterial enzymes. CONCLUSION: The study explored the Aspergillus flavus NCIM 526 as a potential fungal source for high yield production of antileukemic enzyme drugs.

Bioprospecting of the agaricomycete Ganoderma australe GPC191 as novel source for L-asparaginase production.

L-Asparaginase is a therapeutically and industrially-competent enzyme, acting predominantly as an anti-neoplastic and anti-cancerous agent. The existing formulations of prokaryotic L-asparaginase are often toxic and contain L-glutaminase and urease residues, thereby increasing the purification steps. Production of L-glutaminase and urease free L-asparaginase is thus desired. In this research, bioprospecting of isolates from the less explored class Agaricomycetes was undertaken for L-asparaginase production. Plate assay (using phenol red and bromothymol blue dyes) was performed followed by estimation of L-asparaginase, L-glutaminase and urease activities by Nesslerization reaction for all the isolates. The isolate displaying the desired enzyme production was subjected to morphological, molecular identification, and phylogenetic analysis with statistical validation using Jukes-Cantor by Neighbour-joining tree of Maximum Likelihood statistical method. Among the isolates, Ganoderma australe GPC191 with significantly high zone index value (5.581 ± 0.045 at 120 h) and enzyme activity (1.57 ± 0.006 U/mL), devoid of L-glutaminase and urease activity was selected. The present study for the first-time reported G. australe as the potential source of L-glutaminase and urease-free L-asparaginase and also is one of the few studies contributing to the literature of G. australe in India. Hence, it can be postulated that it may find its future application in pharmaceutical and food industries.

Bacillus sonorensis L. Asparaginase: Cloning, Expression in E. coli and Characterization.

L-asparaginases (L-ASNases; EC 3.5.1.1) are aminohydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of L-asparagine (L-Asn) to L-aspartic acid and ammonia, resulting in the death of acute lymphoblastic leukemic cells and other blood cancer cells. In this study, Bacillus sonorensis (accession number MK523484) uncharacterized L-ASNase gene (accession number MN562875) was isolated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloned into pET28a (+) vector, and expressed in Escherichia coli as a cytosolic protein. The recombinant enzyme was purified by affinity chromatography at 23.79-fold and 49.37% recovery. Denaturing polyacrylamide gel (10%) analysis of the purified enzyme resulted in a single protein band at 36 kDa that immunoreacted strongly with 6His-tag monoclonal antibody. The purified enzyme exhibited optimal activity at 45 °C and pH 7.0 and retained 92% and 85% of its initial activity after incubation for 60 min at 37 °C and 45 °C, respectively. The purified enzyme exhibited substrate specificity toward L-asparagine and low glutaminase activity (15.72%) toward L-glutamine at a concentration of 10 mM. The Km and Vmax values were 2.004 mM and 3723 µmol min1-, respectively.

A novel knock out strategy to enhance recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli.

BACKGROUND: The expression of recombinant proteins triggers a stress response which downregulates key metabolic pathway genes leading to a decline in cellular health and feedback inhibition of both growth and protein expression. Instead of individually upregulating these downregulated genes or improving transcription rates by better vector design, an innovative strategy would be to block this stress response thereby ensuring a sustained level of protein expression. RESULTS: We postulated that the genes which are commonly up-regulated post induction may play the role of signalling messengers in mounting the cellular stress response. We identified those genes which have no known downstream regulatees and created knock outs which were then tested for GFP expression. Many of these knock outs showed significantly higher expression levels which was also sustained for longer periods. The highest product yield (Yp/x) was observed in a BW25113ΔcysJ knock out (Yp/x 0.57) and BW25113ΔelaA (Yp/x 0.49), whereas the Yp/x of the control W3110 strain was 0.08 and BW25113 was 0.16. Double knock out combinations were then created from the ten best performing single knock outs leading to a further enhancement in expression levels. Out of 45 double knock outs created, BW25113ΔelaAΔyhbC (Yp/x 0.7) and BW25113ΔcysJΔyhbC (Yp/x 0.64) showed the highest increase in product yield compared to the single gene mutant strains. We confirmed the improved performance of these knock outs by testing and obtaining higher levels of recombinant asparaginase expression, a system better suited for analysing sustained expression since it gets exported to the extracellular medium. CONCLUSION: Creating key knock outs to block the CSR and enhance expression is a radically different strategy that can be synergistically combined with traditional methods of improving protein yields thus helping in the design of superior host platforms for protein expression.

Bioprocess development for L-asparaginase production by Streptomyces rochei, purification and in-vitro efficacy against various human carcinoma cell lines.

In the near future, the demand for L-asparaginase is expected to rise several times due to an increase in its clinical and industrial applications in various industrial sectors, such as food processing. Streptomyces sp. strain NEAE-K is potent L-asparaginase producer, isolated and identified as new subsp. Streptomyces rochei subsp. chromatogenes NEAE-K and the sequence data has been deposited under accession number KJ200343 at the GenBank database. Sixteen different independent factors were examined for their effects on L-asparaginase production by Streptomyces rochei subsp. chromatogenes NEAE-K under solid state fermentation conditions using Plackett-Burman design. pH, dextrose and yeast extract were the most significant factors affecting L-asparaginase production. Thus, using central composite design, the optimum levels of these variables were determined. L-asparaginase purification was carried out by ammonium sulfate followed by DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B ion exchange column with a final purification fold of 16.18. The monomeric molecular weight of the purified L-asparaginase was 64 kD as determined by SDS-PAGE method. The in vitro effects of L-asparaginase were evaluated on five human tumor cell lines and found to have a strong anti-proliferative effects. The results showed that the strongest cytotoxic effect of L-asparaginase was exerted on the HeLa and HepG-2 cell lines (IC50 = 2.16 ± 0.2 and 2.54 ± 0.3 U/mL; respectively). In addition, the selectivity index of L-asparaginase against HeLa and HepG-2 cell lines was 3.94 and 3.35; respectively.

A comprehensive review on microbial l-asparaginase: Bioprocessing, characterization, and industrial applications.

l-Asparaginase (E.C.3.5.1.1.) is a vital enzyme that hydrolyzes l-asparagine to l-aspartic acid and ammonia. This property of l-asparaginase inhibits the protein synthesis in cancer cells, making l-asparaginase a mainstay of pediatric chemotherapy practices to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. l-Asparaginase is also recognized as one of the important food processing agent. The removal of asparagine by l-asparaginase leads to the reduction of acrylamide formation in fried food items. l-Asparaginase is produced by various organisms including animals, plants, and microorganisms, however, only microorganisms that produce a substantial amount of this enzyme are of commercial significance. The commercial l-asparaginase for healthcare applications is chiefly derived from Escherichia coli and Erwinia chrysanthemi. A high rate of hypersensitivity and adverse reactions limits the long-term clinical use of l-asparaginase. Present review provides thorough information on microbial l-asparaginase bioprocess optimization including submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation for l-asparaginase production, downstream purification, its characterization, and issues related to the clinical application including toxicity and hypersensitivity. Here, we have highlighted the bioprocess techniques that can produce improved and economically viable yields of l-asparaginase from promising microbial sources in the current scenario where there is an urgent need for alternate l-asparaginase with less adverse effects.

Engineering Cell-Free Protein Synthesis for High-Yield Production and Human Serum Activity Assessment of Asparaginase: Toward On-Demand Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a common childhood cancer in the United States, with over 6000 new cases diagnosed each year. Administration of bacterial asparaginase (ASNase) has improved survival rates to nearly 80%, however these therapeutics have high incidence of immunological neutralization and serum activity must be monitored for most effective treatment regimens. Here, a 72% improvement in cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) of FDA approved l-asparaginase (crisantaspase) is demonstrated by employing an aspartate-fed-batch reactor format. A CFPS-based ASNase activity assay as a tool for therapeutic regimentation and production quality control is also presented. This work suggests that shelf-stable and low-cost Escherichia coli-based CFPS reactions may be employed on-demand to 1) synthesize biologics on-site for patient administration, 2) verify biologic activity for dosage calculations, and 3) monitor therapeutic activity in human serum during the treatment regimen. The combination of both therapeutic production and activity assessment introduces a concept of synergistic utility for bacterial cell lysates in modern medical treatment. Indeed, recent work with CFPS biosensors supports a not-too-distant future when shelf-stable E. coli CFPS systems are used to diagnose, treat, and monitor treatment of diseases in the clinical setting.

Fungal L-asparaginase: Strategies for production and food applications.

L-asparaginase (L-asparagine amidohydrolase EC 3.5.1.1) is of great importance in pharmaceutical and food applications. This review aims to describe the production and use of fungal L-asparaginase focusing on its potential as an effective reducer of acrylamide in different food applications. Fungal asparaginases have been used as food additives and have gained importance due to some technical advantages, for example, fungi can grow using low-cost culture mediums, and the enzyme is extracellular, which facilitates purification steps. Research aimed at the discovery of new L-asparaginases, mainly those produced by fungi, have great potential to obtain cheaper enzymes with desirable properties for application in food aiming at the reduction of acrylamide.

Enhanced production of glutaminase-free L-asparaginase by marine Bacillus velezensis and cytotoxic activity against breast cancer cell lines

Background: The increasing rate of breast cancer globally requires extraordinary efforts to discover new effective sources of chemotherapy with fewer side effects. Glutaminase-free L-asparaginase is a vital chemotherapeutic agent for various tumor malignancies. Microorganisms from extreme sources, such as marine bacteria, might have high L-asparaginase productivity and efficiency with exceptional antitumor action toward breast cancer cell lines. Results: L-Asparaginase-producing bacteria, Bacillus velezensis isolated from marine sediments, were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. L-Asparaginase production by immobilized cells was 61.04% higher than that by free cells fermentation. The significant productivity of enzyme occurred at 72 h, pH 6.5, 37°C, 100 rpm. Optimum carbon and nitrogen sources for enzyme production were glucose and NH4Cl, respectively. L-Asparaginase was free from glutaminase activity, which was crucial medically in terms of their severe side effects. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme is 39.7 KDa by SDS-PAGE analysis and was ideally active at pH 7.5 and 37°C. Notwithstanding, the highest stability of the enzyme was found at pH 8.5 and 70°C for 1 h. The enzyme kinetic parameters displayed Vmax at 41.49 µmol/mL/min and a Km of 3.6 × 10−5 M, which serve as a proof of the affinity to its substrate. The anticancer activity of the enzyme against breast adenocarcinoma cell lines demonstrated significant activity toward MDA-MB-231 cells when compared with MCF-7 cells with IC50 values of 12.6 ± 1.2 µg/mL and 17.3 ± 2.8 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: This study provides the first potential of glutaminase-free L-asparaginase production from the marine bacterium Bacillus velezensis as a prospect anticancer pharmaceutical agent for two different breast cancer cell lines.