Mechanism of cholangiocellular damage and repair during cholestasis.

The mechanism of damage of the biliary epithelium remains partially unexplored. However, recently many works have offered new evidence regarding the cholangiocytes' damage process, which is the main target in a broad spectrum of pathologies ranging from acute cholestasis, cholangiopathies to cholangiocarcinoma. This is encouraging since some works addressed this epithelium's relevance in health and disease until a few years ago. The biliary tree in the liver, comprised of cholangiocytes, is a pipeline for bile flow and regulates key hepatic processes such as proliferation, regeneration, immune response, and signaling. This review aimed to compile the most recent advances on the mechanisms of cholangiocellular damage during cholestasis, which, although it is present in many cholangiopathies, is not necessarily a common or conserved process in all of them, having a relevant role cAMP and PKA during obstructive cholestasis, as well as Ca2+-dependent PKC in functional cholestasis. Cholangiocellular damage could vary according to the type of cholestasis, the aggressor, or the bile ducts' location where it develops and what kind of damage can favor cholangiocellular carcinoma development.

Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Perioperative COVID-19 Infection: Prospective Cohort in General, Gastroesophagic, Hepatobiliary, and Colorectal Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome due to coronavirus 2 has rapidly spread worldwide in an unprecedented pandemic. Patients with an ongoing COVID-19 infection requiring surgery have higher risk of mortality and complications. This study describes the mortality and morbidity in patients with perioperative COVID-19 infection undergoing elective and emergency surgeries. METHODS: Prospective cohort of consecutive patients who required a general, gastroesophageal, hepatobiliary, colorectal, or emergency surgery during COVID-19 pandemic at an academic teaching hospital. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality and major complications. Secondary outcomes were specific respiratory mortality and complications. RESULTS: A total of 701 patients underwent surgery, 39 (5.6%) with a perioperative COVID-19 infection. 30-day mortality was 12.8% and 1.4% in patients with and without COVID-19 infection, respectively (p < 0.001). Major surgical complications occurred in 25.6% and 6.8% in patients with and without COVID-19 infection, respectively (p < 0.001). Respiratory complications occurred in 30.8% and 1.4% in patients with and without COVID-19 infection, respectively (p < 0.001). Mortality due to a respiratory complication was 100% and 11.1% in patients with and without COVID-19 infection, respectively (p < 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: 30-day mortality and surgical complications are higher in patients with perioperative COVID-19 infection. Indications for elective surgery need to be reserved for non-deferrable procedures in order to avoid unnecessary risks of non-urgent procedures.

Transhepatic Percutaneous Sustained Dilation with Multiple Catheters for the Management of Hepaticojejunostomy Benign Stricture.

Background: Benign biliary strictures (BBS) befall in ∼7%-23% after hepaticojejunostomy and in 0.3%-0.6% after cholecystectomies. Their treatment options include surgical, endoscopic, and percutaneous management. The percutaneous approach is an excellent mini-invasive option including balloon dilation, biodegradable stents, and sustained dilation, a procedure born endoscopically. However, when the endoscopic approach fails or it is not available, it is possible to perform it percutaneously. Aim: To estimate the technical and clinical success of sustained percutaneous dilation with multiple catheters (SPDMC) in hepaticojejunostomy strictures and the percentage of complications and recurrence. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study, from a prospective database from January 2010 to March 2019, of 17 patients with postoperative BBS who failed to percutaneous pneumatic balloon dilation and underwent SPDMC with a mean follow-up of 2 years. Results: Seventeen patients between 28 and 71 years of age underwent SPMDC with technical success of 100%; the average number of catheters used was 5.59 (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.12-6.06) achieving a dilatation diameter of 16.15 mm (95% CI 14.71-17.60), and the therapeutic success rate was 71%, with recurrences of stricture and complications of 29% and 18%, respectively. The mean time with SPMDC was 7.06 months (95% CI 5.56-8.56). The median follow-up after dilation was 16 months, with an average of 27.75 months (95% CI 14.15-41.34). Conclusion: SPMDC is a feasible technique with a high technical success rate, therapeutic success rate, and low morbidity and mortality.

Técnica de linfadenectomía y resección del lecho vesicular laparoscópica por cáncer vesícula biliar incidental / Lymphadenectomy technique and laparoscopic vesicular bed resection for incidental gallbladder cancer

Resumen El cáncer de vesícula es infrecuente a nivel mundial, a diferencia de su alta incidencia en Chile. Su pronóstico es malo en general, y dependerá de su forma de presentación, siendo mejor en los casos diagnosticados después de una colecistectomía laparoscópica por patología benigna. La reintervención, que incluye la resección hepática y linfadenectomía, es el pilar de la terapia curativa en esta neoplasia. Presentamos la descripción de la técnica quirúrgica realizada en los pacientes con cáncer de vesícula de diagnóstico incidental, en el Servicio de Cirugía de Clínica Alemana de Santiago y en el Hospital de la Fuerza Aérea de Chile. El abordaje laparoscópico representa una alternativa quirúrgica válida en el tratamiento de pacientes con cáncer de vesícula biliar diagnosticados después de la colecistectomía. La estandarización de la técnica debiera contribuir a su mayor empleo y a la obtención de buenos resultados desde un punto de vista oncológico.

Gallbladder cancer is considered an infrequent disease but in Chile has a higher incidence. Prognostic is considered dismal except in those patients in whom the diagnosis is performed after the cholecystectomy specimen study. Reoperation with gallbladder bed resection and lymphadenectomy is considered the treatment in patients with incidental cases. We show the way this operation is performed in Clinica Alemana of Santiago and in the Air Force Hospital. The laparoscopic approach is an alternative to those patients in whom the diagnosis was done after the cholecystectomy. Laparoscopy allows to accomplish same objectives and to obtain identical results that the open approach. The technical standardization should contribute to spread its employment and to improve the results.

Intrahepatic, Perihilar and Distal Cholangiocarcinoma: Management and Outcomes

Abstract: Introduction and aims. Cholangiocarcinomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors that can be classified into three clinically distinct types of cancers, intrahepatic, perihilar and distal cholangiocarcinoma. The inconsistent use of nomenclature for these cancers has obscured a true knowledge of the epidemiology, natural history and response to therapy of these cancers. Our aims were to define demographic characteristics, management and outcomes of these three distinct cancer types. Materials and methods. A retrospective study of patients enrolled in an institutional cancer registry from 1992 to 2010. Median survival was compared between different treatment modalities over three time periods for the three types of cholangiocarcinoma at different stages of the disease using Kaplan Meyer analysis. Results. 242 patients were identified. All cases were reviewed and classified into intrahepatic (90 patients), distal (48 patients) or perihilar (104 patients) cholangiocarcinomas. These cancers differed in median age of onset, gender distribution, median survival and stage. 13.8% of patients presented with stage I, 5.8% with stage II, 9.6% with stage III, 28% with stage IV, with 41.8% having unknown stage. The overall median survival was 15.8 months, and was 23, 25, 14, and 4.5 months for stages I, II, III, and IV respectively. Surgery improved survival in both early and advanced stages. Multimodality therapies further improved outcomes, particularly for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Conclusion. Perihilar, distal and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma vary in their presentation, natural history and therapeutic approach to management. A consistently applied classification is essential for meaningful interpretation of studies of these cancers.

Intrahepatic, perihilar and distal cholangiocarcinoma: Management and outcomes.

 Introduction and aims. Cholangiocarcinomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors that can be classified into three clinically distinct types of cancers, intrahepatic, perihilar and distal cholangiocarcinoma. The inconsistent use of nomenclature for these cancers has obscured a true knowledge of the epidemiology, natural history and response to therapy of these cancers. Our aims were to define demographic characteristics, management and outcomes of these three distinct cancer types. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of patients enrolled in an institutional cancer registry from 1992 to 2010. Median survival was compared between different treatment modalities over three time periods for the three types of cholangiocarcinoma at different stages of the disease using Kaplan Meyer analysis. RESULTS: 242 patients were identified. All cases were reviewed and classified into intrahepatic (90 patients), distal (48 patients) or perihilar (104 patients) cholangiocarcinomas. These cancers differed in median age of onset, gender distribution, median survival and stage. 13.8% of patients presented with stage I, 5.8% with stage II, 9.6% with stage III, 28% with stage IV, with 41.8% having unknown stage. The overall median survival was 15.8 months, and was 23, 25, 14, and 4.5 months for stages I, II, III, and IV respectively. Surgery improved survival in both early and advanced stages. Multimodality therapies further improved outcomes, particularly for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. CONCLUSION: Perihilar, distal and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma vary in their presentation, natural history and therapeutic approach to management. A consistently applied classification is essential for meaningful interpretation of studies of these cancers.

Analysis of Factors Associated With Biliary Complications in Children After Liver Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Biliary complications (BCs) remain an important cause of morbidity after pediatric liver transplantation. Technical factors have already been implicated in the development of BCs. Previous reports have associated the use of partial grafts, particularly living donor grafts, with a higher incidence of BCs. Our aim is to study the factors associated with the development of BCs in a large cohort of pediatric liver transplant recipients. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study of 670 children (<18 years of age) who underwent a primary liver transplant between March 2000 and January 2015. Patients who did and did not develop BCs were compared with identify associated factors. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS: A total of 115 patients (17.2%) developed BCs (83 strictures and 44 leaks). Of the study participants, 594 had living donor liver transplants. Multiple arterial anastomoses was a protective factor for BCs, and a ductoplasty was a risk factor. Living donor grafts and multiple biliary anastomoses were more frequently associated with leaks. Patients with BCs had a higher reoperation rate and longer hospital stays. There was no difference in patient or graft survival. CONCLUSIONS: Technical factors play a major role in the development of BCs, particularly leaks. Strictures are more frequently associated with an inadequate arterial supply to the bile duct, and multiple arterial anastomoses may protect children from this complication. The use of partial grafts was not an independent factor for BCs in high-volume centers that are experienced with this technique.

Knotless choledochorraphy with barbed suture, safe and feasible.

PURPOSE: To describe the safety and feasibility of a running continuous unidirectional barbed suture (V-Loc, Covidien, Mansfield, MA) for primary common bile duct closure while performing laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE). INTRODUCTION: LCBDE is nowadays the best approach for treating complex common bile duct lithiasis or cases where the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography has failed. It is clear that the primary closure of the common bile duct must be preferred over the T-tube drainage. The actual technical aspects offer room for improvement. We present our experience with barbed suture, for which recently, various fields of surgery have become interested in and which now has a series of studies that support it for several uses. METHODS: Between July 2012 and July 2014, 54 consecutive patients with bile duct stones underwent LCBDE by a single surgeon. Perioperative outcomes and 30-day complications were recorded. RESULTS: Upon the completion of the exploration, 50 patients had primary common bile duct closure using knotless unidirectional barbed 3-0 V-Loc 90 suture, and 4 patients were excluded. All of the sutures were performed without knot tying. The procedure in all patients was successfully performed with no intraoperative complications. There were no bile leaks in the 50 patients or other postoperative complications such as infection, need for reintervention or death. CONCLUSION: The use of unidirectional knotless barbed suture (V-Loc 90) is safe, feasible and effective on LCBDE for primary common bile duct closure. The biliary leak rate is acceptably low and comparable to the rate reported in the literature. This report is our initial experience that needs further clinical trials.

Diagnosis and management of biliary complications in pediatric living donor liver transplant recipients.

The incidence of biliary complications (BCs) after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) can reach 40%. Published data on the pediatric population are limited, and treatment protocols vary. Our aim was to describe the clinical scenario for BCs and treatment approaches after LDLT. Between October 1995 and December 2012, 489 pediatric LDLT procedures were performed. BCs developed in 71 patients (14.5%). Biliary strictures (BSs) developed in 45 (9.2%) patients, and bile leaks (BLs) developed in 33 patients (6.7%). The BL diagnosis was clinical in all cases, and 69.7% of the patients underwent surgery. Nearly half of the BS cases had clinical features or suggestive ultrasound findings. Liver biopsy findings suggested BSs in 51.7%. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography was performed in 95.6% of the BS patients. The success rate was 77% [mean number of percutaneous biliary interventions (PBIs) = 3.9 ± 1.98, median drainage time = 8 months]. In conclusion, BL patients can be managed with conservative therapy, even though most of these patients will ultimately be treated with surgery. Diagnosing a BS requires a high degree of clinical suspicion because the available resources for its identification can fail in up to 50% of cases. A higher number of PBIs and the use of a drainage catheter for a longer time may be required to achieve better results with this technique.

Perforación diverticular sigmoidea secundaria a la migración de endoprótesis biliar plástica / Sigmoid diverticulum perforation due to plastic biliary stent migration

Background: biliary stents are devices that are used to widen narrowed bile ducts, especially in malignant obstructions, although at present its use in benign biliopancreatic diseases is progressively increasing. Endoscopic placement of biliary stents is a well established procedure that is performed daily. Despite its frequency, has a complication rate of 5-10 percent, the most common are cholangitis and stent obstruction and there are others more rare and serious like pancreatitis, gastrointestinal bleeding, intestinal perforation and biliary stent migration. Case report: we report a 70-years-old male with a history of plastic biliary stent placement after open cholecystectomy because of choledocholithiasis, who arrived at the Emergency Department with symptoms of intestinal obstruction. After performing imaging studies, there was significant intestinal dilation and a biliary stent in the sigmoid colon. He underwent urgent surgical intervention, having the plastic biliary stent located in a sigmoid diverticulum. We performed removal of the stent and simple suture of the sigmoid diverticular perforation. Conclusion: sigmoid diverticular perforation secondary to migration of a plastic biliary stent is a rare complication that can occur after placement of a stent in the bile duct. It must be suspected in all acute abdomens accompanied of radiological images demonstrating biliary stent migration because these patients often show atypical symptoms.

Introducción: las endoprótesis biliares son dispositivos que se emplean para ampliar las vías biliares estenosadas, especialmente en las obstrucciones malignas, aunque actualmente su uso está aumentando progresivamente en las enfermedades benignas biliopancreáticas. La colocación endoscópica de las endopró-tesis biliares es un procedimiento bien establecido que se realiza diariamente, aunque presenta una tasa de complicaciones de 5-10 por ciento, siendo las más frecuentes la colangitis y la obstrucción de la propia endoprótesis, existiendo otras más raras y graves como la pancreatitis, la hemorragia digestiva, la perforación intestinal y la migración de la endoprótesis biliar. Caso clínico: varón de 70 años de edad con antecedentes de colocación de endoprótesis biliar plástica tras presentar coledocolitiasis posterior a colecistectomía, que acudió al Servicio de Urgencias con clínica de obstrucción intestinal. Después de realizar radiología simple y ecografía abdominal, se observó importante dilatación intestinal y una endoprótesis biliar en sigma. Se practicó intervención quirúrgica urgente, hallándose endoprótesis biliar plástica enclavada en un divertículo sigmoideo. Se realizó extracción de la endoprótesis y sutura simple de la perforación diverticular sigmoidea. Conclusión: la perforación diverticular sigmoidea secundaria a la migración de una endoprótesis biliar plástica es una complicación poco frecuente que puede aparecer tras la colocación de una endoprótesis en la vía biliar. Dicha perforación debe sospecharse ante todo cuadro de abdomen agudo que se acompaña de imágenes radiológicas que demuestren la migración de la endoprótesis biliar, ya que estos pacientes no suelen presentar una sintomatología típica.

[The "rendez-vous" maneuver as a technical option to access the bile ducts: case series report]. / Maniobra de "rendez-vous" como una opción técnica de acceso a la vía biliar: reporte de casos.

The "rendez-vous" maneuver is a technical option, to have in mind, for the bile ducts access. This technique assures a "guided" canulation of the bile duct during the laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). We analyzed three clinical cases of patients with cholecysto-choledocolithiasis, in whose were planned Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography (ERCP) and LC during the same surgical intervention. The "rendez-vous" maneuver was employed as a technical option to access the bile duct, after an initial (failed) endoscopic attempt of cannulation. An intraoperative cholangiography was performed and a guide wire was inserted through the cystic duct, allowing the endoscopic capture and the guided cannulation of the bile duct. The therapeutic objective was achieved in all patients. There was not associated morbid-mortality and all patients were satisfied with the surgical outcome. In these series of cases, the "rendez-vous" maneuver was a viable, safe and useful technical option to access the bile ducts. Futhermore, the cholecysto-choledocolithiasis was treated during the same surgical intervention. A postoperative bile duct exploration becomes unnecessary.

Transition from a low: to a high-volume centre for bile duct repair: changes in technique and improved outcome.

BACKGROUND: Improvements in bile duct injury repairs have been shown in centres with specialized surgeons. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the temporal change in the pattern of referral, technical variation associated with repair and long-term outcome of bile duct injuries at a tertiary referral centre in Mexico City. METHODS: A retrospective case note review was performed. Patients were divided into two groups: group I (GI) 1990 to 2004 and group II (GII) 2005-2008, and appropriate statistical analysis undertaken. RESULTS: Over a 20-year period, 312 patients with iatrogenic bile duct injuries required surgical treatment (GI = 169, GII = 140 patients). All injuries were reconstructed using a Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. The proportion of patients who had undergone a laparoscopic cholecystectomy increased from 24% to 36% (P = 0.017) over the two time periods. In the second time period there was an increase in segment IV and V partial resections (P = 0.020), a reduction in the use of transanastomotic stents (42% to 2%, P = 0.001) and an increase in the proportion of patients requiring a neoconfluence (2% to 11%, P = 0.003). In the second time period, the number of patients requiring a hepatectomy during repair (2% to 1%, P = 0.001), a portoenterostomy (16% to 9%, P = 0.060) or a double-barrel hepatico-jejunostomy (5% to 1%, P = 0.045) significantly decreased. During follow-up, patients in the second time period had a reduction in the incidence of post-operative cholangitis (11% to 6%, P = 0.310) and the frequency of post-operative anastomotic stenoses (13% to 5%, P = 0.010). Mortality remained low throughout the series but was absent in the second group. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in technique and growing experience of the multidisciplinary team improved operative and long-term results of bile duct injury repair.

Aplicación de un programa de aprendizaje en colecistectomía laparoscópica para residentes / Learning program for residence based on laparoscopic cholectystectomy

Antecedentes: Todavía existen controversias sobre el aprendizaje de la colecistectomía laparoscópica. Debe ser posterior o simultáneo al de la cirugía biliar convencional?. Es imprescindible la utilización de recursos extraordinarios?. Objetivos: Presentar un programa de aprendizaje para residentes basado en el sistema tradicional de enseñanza de la cirugía convencional y sus resultados. Lugar de aplicación: División de Cirugía General de un hospital público. Diseño: Estudio observacional prospectivo basado en criterios básicos. Población: Seis médicos residentes de las promociones 1999, 2000 y 2001 a razón de dos por promoción. Método: Sistema de enseñanza y entrenamiento basado en los preceptos tradicionales, que asignan responsabilidades crecientes de acuerdo a la experiencia y capacidad del educando. Se realizó una evaluación práctica de seis residentes de cuarto año durante el último trimestre de sus respectivos ciclos. Resultados: Desde junio de 1995 a mayo de 2001 los residentes intervinieron en 746 colecistectomías laparoscópicas, en 482 con el rol de cirujano. No hubo mortalidad en la serie. La morbilidad fue de 2,08 por ciento y 27 casos (5,6 por ciento) superaron la capacidad del cirujano residente y fueron resueltos por el médico de planta a cargo. Los seis residentes de cuarto año operaron un total de 52 pacientes durante sus últimos tres meses de residencia. En esta serie la morbilidad fue del 4 por ciento y hubo 2 conversiones (3,85 por ciento). Conclusiones: El sistema utilizado resultó seguro para el paciente y eficaz para el educando. Creemos que el aprendizaje de la colecistectomía laparoscópica debe comenzar desde el inicio en la residencia, puede ser simultáneo al aprendizaje de la cirugía biliar convencional y desarrollarse bajo los mismos preceptos. No nos parece imprescindible la utilización de recursos extraordinarios para la adquisición de destrezas en colecistectomía laparoscópica

Aplicación de un programa de aprendizaje en colecistectomía laparoscópica para residentes / Learning program for residence based on laparoscopic cholectystectomy

Antecedentes: Todavía existen controversias sobre el aprendizaje de la colecistectomía laparoscópica. Debe ser posterior o simultáneo al de la cirugía biliar convencional?. Es imprescindible la utilización de recursos extraordinarios?. Objetivos: Presentar un programa de aprendizaje para residentes basado en el sistema tradicional de enseñanza de la cirugía convencional y sus resultados. Lugar de aplicación: División de Cirugía General de un hospital público. Diseño: Estudio observacional prospectivo basado en criterios básicos. Población: Seis médicos residentes de las promociones 1999, 2000 y 2001 a razón de dos por promoción. Método: Sistema de enseñanza y entrenamiento basado en los preceptos tradicionales, que asignan responsabilidades crecientes de acuerdo a la experiencia y capacidad del educando. Se realizó una evaluación práctica de seis residentes de cuarto año durante el último trimestre de sus respectivos ciclos. Resultados: Desde junio de 1995 a mayo de 2001 los residentes intervinieron en 746 colecistectomías laparoscópicas, en 482 con el rol de cirujano. No hubo mortalidad en la serie. La morbilidad fue de 2,08 por ciento y 27 casos (5,6 por ciento) superaron la capacidad del cirujano residente y fueron resueltos por el médico de planta a cargo. Los seis residentes de cuarto año operaron un total de 52 pacientes durante sus últimos tres meses de residencia. En esta serie la morbilidad fue del 4 por ciento y hubo 2 conversiones (3,85 por ciento). Conclusiones: El sistema utilizado resultó seguro para el paciente y eficaz para el educando. Creemos que el aprendizaje de la colecistectomía laparoscópica debe comenzar desde el inicio en la residencia, puede ser simultáneo al aprendizaje de la cirugía biliar convencional y desarrollarse bajo los mismos preceptos. No nos parece imprescindible la utilización de recursos extraordinarios para la adquisición de destrezas en colecistectomía laparoscópica (AU)

[Bile duct laparoscopic exploration]. / Exploración laparoscópica de vías biliares.

The use of ERCP with endoscopic esphincterotomy (ES) for the management of choledocholithiasis has replaced almost completely common bile duct exploration in the era of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Once the procedure is completed it is followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the same hospitalization. During the last few years, the development of new technology and equipment with possibilities of minimal invasive procedures and diagnosis, as well as the ongoing surgical skills has allowed surgeons to solve the problem of choledocholithiasis in one minimal invasive procedure, decreasing effectively morbidity with a high success rate, changing again ERCP with ES as a complement and not as a substitute for surgery. Nevertheless the initial step in the use of these techniques require of a special technical support and what is most important capacitation to achieve the desire objectives. Transcystic technique seems to be the most promising and choledochotomy with primary closure in cases that cannot be solved with the transcystic approach. Regardless of the approach the surgeon must be familiar with both and increasingly with the use of the endoscope in order to provide patients with advantages of minimal invasive surgery and all its advantages. We also discuss our series of 81 patients operated on with laparoscopic surgery with a high rate of success, low morbidity and mortality.

Radiología intervencionista en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la iatrogenia de las vías biliares / Interventional radiology in the diagnosis and treatment of iatrogenic lesions in the biliar ducts

Las complicaciones iatrogénicas posteriores a la cirugía de vías biliares tanto tradicional abierta como laparoscópica, son eventos que aunque poco frecuentes, tienen una gran importancia, por la trascendencia en el pronóstico de los pacientes afectados que usualmente son adultos jóvenes del sexo femenino. Las lesiones de la vía biliar ocurren más frecuentemente durante el período de experiencia quirúrgica inicial correspondiente a la fase de la curva de aprendizaje. En la actualidad existen diversos métodos que ofrece la Radiología Intervencionista tanto para definir el diagnóstico del tipo, grado y localización de la lesión, así como para realizar el tratamiento temporal o a largo plazo de la ictericia obstructiva y la colangitis, que son los componentes clínicos más sobresalientes de la enfermedad que acompaña a la lesión biliar. En este trabajo hacemos una somera revisión de los métodos de imagen útiles para el diagnóstico, así como la exposición de nuestra experiencia en el manejo por procedimientos de Radiología Intervencionista de pacientes con lesión iatrogénica de la vía biliar, en un período de cinco años, comprendido de 1994 a 1999.