Controversy over the classification of medication-overuse headache.

Medication-overuse headache (MOH) is a relatively common and impactful disorder, affecting 1% to 2% of the population, characterized by daily or near-daily headache aggravated by chronic acute medication intake. Primary headache patients do not necessarily develop MOH after acute medication overuse, although a pre-existing primary headache is inevitably present. Likewise, headache patients may deteriorate in terms of frequency without medication overuse, or suffer from chronic headache in the presence of drug abuse without any causal relationship. To classify and define diagnostic criteria for MOH in the absence of objective biomarkers is a difficult task that is presently based on clinical grounds and is limited in part by the relative lack of research in this field. The present criteria are less restrictive but also less precise than the previous versions because they allow the diagnosis without the previously required MOH confirmation after medication withdrawal. MOH should remain as a distinct secondary disorder based on the available clinical and pathophysiological evidence.

Redes sociales virtuales y la Bioética / Virtual social networks and bioethics

La investigación tiende a indagar por las condiciones psicológicas (obsesivas), socio – familiares, fisiológicas y emocionales de los estudiantes de la Universidad de San Buenaventura –Medellín de mes de agosto de 2010, que tienden a destinar parte de su tiempo a las Redes Sociales Virtuales y hacer una reflexión desde la Bioética frente al tema

This piece of research tends to inquire into the (obsessive) psychological, socio-family, physiological, and emotional conditions of the students at Saint Bonaventure University, Medellin Branch, back in the month of August 2010, who have the tendency to spend their free time in the Virtual Social Networks and then make an analysis of this issue, from the Bioethical viewpoint

Reliability, validity and classification accuracy of the South Oaks Gambling Screen in a Brazilian sample.

The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability, validity and classification accuracy of the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) in a sample of the Brazilian population. Participants in this study were drawn from three sources: 71 men and women from the general population interviewed at a metropolitan train station; 116 men and women encountered at a bingo venue; and 54 men and women undergoing treatment for gambling. The SOGS and a DSM-IV-based instrument were applied by trained researchers. The internal consistency of the SOGS was 0.75 according to the Cronbach's alpha model, and construct validity was good. A significant difference among groups was demonstrated by ANOVA (F2.238 = 221.3, P < 0.001). The SOGS items and DSM-IV symptoms were highly correlated (r = 0.854, P < 0.01). The SOGS also presented satisfactory psychometric properties: sensitivity (100), specificity (74.7), positive predictive rate (60.7), negative predictive rate (100) and misclassification rate (0.18). However, a cut-off score of eight improved classification accuracy and reduced the rate of false positives: sensitivity (95.4), specificity (89.8), positive predictive rate (78.5), negative predictive rate (98) and misclassification rate (0.09). Thus, the SOGS was found to be reliable and valid in the Brazilian population.