RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Research on Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) among medical students has increased globally, highlighting a high prevalence in this demographic. However, there is a lack of data specifically regarding the prevalence of IBS among medical students in Yemen. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of IBS among Yemeni medical students. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving medical students who completed a validated self-administered questionnaire incorporating socio-demographic information, dietary habits, smoking status, sleep patterns, and the Rome IV criteria for IBS. We used bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models to identify IBS's associated factors, estimated as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and average marginal effect (AME) on the predicted probability of IBS. RESULTS: The study included 351 medical students with a mean age of 22.53 ± 2.70 years; 39.60% (139) were females. The prevalence of IBS was 26.21% (92 students), with 67.39% (62) of them classified as IBS-M (mixed). In multivariable analysis, the consumption of carbonated soft drinks remained significantly associated with IBS (OR: 3.35; 95% CI: 1.14-9.88; P = 0.028). In males, coffee consumption had a substantial effect on the predicted probability of IBS (AME: 11.41%; 95% CI: 0.32-22.60). In females, the consumption of carbonated soft drinks had a significant effect on the predicted probability of IBS (AME: 24.91%; 95% CI: 8.34-41.48). CONCLUSION: The consumption of carbonated soft drinks is significantly associated with IBS among medical students, with a particularly notable increase in the predicted probability of IBS in females. These findings highlight the necessity for gender-specific dietary recommendations in IBS management. Further research is essential to investigate IBS in the general population to gain a comprehensive understanding of its prevalence and associated factors.
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Conducta Alimentaria , Síndrome del Colon Irritable , Estudiantes de Medicina , Humanos , Síndrome del Colon Irritable/epidemiología , Femenino , Masculino , Estudios Transversales , Estudiantes de Medicina/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto Joven , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto , Bebidas Gaseosas/estadística & datos numéricos , Café , Factores Sexuales , Fumar/epidemiología , Modelos LogísticosRESUMEN
Elevated uric acid levels are linked with obesity and diabetes. Existing research mainly examines the relationship between sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage (SSB) consumption and uric acid levels. This study explored the association between the quantity and frequency of SSB consumption and elevated uric acid levels in Korean adults. Data from 2881 participants aged 19-64 years (1066 men and 1815 women) in the 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. Serum uric acid levels were categorized into quartiles, with the highest defined as high uric acid (men, ≥6.7 mg/dL; women, ≥4.8 mg/dL). SSB consumption was classified into quartiles (almost never, <1 cup (<200 mL), 1-3 cups (200-600 mL), ≥3 cups (≥600 mL)) and frequency into tertiles (almost never, ≤1/week, ≥2/week). Multivariate logistic regression assessed the association, with separate analyses for men and women. Increased daily SSB consumption and frequency were significantly associated with high uric acid levels in men but not in women. After adjusting for sociodemographic and health characteristics, consuming ≥3 cups (≥600 mL) of SSBs per day and SSBs ≥ 2/week were significantly associated with high serum uric acid levels in men, but this association was not observed in women. The study concludes that increased SSB intake is linked to elevated uric acid levels in Korean men, but not in women.
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Bebidas Gaseosas , Encuestas Nutricionales , Bebidas Azucaradas , Ácido Úrico , Humanos , Ácido Úrico/sangre , Femenino , Masculino , República de Corea , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Bebidas Gaseosas/estadística & datos numéricos , Bebidas Azucaradas/estadística & datos numéricos , Bebidas Azucaradas/efectos adversos , Adulto Joven , Estudios TransversalesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The UK soft drinks industry levy (SDIL) was announced in March 2016 and implemented in April 2018, encouraging manufacturers to reduce the sugar content of soft drinks. This is the first study to investigate changes in individual-level consumption of free sugars in relation to the SDIL. METHODS: We used controlled interrupted time series (2011-2019) to explore changes in the consumption of free sugars in the whole diet and from soft drinks alone 11 months after SDIL implementation in a nationally representative sample of adults (>18 years; n=7999) and children (1.5-19 years; n=7656) drawn from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Estimates were based on differences between observed data and a counterfactual scenario of no SDIL announcement/implementation. Models included protein consumption (control) and accounted for autocorrelation. RESULTS: Accounting for trends prior to the SDIL announcement, there were absolute reductions in the daily consumption of free sugars from the whole diet in children and adults of 4.8 g (95% CI 0.6 to 9.1) and 10.9 g (95% CI 7.8 to 13.9), respectively. Comparable reductions in free sugar consumption from drinks alone were 3.0 g (95% CI 0.1 to 5.8) and 5.2 g (95% CI 4.2 to 6.1). The percentage of total dietary energy from free sugars declined over the study period but was not significantly different from the counterfactual. CONCLUSION: The SDIL led to significant reductions in dietary free sugar consumption in children and adults. Energy from free sugar as a percentage of total energy did not change relative to the counterfactual, which could be due to simultaneous reductions in total energy intake associated with reductions in dietary free sugar.
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Bebidas Gaseosas , Análisis de Series de Tiempo Interrumpido , Encuestas Nutricionales , Humanos , Reino Unido , Bebidas Gaseosas/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Femenino , Masculino , Adolescente , Adulto , Preescolar , Azúcares de la Dieta , Adulto Joven , Lactante , Industria de Alimentos , Persona de Mediana Edad , DietaRESUMEN
Sugar sweetened beverage consumption has been suggested as a risk factor for childhood asthma symptoms. We examined whether the UK Soft Drinks Industry Levy (SDIL), announced in March 2016 and implemented in April 2018, was associated with changes in National Health Service hospital admission rates for asthma in children, 22 months post-implementation of SDIL. We conducted interrupted time series analyses (2012-2020) to measure changes in monthly incidence rates of hospital admissions. Sub-analysis was by age-group (5-9,10-14,15-18 years) and neighbourhood deprivation quintiles. Changes were relative to counterfactual scenarios where the SDIL wasn't announced, or implemented. Overall, incidence rates reduced by 20.9% (95%CI: 29.6-12.2). Reductions were similar across age-groups and deprivation quintiles. These findings give support to the idea that implementation of a UK tax intended to reduce childhood obesity may have contributed to a significant unexpected and additional public health benefit in the form of reduced hospital admissions for childhood asthma.
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Asma , Bebidas Gaseosas , Hospitalización , Humanos , Asma/epidemiología , Asma/etiología , Niño , Adolescente , Preescolar , Inglaterra/epidemiología , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , Bebidas Gaseosas/economía , Bebidas Gaseosas/efectos adversos , Bebidas Gaseosas/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Femenino , Análisis de Series de Tiempo Interrumpido , Impuestos/economía , Incidencia , Obesidad Infantil/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Bebidas Azucaradas/efectos adversos , Bebidas Azucaradas/estadística & datos numéricos , Bebidas Azucaradas/economíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Evidence on the impact of beverage consumption on depression is limited in the Asian population. Specifically, there is little information available on vegetable and fruit juices, while whole vegetables and fruits are reportedly protective against depression. Furthermore, evidence is scarce in differentiating the impacts of sweetened and black coffee. We aimed to examine the association of the consumption of total sugary drinks, carbonated beverages, vegetable and fruit juices, sweetened and black coffee, and green tea with subsequent depression in a general population sample. METHODS: We studied individuals without a history of cancer, myocardial infarction, stroke, diabetes, or depression at baseline in 2011-2016, with a five-year follow-up. We used Poisson regression models and the g-formula, thereby calculating the risk difference (RD) for depression. Multiple sensitivity analyses were conducted. Missing data were handled using random forest imputation. We also examined effect heterogeneity based on sex, age, and body mass index by analyzing the relative excess risk due to interaction and the ratio of risk ratios. RESULTS: In total, 94,873 individuals were evaluated, and 80,497 completed the five-year follow-up survey for depression. Of these, 18,172 showed depression. When comparing the high consumption group with the no consumption group, the fully adjusted RD (95% CI) was 3.6% (2.8% to 4.3%) for total sugary drinks, 3.5% (2.1% to 4.7%) for carbonated beverages, 2.3% (1.3% to 3.4%) for vegetable juice, 2.4% (1.1% to 3.6%) for 100% fruit juice, and 2.6% (1.9% to 3.5%) for sweetened coffee. In contrast, the fully adjusted RD (95% CI) was -1.7% (-2.6% to -0.7%) for black coffee. The fully adjusted RD for green tea did not reach statistical significance. The results were robust in multiple sensitivity analyses. We did not find substantial effect heterogeneity based on sex, age, and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: Total sugary drinks, carbonated beverages, vegetable and fruit juices, and sweetened coffee may increase the risk of depression, whereas black coffee may decrease it.
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Bebidas Gaseosas , Café , Depresión , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales , Té , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Bebidas Gaseosas/estadística & datos numéricos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Depresión/epidemiología , Adulto , Estudios de Cohortes , Bebidas Azucaradas/estadística & datos numéricos , Bebidas Azucaradas/efectos adversos , Estudios de Seguimiento , AncianoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To determine the caries status in children's deciduous teeth and examine the influence of family oral health behaviours on the caries status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 329 children aged 3-6 years in rural Heishanzui Township, Hebei Province, China, and used a completely random sampling method. These children underwent physical and oral health examinations. The questionnaires were given to the parents and caregivers of the examined children. RESULTS: The prevalence of caries in the deciduous dentition among children aged 3-6 years was 80.55%, with a dmft index of 4.93. Children in the caries group ate sweets, chocolates, and carbonated drinks more frequently than did children in the caries-free group (p < 0.05). Children in the caries-free group brushed their teeth more frequently, with parents helping their children brush, more often than did those in the caries-affected group (p < 0.05). The level of parental education and annual household income also had statistically significant effects on the prevalence of caries in the two groups (p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the frequency of eating sweets was a risk factor for caries in deciduous teeth (odds ratio = 2.20; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of caries in deciduous teeth among children aged 3-6 years in rural Heishanzui Township was high. Compared to children in the caries-affected group, the families and children in the caries-free group had better oral hygiene behaviours. Moreover, the frequency of eating sweets was shown to be a risk factor for caries in deciduous teeth in children aged 3-6 years.
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Índice CPO , Caries Dental , Diente Primario , Humanos , Caries Dental/epidemiología , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , China/epidemiología , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Prevalencia , Cepillado Dental/estadística & datos numéricos , Escolaridad , Renta , Población Rural , Conductas Relacionadas con la Salud , Padres , Bebidas Gaseosas/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Carbonated soft-drink consumption is detrimental to multiple facets of adolescent health. However, little is known about temporal trends in carbonated soft-drink consumption among adolescents, particularly in non-Western countries. Therefore, we aimed to examine this trend in representative samples of school-going adolescents from eighteen countries in Africa, Asia and the Americas. Cross-sectional data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey 2009-2017 were analysed. Carbonated soft-drink consumption referred to drinking carbonated soft-drinks at least once per day in the past 30 d. The prevalence of carbonated soft-drink consumption was calculated for each survey, and crude linear trends were assessed by linear regression models. Data on 74 055 students aged 12-15 years were analysed (mean age 13·9 (sd 1·0) years; 49·2 % boys). The overall mean prevalence of carbonated soft-drink consumption was 42·1 %. Of the eighteen countries included in the study, significant decreasing, increasing and stable trends of carbonated soft-drink consumption were observed in seven, two and nine countries, respectively. The most drastic decrease was observed in Kuwait between 2011 (74·4 %) and 2015 (51·7 %). Even in countries with significant decreasing trends, the decrease was rather modest, while some countries with stable trends had very high prevalence across time (e.g. Suriname 80·5 % in 2009 and 79·4 % in 2016). The prevalence of carbonated soft-drink consumption was high in all countries included in the present analysis, despite decreasing trends being observed in some. Public health initiatives to reduce the consumption of carbonated soft-drink consumption among adolescents are urgently required.
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Bebidas Gaseosas , Humanos , Bebidas Gaseosas/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Femenino , Masculino , Estudios Transversales , África/epidemiología , Niño , Asia/epidemiología , Américas/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Estudiantes/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Objectives. To assess the US food industry's response to calls from public health authorities to reduce portion sizes by comparing current with past sizes of selected examples of single-serve ultra-processed packaged and fast foods. Methods. We obtained manufacturers' information about current portion sizes and compared it with sizes when first introduced and in 2002. Results. Few companies in our sample reduced portion sizes since 2002; all still sold portions of ultra-processed foods in up to 5-times-larger sizes than when first introduced. Conclusions. Policies and practices focused on reducing portion size could help discourage the consumption of excessive amounts of ultra-processed foods. (Am J Public Health. 2021;111(12):2223-2226. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306513).
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Comida Rápida/estadística & datos numéricos , Embalaje de Alimentos , Tamaño de la Porción/estadística & datos numéricos , Cerveza/estadística & datos numéricos , Dulces/estadística & datos numéricos , Bebidas Gaseosas/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
There is increasing interest in the effect that food environments may have on obesity, particularly through mechanisms related to the marketing and consumption of calorie-dense, nutrient-poor foods and sugary beverages. Price promotions, such as temporary price discounts, have been particularly effective in the marketing of carbonated soft drinks (CSDs) among consumers. Research has also suggested that the purchasing behavior of consumer groups may be differentially sensitive to price discounts on CSDs, with obese women particularly sensitive. In addition, the intensity of price discount in a person's food environment may also vary across geography and over time. This study examines whether the weight change of obese women, compared to overweight or normal BMI women, is more sensitive to the intensity of price discounts on CSDs in the food environment. This study used longitudinal survey data from 1622 women in the Montreal Neighborhood Networks and Health Aging (MoNNET-HA) Panel. Women were asked to report their height and weight in 2008, 2010 and 2013 in order to calculate women's BMI in 2008 and their change of weight between 2008 and 2013. Women's exposure to an unhealthy food environment was based on the frequency in which their neighborhood food stores placed price discounts on CSDs in 2008. The price discount frequency on CSDs within women's neighborhoods was calculated from Nielsen point-of sales transaction data in 2008 and geocoded to participant's forward sortation area. The prevalence of obesity and overweight among MoNNET-HA female participants was 18.3% in 2008, 19.9% in 2010 and 20.7% in 2013 respectively. Results showed that among obese women, exposure to unhealthy food environments was associated with a 3.25 kilogram (SE = 1.35, p-value = 0.02) weight gain over the five-year study period. Exposure to price discounts on CSDs may disproportionately affect and reinforce weight gain in women who are already obese.
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Bebidas Gaseosas/estadística & datos numéricos , Comportamiento del Consumidor/estadística & datos numéricos , Preferencias Alimentarias/psicología , Promoción de la Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Obesidad/epidemiología , Adulto , Anciano , Canadá/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Increasing sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) consumption and associated health impacts warrant health-policy action. We assessed associations of socioeconomic and lifestyle variables with adolescents' consumption of regular soda (RSD), sport (SD), and energy (ED) drinks. Cross-sectional study of 3930 Spanish adolescents (2089 girls, 1841 boys) aged 13-18 years). We compared frequency of consuming each SSB type (European Food Safety Authority questionnaire) with sociodemographic and lifestyle variables (standardized questions). RSD, SD, and ED were consumed at least weekly by 72.7%, 32.3%, and 12.3% of participants, respectively, and more frequently (p < 0.001) by boys, compared to girls. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression showed inverse association between RSD, SD, and ED consumption and parental occupation-based socioeconomic status (p < 0.01). Daily smoking was associated (p < 0.001) with higher ED (OR 3.64, 95% CI 2.39-5.55) and RSD (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.56-2.97) consumptions. SD intake was associated inversely with smoking (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.40-0.89, p = 0.012) and directly with physical activity (OR 2.93, 95% CI 2.18-3.95, p < 0.001). School performance was lower among ED (OR 2.14, 95% CI, 1.37-3.35, p = 0.001) and RSD (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.24-2.64, p = 0.002) consumers, compared to SD. Maleness and low socioeconomic status predicted SSB consumption. Smoking and low school performance were associated with higher ED and RSD intakes.
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Bebidas/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Bebidas Gaseosas/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Transversales , Bebidas Energéticas/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Factores Socioeconómicos , España , Bebidas Azucaradas/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The 2008 Great Recession significantly impacted economies and individuals globally, with potential impacts on food systems and dietary intake. We systematically reviewed evidence on the impact of the Great Recession on individuals' dietary intake globally and whether disadvantaged individuals were disproportionately affected. METHODS: We searched seven databases and relevant grey literature through June 2020. Longitudinal quantitative studies with the 2008 recession as the exposure and any measure of dietary intake (energy intake, dietary quality, and food/macronutrient consumption) as the outcome were eligible for inclusion. Eligibility was independently assessed by two reviewers. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale was used for quality and risk of bias assessment. We undertook a random effects meta-analysis for changes in energy intake. Harvest plots were used to display and summarise study results for other outcomes. The study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019135864). RESULTS: Forty-one studies including 2.6 million people met our inclusion criteria and were heterogenous in both methods and results. Ten studies reported energy intake, 11 dietary quality, 34 food intake, and 13 macronutrient consumption. The Great Recession was associated with a mean reduction of 103.0 cal per adult equivalent per day (95% Confidence Interval: - 132.1, - 73.9) in high-income countries (5 studies) and an increase of 105.5 cal per adult per day (95% Confidence Interval: 72.8, 138.2) in middle-income countries (2 studies) following random effects meta-analysis. We found reductions in fruit and vegetable intake. We also found reductions in intake of fast food, sugary products, and soft drinks. Impacts on macronutrients and dietary quality were inconclusive, though suggestive of a decrease in dietary quality. The Great Recession had greater impacts on dietary intake for disadvantaged individuals. CONCLUSIONS: The 2008 recession was associated with diverse impacts on diets. Calorie intake decreased in high income countries but increased in middle income countries. Fruit and vegetable consumption reduced, especially for more disadvantaged individuals, which may negatively affect health. Fast food, sugary products, and soft drink consumption also decreased which may confer health benefits. Implementing effective policies to mitigate adverse nutritional changes and encourage positive changes during the COVID-19 pandemic and other major economic shocks should be prioritised.
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Dieta/estadística & datos numéricos , Recesión Económica , COVID-19 , Bebidas Gaseosas/estadística & datos numéricos , Ingestión de Alimentos , Recesión Económica/historia , Recesión Económica/estadística & datos numéricos , Frutas , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Pandemias , VerdurasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for more than 80% of kidney cancers in adults, and obesity is a known risk factor. Regular consumption of sweetened beverages has been linked to obesity and several chronic diseases, including some types of cancer. It is uncertain whether soft drink and juice consumption is associated with risk of RCC. We investigated the associations of soft drink and juice consumption with RCC incidence and mortality in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). METHODS: A total of 389,220 EPIC participants with median age of 52 years at recruitment (1991-2000) were included. Cox regression yielded adjusted HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for RCC incidence and mortality in relation to intakes of juices and total, sugar-sweetened, and artificially sweetened soft drinks. RESULTS: A total of 888 incident RCCs and 356 RCC deaths were identified. In models including adjustment for body mass index and energy intake, there was no higher risk of incident RCC associated with consumption of juices (HR per 100 g/day increment = 1.03; 95% CI, 0.97-1.09), total soft drinks (HR = 1.01; 95% CI, 0.98-1.05), sugar-sweetened soft drinks (HR = 0.99; 95% CI, 0.94-1.05), or artificially sweetened soft drinks (HR = 1.02; 95% CI, 0.96-1.08). In these fully adjusted models, none of the beverages was associated with RCC mortality (HR, 95% CI per 100 g/day increment 1.06, 0.97-1.16; 1.03, 0.98-1.09; 0.97, 0.89-1.07; and 1.06, 0.99-1.14, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of juices or soft drinks was not associated with RCC incidence or mortality after adjusting for obesity. IMPACT: Soft drink and juice intakes are unlikely to play an independent role in RCC development or mortality.
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Bebidas Gaseosas/estadística & datos numéricos , Carcinoma de Células Renales/epidemiología , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales/estadística & datos numéricos , Neoplasias Renales/epidemiología , Obesidad/epidemiología , Adulto , Anciano , Índice de Masa Corporal , Bebidas Gaseosas/efectos adversos , Carcinoma de Células Renales/etiología , Encuestas sobre Dietas/estadística & datos numéricos , Europa (Continente)/epidemiología , Conducta Alimentaria , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales/efectos adversos , Humanos , Incidencia , Neoplasias Renales/etiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/etiología , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Edulcorantes/efectos adversosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine changes in household purchases of drinks and confectionery one year after implementation of the UK soft drinks industry levy (SDIL). DESIGN: Controlled interrupted time series analysis. PARTICIPANTS: Members of a panel of households reporting their purchasing on a weekly basis to a market research company (average weekly number of participants n=22 183), March 2014 to March 2019. INTERVENTION: A two tiered tax levied on manufacturers of soft drinks, announced in March 2016 and implemented in April 2018. Drinks with ≥8 g sugar/100 mL (high tier) are taxed at £0.24/L and drinks with ≥5 to <8 g sugar/100 mL (low tier) are taxed at £0.18/L. Drinks with <5 g sugar/100 mL (no levy) are not taxed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Absolute and relative differences in the volume of, and amount of sugar in, soft drinks categories, all soft drinks combined, alcohol, and confectionery purchased per household per week one year after implementation of the SDIL compared with trends before the announcement of the SDIL. RESULTS: In March 2019, compared with the counterfactual estimated from pre-announcement trends, purchased volume of drinks in the high levy tier decreased by 155 mL (95% confidence interval 240.5 to 69.5 mL) per household per week, equivalent to 44.3% (95% confidence interval 59.9% to 28.7%), and sugar purchased in these drinks decreased by 18.0 g (95% confidence interval 32.3 to 3.6 g), or 45.9% (68.8% to 22.9%). Purchases of low tier drinks decreased by 177.3 mL (225.3 to 129.3 mL) per household per week, or 85.9% (95.1% to 76.7%), with a 12.5 g (15.4 to 9.5 g) reduction in sugar in these drinks, equivalent to 86.2% (94.2% to 78.1%). Despite no overall change in volume of no levy drinks purchased, there was an increase in sugar purchased of 15.3 g (12.6 to 17.9 g) per household per week, equivalent to 166.4% (94.2% to 238.5%). When all soft drinks were combined, the volume of drinks purchased did not change, but sugar decreased by 29.5 g (55.8 to 3.1 g), or 9.8% (17.9% to 1.8%). Purchases of confectionery and alcoholic drinks did not change. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with trends before the SDIL was announced, one year after implementation, the volume of soft drinks purchased did not change. The amount of sugar in those drinks was 30 g, or 10%, lower per household per week-equivalent to one 250 mL serving of a low tier drink per person per week. The SDIL might benefit public health without harming industry. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN18042742.
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Bebidas Gaseosas/economía , Comportamiento del Consumidor/economía , Comportamiento del Consumidor/estadística & datos numéricos , Industria de Alimentos/economía , Política de Salud/economía , Bebidas Azucaradas/economía , Impuestos , Bebidas Gaseosas/estadística & datos numéricos , Promoción de la Salud/economía , Promoción de la Salud/métodos , Humanos , Análisis de Series de Tiempo Interrumpido , Bebidas Azucaradas/estadística & datos numéricos , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Studies on frequency and risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the rural Indian population are scanty. METHODS: This household survey was undertaken by the trained interviewers in the adult population (≥ 18 years) in four villages in northern India using translated-validated Enhanced Asian Rome III and hospital anxiety and depression questionnaires. RESULTS: Of 2774 subjects, 2019 (72.8%) had no heartburn. Heartburn frequency was as follows: 314 (11.3%) once/week, 143 (5.2%) twice/week, 85 (3.1%) thrice/week, 69 (2.5%) four times/week, 48 (1.7%) five times/week, 18 (0.6%) six times/week, 41 (1.5%) daily, 37 (1.4%) > once daily. A total of 298 (10.7%) had GERD (definition: heartburn > twice/week). Older age (36.5 vs. 35 years), non-Hindu religion (7, 2.4% vs. 30, 1.2%), lower education (127, 42.6% vs. 789, 31.9%), lower socioeconomic class (94, 31.5% vs. 517, 20.9%) and income (below Indian National Rupees [INR] 458; 105, 35.2% vs. 599, 24.2%), non-vegetarian diet (15, 5% vs. 105, 4.2%), intake of tea/coffee (260, 87.2% vs. 1687, 68.1%), carbonated soft drinks (216, 72.5% vs. 1234, 49.8%), and alcohol (48, 16.1% vs. 313, 12.6%), tobacco chewing (116, 38.9% vs. 681, 27.5%), and smoking (105, 35.2% vs. 672, 27.1%) were associated with GERD on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, body mass index > 25 kg/m2 (odds ratio [OR] 1.23; 95% CI 0.88-1.71), predominant rice eating (1.13; 0.74-1.74), tobacco chewing and smoking (1.68; 1.24-2.30 and 1.36; 0.99-1.88), and alcohol (1.2; 0.78-1.83) and carbonated soft drinks (2.48; 1.79-3.44) intake were associated with GERD. A total of 122 (41%) had associated functional dyspepsia. Psychological comorbidities were commoner among those with than without GERD. CONCLUSION: In this rural Indian population, 10.7% had GERD and predominant rice eating, tobacco chewing, and carbonated soft drink intake were the risk factors. Psychological comorbidities were common.
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Reflujo Gastroesofágico/epidemiología , Población Rural/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Índice de Masa Corporal , Bebidas Gaseosas/efectos adversos , Bebidas Gaseosas/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Transversales , Dieta/efectos adversos , Dieta/estadística & datos numéricos , Dispepsia/epidemiología , Femenino , Reflujo Gastroesofágico/etiología , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Pirosis/epidemiología , Humanos , India/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oportunidad Relativa , Oryza/efectos adversos , Prevalencia , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Socioeconómicos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Uso de Tabaco/efectos adversos , Uso de Tabaco/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study explored the associations of asthma and long-term asthma control medication with tooth wear among American adolescents and young adults. METHODS: Data from 2186 participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used. Asthma and prescribed long-term medication were collected through questionnaires. The number of surfaces with tooth wear was determined during clinical examinations. Associations were tested in Hurdle regression models adjusting for confounders. RESULTS: The prevalence of tooth wear was 58%, with an average of 6.1 (SD: 4.0) surfaces affected among those with the condition. The prevalence of asthma was 10.3%, with 2.9% of participants using long-term medication for asthma control. In the adjusted regression model, asthma was not associated with tooth wear. However, long-term control medication was associated with greater odds of having tooth wear (odds ratio: 3.33; 95%CI: 1.24-8.97), but it was not associated with the number of surfaces with tooth wear among those with the condition (rate ratio: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.58-1.75). CONCLUSION: This cross-sectional analysis of national data shows that taking long-term asthma medication was positively associated with having tooth wear.
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Antiasmáticos/uso terapéutico , Asma/tratamiento farmacológico , Asma/epidemiología , Desgaste de los Dientes/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Antiasmáticos/administración & dosificación , Antiasmáticos/efectos adversos , Asma/etnología , Bebidas Gaseosas/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Reflujo Gastroesofágico/epidemiología , Humanos , Cobertura del Seguro/estadística & datos numéricos , Seguro Odontológico/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas Nutricionales , Grupos Raciales , Factores Socioeconómicos , Desgaste de los Dientes/etnología , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
El calcio (Ca) es un nutriente crítico para la salud, especialmente en los períodos de crecimiento. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los individuos argentinos no alcanzan la ingesta diaria recomendada. Por su parte, el fósforo (P) es un nutriente cuya ingesta suele estar por encima de la recomendada. Este tipo de desequilibrio en la ingesta de ambos nutrientes conlleva a una pérdida de masa ósea. El consumo de bebidas analcohólicas (BA) se ha incrementado en los últimos años, sobre todo en la población infantil, desplazando el consumo de agua y lácteos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar el aporte de Ca y P a partir de BA diferentes de agua. Se evaluaron 59 muestras, cuya mediana y rango de Ca fue de 7,74 [0,00 a 111,29] mg/l y de P 55,17 [0,16 a 957,00] mg/l. Los jugos en polvo son los que mayor contenido de Ca presentaron y las bebidas deportivas aquellas donde se halló el mayor contenido de P. Considerando un consumo de 500 ml/día de BA se estarían incorporando 3,87 mg Ca y 27,59 mg P. El creciente consumo de BA, su bajo contenido de Ca y la concomitante reducción del consumo de lácteos contribuyen a una inadecuada ingesta de Ca. (AU)
Calcium (Ca) is a critical nutrient, especially during periods of growth. However, the majority of Argentine individuals do not reach the recommended daily intake. On the other hand, phosphorus (P) is a nutrient with an intake usually above the recommended values. This type of imbalance between the intake of the nutrients leads to loss of bone mass. Soft drinks consumption (BA) has increased in recent years, especially in children, displacing the consumption of water and dairy products. The aim of this work was to estimate the Ca and P content in BA other than water. 59 samples were evaluated, with a median and range of Ca of 7.74 [0.00 to 111.29] mg/l and of P of 55.17 [0.16 to 957.00] mg/l. Powdered juices are the ones with the highest Ca content, and sports drinks are the beverages in which the highest P content was found. Based on a BA consumption of 500 ml/day, 3.87 mg Ca and 27.59 mg P would be incorporated. Therefore, the increased consumption of BA, their low Ca content, and the concomitant reduction in dairy consumption contribute to an inadequate intake of Ca. (AU)
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Humanos , Niño , Adolescente , Fosfatos/análisis , Bebidas Gaseosas/estadística & datos numéricos , Calcio/análisis , Zumos , Argentina , Control de Calidad , Calcio de la Dieta , Crecimiento y Desarrollo , Ingesta Diaria RecomendadaRESUMEN
There is currently limited direct evidence of how sponsorship of scientific conferences fits within the food industry's strategy to shape public policy and opinion in its favour. This paper provides an analysis of emails between a vice-president of The Coca-Cola Company (Coke) and prominent public health figures in relation to the 2012 and 2014 International Congresses of Physical Activity and Public Health (ICPAPH). Contrary to Coke's prepared public statements, the findings show that Coke deliberated with its sponsored researchers on topics to present at ICPAPH in an effort to shift blame for the rising incidence of obesity and diet-related diseases away from its products onto physical activity and individual choice. The emails also show how Coke used ICPAPH to promote its front groups and sponsored research networks and foster relationships with public health leaders in order to use their authority to deliver Coke's message. The study questions whether current protocols about food industry sponsorship of scientific conferences are adequate to safeguard public health interests from corporate influence. A safer approach could be to apply the same provisions that are stipulated in the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control on eliminating all tobacco industry sponsorship to the food industry.
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Bebidas Gaseosas , Congresos como Asunto , Correo Electrónico , Ejercicio Físico , Industria de Alimentos , Bebidas Gaseosas/economía , Bebidas Gaseosas/estadística & datos numéricos , Congresos como Asunto/economía , Congresos como Asunto/ética , Congresos como Asunto/legislación & jurisprudencia , Congresos como Asunto/estadística & datos numéricos , Correo Electrónico/ética , Correo Electrónico/estadística & datos numéricos , Industria de Alimentos/ética , Industria de Alimentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Industria de Alimentos/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Salud Pública/normas , Salud Pública/tendencias , Industria del Tabaco/legislación & jurisprudenciaRESUMEN
FUNDAMENTOS: El consumo de gaseosas se asocia positivamente al padecimiento de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Dicho consumo difiere entre países de distinto nivel de ingreso y entre individuos de distinto nivel socioeconómico. A pesar de gravar el consumo de estas bebidas, Argentina se ubica entre lospaíses de mayor consumo de gaseosa per cápita, lo que motiva estudiar su distribución según región y nivel socioeconómico. MÉTODOS: A partir de 3 encuestas nacionales de gastos de los hogares (1996-2013) se efectúan pruebas de diferencia de medias (test de Welch y Games-Howell al 5%) entre 12 sub-regiones del país y entre deciles de gasto per cápita para el consumo mensual de gaseosa por adulto equivalente. Asimismo, se verifica la presencia de inequidad a partir del cómputo del índice de concentración de Wagstaff. RESULTADOS: Entre las provincias que conforman el noroeste argentino no se encuentran diferencias significativas en el consumo, pero sí entre ellas y las que conforman la Patagonia. Valores positivos del índice de concentración indican que no existe inequidad en el consumo de gaseosas. CONCLUSIONES: Si bien no se verificó inequidad en el consumo en ningún período, la evolución decreciente del índice de concentración indicaría un aumento del consumo entre hogares más pobres
BACKGROUND: Carbonated beverage consumption is positively associated with cardiovascular disease. Such consumption differs between countries of different income levels and between individuals of different socioeconomic levels. Despite taxing the consumption of these drinks, Argentina is among the countries with the highest consumption of soda per capita, which motivates studying its distribution according to region and socioeconomic level. METHODS: From 3 national surveys of household expenditures (1996-2013), mean difference tests (Welch and Games-Howell test at 5%) are carried out between 12 sub-regions of the country and between deciles of per capita spending for the monthly consumption of soda per equivalent adult. Likewise, the presence of inequity is checked from the computation of the Wagstaff concentration index. RESULTS: Among the provinces that are part of the Argentine northwest, there are no significant differences in consumption, but there are differences between them and those that are part of Patagonia. Positive values of the concentration index indicate that there is no inequity in the consumption of carbonated beverage. CONCLUSIONS: Although there was no inequity in consumption in any period, the decreasing evolution of the concentration index would indicate an increase in consumption among poorer households
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Humanos , Bebidas Gaseosas/estadística & datos numéricos , Conducta Alimentaria , 24457 , ArgentinaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Meta-analysis of observational studies concluded that soft drinks may increase the risk of depression, while high consumption of coffee and tea may reduce the risk. Objectives were to explore the associations between the consumption of soft drinks, coffee or tea and: (1) a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) and (2) the severity of depressive symptoms clusters (mood, cognitive and somatic/vegetative symptoms). METHODS: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis based on baseline and 12-month-follow-up data collected from four countries participating in the European MooDFOOD prevention trial. In total, 941 overweight adults with subsyndromal depressive symptoms aged 18 to 75 years were analyzed. History of MDD, depressive symptoms and beverages intake were assessed. RESULTS: Sugar-sweetened soft drinks were positively related to MDD history rates whereas soft drinks with non-nutritive sweeteners were inversely related for the high vs. low categories of intake. Longitudinal analysis showed no significant associations between beverages and mood, cognitive and somatic/vegetative clusters. CONCLUSION: Our findings point toward a relationship between soft drinks and past MDD diagnoses depending on how they are sweetened while we found no association with coffee and tea. No significant effects were found between any studied beverages and the depressive symptoms clusters in a sample of overweight adults.
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Bebidas/estadística & datos numéricos , Bebidas Gaseosas/estadística & datos numéricos , Depresión/epidemiología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/epidemiología , Dieta/efectos adversos , Sobrepeso/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Bebidas/efectos adversos , Bebidas Gaseosas/efectos adversos , Café , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Alemania/epidemiología , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Países Bajos/epidemiología , Edulcorantes no Nutritivos/administración & dosificación , España/epidemiología , Bebidas Azucaradas/efectos adversos , Bebidas Azucaradas/estadística & datos numéricos , Té , Reino Unido/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCCIÓN: la erosión dental es la pérdida patológica, crónica, localizada e indolora de los tejidos dentarios, producida por la acción química de ácidos y sin la intervención de la acción de microorganismos. En los últimos años se ha observado un incremento significativo de la prevalencia de esta patología, especialmente en niños y adolescentes. OBJETIVOS: determinar la prevalencia de la erosión dental en la dentición temporal mediante el índice Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) en niños de entre 5 y 12 años, y determinar los hábitos de alimentación que pueden favorecer en ellos el desarrollo de lesiones. MÉTODOS: se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal en una muestra de 391 niños. Se realizó una encuesta donde se analizaron los hábitos de alimentación, y se realizó una exploración clínica de los dientes temporales empleando el índice BEWE. RESULTADOS: la prevalencia de la erosión dental en la muestra estudiada fue del 19,7 %, presentándose con mayor frecuencia lesiones iniciales. CONCLUSIONES: el 30,62 % de la población estudiada presentaba riesgo bajo de erosión dental, observándose un aumento del riesgo a medida que aumentaba el consumo de bebidas ácidas (bebidas gaseosas, bebidas isotónicas y zumos de frutas) y frutas ácidas, como naranjas, uvas y manzanas
INTRODUCTION: dental erosion is the pathological, chronic, localized and painless loss of dental tissues, produced by the chemical action of acids, where the action of microorganisms is not involved. In recent years, a significant increase in the prevalence of this pathology has been observed, especially in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVES: to determine the prevalence of dental erosion in temporary dentition using the Basic Erosive Wear Examination Index (BEWE) in children between 5 and 12 years of age, and to determine the eating habits that may favor the development of these lesions. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 391 children. A survey was conducted where eating habits were analyzed and a clinical examination of the temporary teeth was performed using the BEWE index. RESULTS: the prevalence of dental erosion in the studied sample was 19.7 %, with mild lesions being most common. CONCLUSIONS: in all, 30.62 % of the studied population had a low risk of dental erosion, and risk was seen to increase with consumption of acidic beverages (soft drinks, isotonic drinks and fruit juices) and acidic fruits such as oranges, grapes and apples