Pearls and Pitfalls in Imaging Bone Marrow in Pediatric Patients.

Magnetic resonance is a noninvasive, nonionizing modality used in the detection and evaluation of marrow lesions, as well as surgical planning and treatment follow-up. Since the distribution of red and yellow marrow occurs in a predictable sequence according to age, understanding this sequence is essential in establishing an accurate and timely diagnosis. This article provides an overview of the normal appearance of bone marrow in healthy children as well as focal and diffuse marrow abnormalities. Imaging pitfalls unique to children and solutions to use in difficult cases will be described.

Quantitative analysis of bone marrow in pancytopenic dogs / Análise quantitativa de medula óssea em cães pancitopênicos

The pancytopenia can be associated with intra and extra medullary disorders. When the etiology is not obvious, the examination of bone marrow is necessary. The study aims to report and discuss quantitative amendments in bone marrow and their causes in dogs with pancytopenia. Bone marrow aspirate was obtained from 65 dogs with pancytopenia over a period of 13 consecutive months for preparation of smears stained by Giemsa and observed in light microscopy. Five hundred cells differential count was held; and assessed myeloid:erythroid ratio, cellularity, megakaryocytes and direct parasitological examination. The data were evaluated by the Chi-square statistical test. Blood tests of 3120 canines with several clinical changes were analyzed to identify pancytopenia, which accounted for 167 (5.4%) dogs. Interpretation of quantitative characteristics was carried out from the bone marrow smear in 65 pancytopenic dogs and the etiology was established in 40 (61.5%) of these, which included infection by E. canis and L. chagasi, idiopathic aplastic anemia, chronic renal failure and co-infections. In 17 (26.2%) animals were not observed medullary changes. The most bone marrow change was observed myeloid and erythroid hypoplasia in 17 (26.2%) dogs, followed by myeloid and erythroid hyperplasia (24.6%). The myelogram association to the blood cell count allowed the identification of medullary findings and its participation on the occurrence of pancytopenia cases. The number of cases resulting from infectious diseases was 38 (58.5%) in canine assessed: significant number due to its endemic characteristic of the study region.(AU)

A pancitopenia pode estar associada a distúrbios intra e extra medulares. Quando a etiologia não é óbvia, o exame da medula óssea é necessário. Este estudo tem como objetivo relatar e discutir alterações quantitativas na medula óssea e suas causas em cães com pancitopenia. De 65 cães pancitopêncicos atendidos durante um período de 13 meses consecutivos, foram realizados aspirados de medula óssea, corados com Giemsa, e observados em microscopia de luz. Quinhentas células foram observadas para contagem diferencial, razão mieloide: eritróide, celularidade, megacariócitos e exame parasitológico direto. Os dados foram avaliados pelo teste estatístico Qui-quadrado. Hemograma de 3120 caninos com diversas alterações clínicas foram analisadas para identificar a pancitopenia, encontrada em 167 (5,4%) cães. A interpretação das características quantitativas foi realizada a partir do esfregaço de medula óssea em 65 cães pancitotopênicos e a etiologia foi estabelecida em 40 (61,5%), incluindo infecção por E. canis e L. chagasi, anemia aplástica idiopática, insuficiência renal crônica e co-infecções. Em 17 (26,2%) cães não foram observadas alterações medulares. A alteração de medula óssea mais observada foi a hipoplasia mielóide e eritróide em 17 (26.2%) cães, seguido pela hiperplasia mielóide e eritróide (24.6%). A associação do mielograma ao hemograma permitiu a identificação de achados medulares e sua participação na ocorrência de casos de pancitopenia. O número de casos resultantes de doenças infecciosas foi de 38 (58,5%) em caninos avaliados: número significativo devido à característica endêmica da região do estudo.(AU)

Quantitative analysis of bone marrow in pancytopenic dogs / Análise quantitativa de medula óssea em cães pancitopênicos

The pancytopenia can be associated with intra and extra medullary disorders. When the etiology is not obvious, the examination of bone marrow is necessary. The study aims to report and discuss quantitative amendments in bone marrow and their causes in dogs with pancytopenia. Bone marrow aspirate was obtained from 65 dogs with pancytopenia over a period of 13 consecutive months for preparation of smears stained by Giemsa and observed in light microscopy. Five hundred cells differential count was held; and assessed myeloid:erythroid ratio, cellularity, megakaryocytes and direct parasitological examination. The data were evaluated by the Chi-square statistical test. Blood tests of 3120 canines with several clinical changes were analyzed to identify pancytopenia, which accounted for 167 (5.4%) dogs. Interpretation of quantitative characteristics was carried out from the bone marrow smear in 65 pancytopenic dogs and the etiology was established in 40 (61.5%) of these, which included infection by E. canis and L. chagasi, idiopathic aplastic anemia, chronic renal failure and co-infections. In 17 (26.2%) animals were not observed medullary changes. The most bone marrow change was observed myeloid and erythroid hypoplasia in 17 (26.2%) dogs, followed by myeloid and erythroid hyperplasia (24.6%). The myelogram association to the blood cell count allowed the identification of medullary findings and its participation on the occurrence of pancytopenia cases. The number of cases resulting from infectious diseases was 38 (58.5%) in canine assessed: significant number due to its endemic characteristic of the study region.

A pancitopenia pode estar associada a distúrbios intra e extra medulares. Quando a etiologia não é óbvia, o exame da medula óssea é necessário. Este estudo tem como objetivo relatar e discutir alterações quantitativas na medula óssea e suas causas em cães com pancitopenia. De 65 cães pancitopêncicos atendidos durante um período de 13 meses consecutivos, foram realizados aspirados de medula óssea, corados com Giemsa, e observados em microscopia de luz. Quinhentas células foram observadas para contagem diferencial, razão mieloide: eritróide, celularidade, megacariócitos e exame parasitológico direto. Os dados foram avaliados pelo teste estatístico Qui-quadrado. Hemograma de 3120 caninos com diversas alterações clínicas foram analisadas para identificar a pancitopenia, encontrada em 167 (5,4%) cães. A interpretação das características quantitativas foi realizada a partir do esfregaço de medula óssea em 65 cães pancitotopênicos e a etiologia foi estabelecida em 40 (61,5%), incluindo infecção por E. canis e L. chagasi, anemia aplástica idiopática, insuficiência renal crônica e co-infecções. Em 17 (26,2%) cães não foram observadas alterações medulares. A alteração de medula óssea mais observada foi a hipoplasia mielóide e eritróide em 17 (26.2%) cães, seguido pela hiperplasia mielóide e eritróide (24.6%). A associação do mielograma ao hemograma permitiu a identificação de achados medulares e sua participação na ocorrência de casos de pancitopenia. O número de casos resultantes de doenças infecciosas foi de 38 (58,5%) em caninos avaliados: número significativo devido à característica endêmica da região do estudo.

Systemic mastocytosis with terminal leukemic manifestation in two dogs

Systemic mastocytosis (SM) with leukemic manifestation is rarely reported in veterinary patients. Here, we describe two cases of systemic mastocytosis with leukemic spread of neoplastic mast cells in adult dogs, including their clinical signs, clinical and anatomic pathology, and immunohistochemical analysis of c-KIT as a diagnostic tool. In both cases, hematologic examination revealed normocytic and normochromic anaemia, leucocytosis with segmented neutrophils, and mastocytosis. Cytological analyses of the peritoneal fluid revealed many neoplastic mast cells. Case 1 was associated with a subcutaneous mast cell tumor and Case 2 was not associated with a cutaneous or subcutaneous mast cell tumor. Neoplastic mast cells were found in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and kidneys, and a diagnosis of visceral mastocytosis was established. SM with terminal leukemic manifestation was confirmed by the mastocythemia intensity associated with the morphological changes of the mast cells in the blood and bone marrow.(AU)

Morphometric evaluation of the early stages of healing at cortical and marrow compartments at titanium implants: an experimental study in the dog.

OBJECTIVE: To study the early sequential stages of tissue composition in the cortical and marrow compartments of the alveolar bone crest at implants with a moderately rough surface. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three month after tooth extraction in 12 Labrador dogs, full-thickness flaps were elevated in the edentulous region of the right side of the mandible and one implant was installed. The flaps were sutured to allow a fully submerged healing. The timing of the installations in the left side of the mandible and of sacrifices were scheduled in such a way to obtained biopsies representing the healing after 5, 10, 20, and 30 days. Ground sections (n = 6 per each healing period) were prepared, and the percentages of osteoid/new bone, old bone, new soft tissues (provisional matrix and primitive marrow), mature bone marrow, vessels, and other tissues (bone debris/particles and clot) were evaluated laterally to the implant surface up to a distance of about 0.4 mm from it. RESULTS: Osteoid/new bone was found after 5 days at percentages of 10.8 ± 4.3% at the marrow and 0.6 ± 0.6% at the cortical compartments. After 30 days, these percentages increased up to 56.4 ± 4.0% and 23.3 ± 6.1%, respectively. Old parent bone was resorbed between 5 and 30 days from 28.7 ± 10.9% to 14.9 ± 3.4% at the marrow (~48% of resorption) and from 81.2 ± 9.4% to 67.6 ± 5.6% at the cortical (~17% of resorption) compartments. All differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Bone apposition to an implant surface followed a significantly different pattern in the compact and the marrow compartments around the implants. While in the compact compartments, bone apposition had to develop through the BMUs following resorption, it developed in very dense layers through an early apposition in the marrow compartments.

Systemic mastocytosis with terminal leukemic manifestation in two dogs

Systemic mastocytosis (SM) with leukemic manifestation is rarely reported in veterinary patients. Here, we describe two cases of systemic mastocytosis with leukemic spread of neoplastic mast cells in adult dogs, including their clinical signs, clinical and anatomic pathology, and immunohistochemical analysis of c-KIT as a diagnostic tool. In both cases, hematologic examination revealed normocytic and normochromic anaemia, leucocytosis with segmented neutrophils, and mastocytosis. Cytological analyses of the peritoneal fluid revealed many neoplastic mast cells. Case 1 was associated with a subcutaneous mast cell tumor and Case 2 was not associated with a cutaneous or subcutaneous mast cell tumor. Neoplastic mast cells were found in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and kidneys, and a diagnosis of visceral mastocytosis was established. SM with terminal leukemic manifestation was confirmed by the mastocythemia intensity associated with the morphological changes of the mast cells in the blood and bone marrow.

Mieloma múltiple IgA en paciente obstétrica / Multiple Myeloma in an obstetric patient

El mieloma múltiple es una neoplasia caracterizada por la proliferación anómala de células plasmáticas en la médula ósea, usualmente diagnosticada en pacientes mayores de 60 años, siendo rara su presentación antes de los 40 años de edad. Se presenta el caso de paciente femenina de 29 años de edad, sin antecedentes patológicos conocidos, a quien se le realiza el diagnóstico de mieloma múltiple IgA lambda en el primer trimestre del embarazo. Durante su estancia hospitalaria presenta hipercalcemia en rango de malignidad, con falla renal expresada en elevación de azoados y acidosis metabólica compensada. Se realizó serie radiológica ósea que mostró lesiones líticas en bóveda craneana. En la RMN de columna lumbar se evidencian fracturas patológicas de en columna lumbar (L4). Asimismo se solicitó electroforesis de proteínas en suero y orina e inmunofenotipo, corroborándose el diagnóstico de mieloma múltiple IgA lambda estadío IIIA según criterios de Durie Salmon. La paciente fue tratada con esteroides, evidenciándose disminución de la lesión en región frontal y mejoría de la función renal. El MM durante el embarazo es raro, habiendo sólo 42 casos descritos desde 1968 hasta la actualidad; de los cuales 4 corresponden a MM IgA. Reportamos el quinto caso en la literatura de mieloma múltiple IgA en una paciente obstétrica(AU)

Multiple myeloma is a hematologic malignancy characterized by the abnormal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow. This disease is usually diagnosed in patients older than 60 years, with rare presentation before 40 years of age. We present the case of a female, 29 years - old patient, with no medical history, with IgA lambda myeloma diagnosed in the first trimester of pregnancy and who, during her hospitalization, presented malignant hypercalcemia, with renal failure. Bone survey revealed litic lesions in the skull. The MRI scan showed pathologic fractures of lumbar spine. The patient was treated with steroids, with a decrease of the frontal lesion and improvement of renal function. A protein electrophoresis is also requested in serum and urine, and immunophenotype, corroborating diagnosis of multiple myeloma IgA lambda IIIA stage according to Durie Salmon criteria. Myeloma multiple during pregnancy is extremely rare and there are 42 cases described from 1968 to date, and 4 of them are IgA MM. We report the fifth case in the literature of IgA multiple myeloma in an obstetric patient(AU)

A histological study of non-ceramic hydroxyapatite as a bone graft substitute material in the vertical bone augmentation of the posterior mandible using an interpositional inlay technique: A split mouth evaluation.

The aim of this study was to compare the influence of graft material (non-ceramic hydroxyapatite versus autologous bone) on bone behaviour and perform a resonance frequency analysis of implants placed in augmented sites to evaluate stability. For this study, 11 patients with bilateral edentulous areas in the mandibular posterior region were selected. Alveolar augmentation osteotomies were bilaterally (split mouth design) performed. In one hemiarch, the space generated by the osteotomy was grafted with an interpositional intra-oral autologous bone graft (control group). In the other hemiarch, the space generated by the osteotomy was grafted with an interpositional non-ceramic hydroxyapatite (ncHA) (test group). The groups were randomized. After 6 months of healing, a bone sample was retrieved from each side for histological evaluation using a trephine drill that was 2-mm in internal diameter. The implant stability quotient (ISQ) was measured by the resonance frequency immediately following implant placement at baseline and after 6 months of follow-up. Good incorporation of the graft was observed in both groups; however, in the test group, a residual-grafted material was observed. Bone density and marrow spaces were similar between groups. Correlations between the ISQ values and the histometric variables were not observed (p>0.05). The results of this trial suggest that both intra-oral autologous bone and ncHA may be elected as interpositional grafting materials to vertically augment posterior atrophic mandibles.

Effects of laser vs ultrasound on bone healing after distraction osteogenesis: A histomorphometric analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of low-level laser irradiation vs ultrasound irradiation on bone healing after distraction osteogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Distraction osteogenesis was performed with rapid maxillary expansion devices (Hyrax-Morelli, Sorocaba, São Paulo Brazil) in 24 rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). After a 2-day latency period, the distraction devices were activated for 10 days at a rate of 1 mm/d. Four groups of six animals were treated as follows: (1) control, (2) laser irradiation on the right side, (3) ultrasound irradiation on the right side, and (4) laser irradiation on the right side and ultrasound on the left side. Histomorphometric analysis was used to assess the bone healing area. Analysis of variance was used to perform the statistical analyses. RESULTS: The influence of low-intensity laser associated with ultrasound irradiation on bone healing was statistically significant. The analyses showed the greatest amount of bone healing in the jaws of animals in group 4, which received treatment with both ultrasound and laser. CONCLUSION: This study concluded that bone healing is accelerated with the application of laser irradiation. The greatest effects were observed with combined ultrasound and laser treatment.

Morphology and morphometry of feline bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in culture / Morfologia e morfometria das células-tronco mesenquimais isoladas de medula óssea de gato

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are increasingly being proposed as a therapeutic option for treatment of a variety of different diseases in human and veterinary medicine. Stem cells have been isolated from feline bone marrow, however, very few data exist about the morphology of these cells and no data were found about the morphometry of feline bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs). The objectives of this study were the isolation, growth evaluation, differentiation potential and characterization of feline BM-MSCs by their morphological and morphometric characteristics. in vitro differentiation assays were conducted to confirm the multipotency of feline MSC, as assessed by their ability to differentiate into three cell lineages (osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes). To evaluate morphological and morphometric characteristics the cells are maintained in culture. Cells were observed with light microscope, with association of dyes, and they were measured at 24, 48, 72 and 120h of culture (P1 and P3). The non-parametric ANOVA test for independent samples was performed and the means were compared by Tukey's test. On average, the number of mononuclear cells obtained was 12.29 (±6.05x106) cells/mL of bone marrow. Morphologically, BM-MSCs were long and fusiforms, and squamous with abundant cytoplasm. In the morphometric study of the cells, it was observed a significant increase in average length of cells during the first passage. The cell lengths were 106.97±38.16µm and 177.91±71.61µm, respectively, at first and third passages (24 h). The cell widths were 30.79±16.75 µm and 40.18±20.46µm, respectively, at first and third passages (24 h).The nucleus length of the feline BM-MSCs at P1 increased from 16.28µm (24h) to 21.29µm (120h). However, at P3, the nucleus length was 26.35µm (24h) and 25.22µm (120h). This information could be important for future application and use of feline BM-MSCs.(AU)

As células tronco mesenquimais são utilizadas na terapia de várias doenças na medicina humana e veterinária. As células tronco foram isoladas da medula óssea de gato, entretanto, existem poucos dados referentes a morfologia e não existem informações sobre a morfometria das células tronco isoladas da medula óssea. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram o isolamento, avaliação do crescimento, potencial de diferenciação e caracterização morfológica e morfométrica das células mesenquimais de gato isoladas de medula óssea. A diferenciação in vitro foi realizada para confirmar a multipotencialidade das células mesenquimais de gato (diferenciação em osteoblastos, condrócitos, adipócitos). As células mesenquimais foram mantidas em cultivo para avaliações morfológica e morfométrica. As células foram coradas e observadas em microscopia ótica. As mensurações foram realizadas com 24, 48, 72 e 120h de cultura (primeira e terceira passagens). O teste não paramétrico ANOVA foi utilizado e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. O número médio de células mononucleares obtido foi de 12,29 (±6,05x106) células/mL de medula óssea. As células mesenquimais são longas e fusiformes, e escamosas com citoplasma abundante. No estudo morfométrico, observou-se aumento no comprimento médio das células durante a primeira passagem. As medidas de comprimento das células foram: 106,97±38,16µm e 177,91±71,61µm, respectivamente, na primeira e terceira passagens (24 horas). As medidas de largura das células foram: 30,79±16,75 µm e 40,18±20,46 µm, respectivamente, na primeira e terceira passagens (24 horas). O comprimento do núcleo na primeira passagem aumentou de 16,28µm (24h) para 21,29µm (120h) e na terceira passagem foi de 26,35µm (24h) para 25,22µm (120h). As informações são importantes para futuras aplicações e uso da célula mesenquimal de gato.(AU)

Preparation of infertile male rabbits by local electron beam irradiation for intratesticular transplantation of autologous bone marrow stem cells

PURPOSE: To explore an efficient and safe protocol for the preparation of infertile male rabbits from which bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) could be isolated and cultured. METHODS: Autologous BMSCs could be used for intratesticular transplantation and male infertility research. For this model, various doses (e.g., 6, 8, 10, or 12 Gy) of electron beam irradiation from a linear accelerator were locally applied to the scrotum of 5-month-old male New Zealand white rabbits. The effects of irradiation were compared between treatment groups, and with age-matched normal controls. Both morphology and hollow ratios of seminiferous tubules (HRST) were examined two, four, six, eight and 12-weeks post-irradiation. RESULTS: The seminiferous epithelium showed varying degrees of damage in all treatment groups compared with unirradiated controls, yet Sertoli and Leydig cells appeared unaffected. A dose-dependent response in spermatogenesis was also observed. BMSCs that were isolated and cultured from rabbits of the normal control group and the 12 Gy treatment group were compared with respect to morphology and growth. Starting at 6 weeks, HRST of the 12 Gy-treatment group were stable, and were the highest among all the groups. BMSCs from rabbits treated with 12 Gy also exhibited similar growth as the control group. CONCLUSION: Local dose of 12 Gy to the testes of 5-month-old male New Zealand rabbits is a protocol with which to obtain autologous bone marrow stem cells.(AU)

Afecções neurológicas e abordagens cirúrgicas na coluna vertebral, medula espinhal e raízes nervosas da transição cervicotorácica em cães e gatos revisão / Neurological diseases and surgical approaches to spine, spinal cord and nerve roots of the cervicothoracic transition in dogs and cats a review / Trastornos neurológicos y abordajes quirúrgicos de la columna vertebral, médula espinal y raíces nerviosas de la transición cervico torácica en perros y gatos revisión de la literatura

As vértebras cervicais caudais e torácicas craniais, bem como a medula espinhal cervicotorácica e as raízes nervosas do plexo braquial de cães e gatos, estão sujeitas a diversas enfermidades. Em muitos casos é necessária a realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos com o objetivo de diagnosticar ou tratar essas alterações, como, por exemplo, biópsias, cirurgias descompressivas ou estabilização das vértebras acometidas. Entretanto, como esse segmento é afetado por doenças com menos frequência do que as regiões cervical, toracolombar e lombossacral, a literatura é restrita quanto à descrição das técnicas cirúrgicas de acesso a essa região. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma revisão da anatomia da transição cervicotorácica e das principais doenças que podem acometer essas estruturas em cães e gatos, e descrever as abordagens cirúrgicas que permitam acesso às vértebras, à medula e ao plexo braquial do cão.(AU)

The cranial thoracic and caudal cervical vertebras, as well as the cervicothoracic spinal and nervous roots from the brachial plexus in cats and dogs, are subject to several diseases. In many cases, surgical procedures such as biopsy, descompressive surgery or stabilization of the affected vertebras are necessary in order to diagnose or treat such changes. Nevertheless, since this segment is less frequently affected by diseases than the cervical, thoracolumbar and lumbosacral areas, the literature is quite limited concerning the description of surgical techniques to access this particular area. The objective of this paper is to review the main diseases that might affect dogs and cats and the description of surgical approaches that allow access to the vertebrae, spinal cord and brachial plexus in the dog.(AU)

Las vértebras cervicales caudales y torácicas craneales, así como la médula espinal cérvico torácica y las raíces nerviosas del plexo braquial de perros y gatos, se ven afectadas por diversas enfermedades. En muchos casos es necesaria la realización de procedimientos quirúrgicos a fin de diagnosticar o tratar esas alteraciones, como por ejemplo biopsias, cirugías de descompresión, o estabilización de las vértebras comprometidas. Este segmento de la columna se ve menos comprometido por las enfermedades en relación a otras regiones, como la cervical, toracolumbar y lumbosacra, lo que hace poco frecuente la descripción de técnicas quirúrgicas de abordaje a esa región. El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar una revisión anatómica de la transición cérvico torácica, y de las principales enfermedades que pueden afectar esas estructuras en perros y gatos, así como describir los abordajes quirúrgicos que permitan el acceso a las vértebras, la médula y al plexo braquial del perro.(AU)

Afecções neurológicas e abordagens cirúrgicas na coluna vertebral, medula espinhal e raízes nervosas da transição cervicotorácica em cães e gatos – revisão / Neurological diseases and surgical approaches to spine, spinal cord and nerve roots of the cervicothoracic transition in dogs and cats – a review / Trastornos neurológicos y abordajes quirúrgicos de la columna vertebral, médula espinal y raíces nerviosas de la transición cervico torácica en perros y gatos – revisión de la literatura

As vértebras cervicais caudais e torácicas craniais, bem como a medula espinhal cervicotorácica e as raízes nervosas do plexo braquial de cães e gatos, estão sujeitas a diversas enfermidades. Em muitos casos é necessária a realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos com o objetivo de diagnosticar ou tratar essas alterações, como, por exemplo, biópsias, cirurgias descompressivas ou estabilização das vértebras acometidas. Entretanto, como esse segmento é afetado por doenças com menos frequência do que as regiões cervical, toracolombar e lombossacral, a literatura é restrita quanto à descrição das técnicas cirúrgicas de acesso a essa região. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma revisão da anatomia da transição cervicotorácica e das principais doenças que podem acometer essas estruturas em cães e gatos, e descrever as abordagens cirúrgicas que permitam acesso às vértebras, à medula e ao plexo braquial do cão.

The cranial thoracic and caudal cervical vertebras, as well as the cervicothoracic spinal and nervous roots from the brachial plexus in cats and dogs, are subject to several diseases. In many cases, surgical procedures such as biopsy, descompressive surgery or stabilization of the affected vertebras are necessary in order to diagnose or treat such changes. Nevertheless, since this segment is less frequently affected by diseases than the cervical, thoracolumbar and lumbosacral areas, the literature is quite limited concerning the description of surgical techniques to access this particular area. The objective of this paper is to review the main diseases that might affect dogs and cats and the description of surgical approaches that allow access to the vertebrae, spinal cord and brachial plexus in the dog.

Las vértebras cervicales caudales y torácicas craneales, así como la médula espinal cérvico torácica y las raíces nerviosas del plexo braquial de perros y gatos, se ven afectadas por diversas enfermedades. En muchos casos es necesaria la realización de procedimientos quirúrgicos a fin de diagnosticar o tratar esas alteraciones, como por ejemplo biopsias, cirugías de descompresión, o estabilización de las vértebras comprometidas. Este segmento de la columna se ve menos comprometido por las enfermedades en relación a otras regiones, como la cervical, toracolumbar y lumbosacra, lo que hace poco frecuente la descripción de técnicas quirúrgicas de abordaje a esa región. El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar una revisión anatómica de la transición cérvico torácica, y de las principales enfermedades que pueden afectar esas estructuras en perros y gatos, así como describir los abordajes quirúrgicos que permitan el acceso a las vértebras, la médula y al plexo braquial del perro.

Uso de células mononucleares da medula óssea no tratamento de tendinites induzidas experimentalmente em equinos / The use of mononuclear cells from bone marrow on the treatment of experimentally induced tendinitis in horses

Foram induzidas lesões no tendão flexor digital superficial (TFDS) de ambos os membros anteriores de seis equinos, seguidas de implante autólogo de células da fração mononuclear de medula óssea em apenas um membro de cada animal. Os animais foram avaliados por parâmetros clínicos, ultrassonográficos, histopatológico e imunoistoquímico. Paralelamente, realizou-se o cultivo de novas amostras para a caracterização das células utilizando-se marcadores CD34 e CD45 por meio da citometria de fluxo, confirmando a presença de células mesenquimais na fração mononuclear. A caracterização das fibras colágenas tipo I e tipo III no tecido neoformado mostrou melhora na qualidade da cicatrização tendínea dos membros tratados. A terapia com implante autólogo das células da fração mononuclear melhorou a organização tecidual e a sua qualidade, apresentando maior expressão significativa para colágeno tipo I.(AU)

The present study was developed inducing a lesion in the SDFT of both thoracic limbs of six horses followed by autologous implantation of mononuclear cells from bone marrow in only one affected limb of each horse. The horses were evaluated through clinical and ultrasonography exams, and through histopathology and immunohistochemistry patterns. Concomitantly, new samples were cultivated and characterized using CD34 and CD45 markers, proving the presence of mesenchymal cells in the mononuclear fraction. The characterization of collagen fibers type I and type III in the new tissue has showed an improvement in tendon healing in treated limbs. The therapy with autologous implant of the mononuclear fraction has improved tissue organization and its quality, having a significanlyt higher expression of collagen type I.(AU)

Células mononucleares da medula óssea no tratamento da ruptura total dos tendões flexores e ligamento suspensor do boleto em equino / Bone marrow mononuclear cells in the treatment of complete tear of flexor tendons and suspensory ligament in the horse

This paper describes the case of a horse treated in a Teaching Veterinary Hospital. The sutures of the flexor apparatus associated with cell therapy, the stem cell, provided a rapid response of repair compared to other cases treated in routine of the Hospital. The association of conventional treatments with the mononuclear fraction of bone marrow significantly contributed to the reduction of the hyperextension of the metatarsophalangeal joint. Ultrasound images showed rapid fill cell and decrease in inflammation.(AU)

Exame imuno-histoquímico na biópsia de medula óssea: uma importante ferramenta complementar à morfologia / Immunohistochemistry in bone marrow biopsy: an important complementary tool for morphology

Por razões técnicas e históricas, a utilização da imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) em biópsias de medula óssea (BMO) levou algum tempo a ocupar espaço na avaliação diagnóstica desse tipo de material. Entretanto, esse cenário vem se modificando graças ao crescimento exponencial do número de anticorpos disponíveis para a utilização em material incluído em parafina, além do aperfeiçoamento das técnicas de recuperação antigênica e descalcificação do material. Este texto tem a finalidade de auxiliar o patologista na seleção/ interpretação de painéis de anticorpos utilizados nos laboratórios de rotina, de acordo com a experiência do autor, assim como de enumerar referências da literatura de grande utilidade para a prática diagnóstica.

Due to historical and technical reasons, the use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in bone marrow biopsies (BMB) has not till recently been introduced in diagnostic evaluation. However, this scenario has changed owing to the exponential growth in the number of antibodies available for paraffin-embedded material and the development of techniques for antigen retrieval and material decalcification. Not only does this text aim to assist pathologists in the selection/interpretation of antibody panels used in routine laboratories, but it also lists literature references highly useful for diagnostic practice in accordance with the author's experience.

Citologia de medula óssea das primeiras seis semanas de vida de bovinos da raça Holandesa / Cytology of the bone marrow of the first six weeks of life of Holstein cattle

The possible changes in the bone marrow associated with hematological changes in peripheral blood during the first six weeks of life in cattle were evaluated. To this purpose, blood samples were evaluated at 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of life, and cytologic examination of bone marrow at 2, 7, 21, and 42 days of life in 10 Holstein calves. The bone marrow examination showed, in different times, myeloid:erythroid ratio from 0.60 to 0.69. The erythroid lineage distribution remained pyramidal, with concentration of precursor cells above the initial reference values for adult cattle. Proliferation pool of myeloid lineage also remained above the reference range, with decreases of concentrations in the third and sixth weeks. In the lymphoid lineage, the concentration of lymphocytes showed a decrease in the first three weeks, with a tendency to rise in the sixth week.(AU)

Citologia de medula óssea das primeiras seis semanas de vida de bovinos da raça Holandesa / Cytology of the bone marrow of the first six weeks of life of Holstein cattle

The possible changes in the bone marrow associated with hematological changes in peripheral blood during the first six weeks of life in cattle were evaluated. To this purpose, blood samples were evaluated at 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of life, and cytologic examination of bone marrow at 2, 7, 21, and 42 days of life in 10 Holstein calves. The bone marrow examination showed, in different times, myeloid:erythroid ratio from 0.60 to 0.69. The erythroid lineage distribution remained pyramidal, with concentration of precursor cells above the initial reference values for adult cattle. Proliferation pool of myeloid lineage also remained above the reference range, with decreases of concentrations in the third and sixth weeks. In the lymphoid lineage, the concentration of lymphocytes showed a decrease in the first three weeks, with a tendency to rise in the sixth week.

Inclusões intracitoplasmáticas hialinas na medular da adrenal de bovinos / Intracytoplasmic hyaline inclusions in adrenal medulla of bovine

Cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in adrenal medullary chromaffin cells have been described in various species including humans. These inclusions are believed to be related to certain infectious, toxic and neurodegenerative diseases. No reports concerning such adrenal inclusions have been described in bovines. Adrenal glands from twenty bovines were evaluated in a retrospective study. Seven of these exhibited inclusions - three cases of rabies, two cases of chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia, one case of chronic suppurative peritonitis, and one case of gangrenous mastitis. The inclusions were present in higher numbers especially in cases of rabies and also in one case of chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia. The inclusions were intracytoplasmic, eosinophilic, rounded, single or multiple, of various sizes, strongly stained by PAS and were present in higher numbers in the external layer of the adrenal medulla. The inclusions were negative when subjected to immunohistochemistry for detection of viral antigens in the cases of rabies. Although inclusion bodies were present in adrenal glands devoid of other histological alterations, they were more abundant in cases in which the adrenal gland had other alterations. The correlation between certain diseases and the development of inclusion bodies is not known, which highlights the importance of further studies on these inclusions in adrenal glands of bovines.(AU)