The association between skin cancer and HIV infection.

Background People affected by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), are burdened by a higher risk of developing malignancies including non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and melanoma skin cancer. Objective To evaluate the association of HIV with melanoma and NMSC at a University Hospital. Methods This is a cross-sectional retrospective study of HIV-infected and a matched comparison group, analyzing the associations between skin cancer and HIV infection. Results Compared to the HIV-uninfected, HIV-infected had 80% association with skin cancer (CI 95%: 1.3-2.4, P = 0.001) The risk was 45-fold higher by patients" age (CI 95%: 3.3-15.9: P = 0.001). When adjusted for patient age, sex and race, the risk was 6.4 fold ligher of having cancer if compared to the others (CI 95%: 49-84, P = 0.001). Melanoma was not found in HIV-infected. Conclusion With this study, we have demonstrated that HIV-infected patients have an increased risk of BCC and SCC. Preventive dermatologic management is pivotal in the care of immunosuppressed patients. These patients must undergo the dermatological examination annually and should receive extensive counseling regarding sun avoidance, use of sunscreens,and sun-protective clothing.

Large basal cell carcinoma defect closure on the lateral cheek using multiple advancement flaps / Cierre de defecto por carcinoma de células basales en la mejilla lateral usando múltiples flaps de avance

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC). It grows slowly and very rarely metastasizes but can cause substantial morbidity due to its tendency to relapse and locally invasive nature, especially when located on the face. Excision surgery is still the gold standard treatment for primary BCC and is usually followed by reconstruction procedure. Skin flap techniques vary widely, one of which is flap advancement technique. The main benefit of flap advancement technique is the ability to hide the excision line, thus resulting in an aesthetically sound outcome. We report a case of 72-year-old female with hyperpigmented plaque brownish lump on the left lateral cheek. A diagnosis of igmented basal cell carcinoma had been confirmed through histopathological examination. The patient was treated with wide excision surgery and the defectwas closed by multiple advancement flaps. Follow-up after three months showed excellent cosmetic and functional outcome.

El carcinoma basocelular (CBC) es el tipo más común de cáncer de piel no melanoma. Crece lentamente y rara vez hace metástasis, pero puede causar una morbilidad sustancial debido a su ubicación en la cara, tendencia a la recidiva y su comportamiento invasivo local. La cirugía de escisión sigue siendo el tratamiento estándar de oro para el CBC primario y generalmente se acompañan de procedimientos reconstructivos. Las técnicas de flap varían ampliamente, una de las cuales es la técnica de avance del colgajo. El principal beneficio de la técnica de avance es la capacidad de ocultar la línea de escisión y, por lo tanto, se obtiene un resultado más estético. En este artículo reportamos el caso de una mujer de 72 años con placa hiperpigmentada y abultada en su mejilla lateral izquierda. Se había confirmado un diagnóstico de carcinoma de células basales pigmentadas mediante un examen histopatológico. El paciente fue tratado con una amplia cirugía de escisión y el defecto fue cerrado por múltiples colgajos de avance. El seguimiento después de tres meses mostró un excelente resultado cosmético y funcional.

Impact of the type of anterior lamellar reconstruction on the success of modified Hughes procedure / Impacto do tipo de reconstrução lamelar anterior no sucesso do procedimento de Hughes modificado

ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the long-term functional and cosmetic outcomes in patients who underwent modified Hughes procedure with different types of anterior lamellar reconstruction for lower eyelid defects. Methods: This study included 58 patients who had undergone a modified Hughes flap for reconstruction of lower eyelids after tumor excision within a 10-year period. Data regarding patient demographics, size of eyelid defect, tumor pathology, surgical techniques, functional and cosmetic outcomes, and complications were recorded. Postoperative complications were evaluated according to the type of anterior lamella reconstruction (i.e., advancement flap or free skin graft). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors affecting the success of the procedure. Results: The average size of the lower eyelid defect was 22 ± 6.3 mm (range: 11-30 mm). The anterior lamella was reconstructed with advancement flaps and full-thickness skin grafts in 36 (58.6%) and 24 (41.4%) patients, respectively. Mean follow-up time was 23.6 ± 11.9 months. Postoperative complications included trichiasis (three patients; 5.2%), ectropion (two patients; 3.0%), flap necrosis (one patient; 1.7%), flap dehiscence (one patient; 1.7%), infection (one patient; 1.7%), and eyelid margin erythema (one patient; 1.7%). The rates of complication and secondary surgery were similar among the different types of anterior lamellar reconstruction (p=768 and p=0.139, respectively). Success of the modified Hughes procedure was not significantly affected by any of the identified risk factors (p>0.05). Functional and cosmetic outcomes were 96.6% and 94.8%, respectively. Conclusion: Modified Hughes procedure is a safe and effective option for the reconstruction of small and large defects of the lower eyelid, regardless of the type of anterior lamella reconstruction (i.e., advancement flap or skin graft).

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar os resultados funcionais e cosméticos a longo prazo de pacientes submetidos ao procedimento de Hughes modificado com diferentes tipos de reconstrução lamelar anterior para defeitos palpebrais inferiores. Métodos: Este estudo incluiu 58 pacientes que foram submetidos a um retalho de Hughes modificado para reconstrução das pálpebras inferiores após excisão do tumor durante um intervalo de 10 anos. Dados referentes à demografia dos pacientes, tamanho do defeito palpebral, patologia tumoral, técnicas cirúrgicas, resultados funcionais e cosméticos e complicações foram registrados. As complicações pós-operatórias foram avaliadas de acordo com o tipo de reconstrução da lamela anterior (ou seja, retalho de avanço ou enxerto de pele livre). A análise de regressão logística multivariada foi realizada para identificar os fatores de risco que afetam o sucesso do procedimento. Resultados: O tamanho médio do defeito da pálpebra inferior foi de 22 ± 6,3 mm (11-30 mm). A lamela anterior foi reconstruída com retalhos de avanço e enxertos de pele de espessura total em 36 (58,6%) e 24 (41,4%) pacientes, respectivamente. O tempo médio de acompanhamento foi de 23,6 ± 11,9 meses. Complicações pós-operatórias incluíram triquíase (três pacientes: 5,2%), ectrópio (dois pacientes: 3%), necrose de retalho (um paciente: 1,7%), deiscência de retalho (um paciente: 1,7%), infecção (um paciente: 1,7%) e eritema na margem palpebral (um paciente: 1,7%). As taxas de complicação e de cirurgia secundária foram semelhantes entre os diferentes tipos de reconstrução lamelar anterior (p=768 e p=0,139, respetivamente). O sucesso do procedimento de Hughes modificado não foi significativamente afetado por nenhum dos fatores de risco identificados (p>0,05). Resultados funcionais e cosméticos foram de 96,6% e 94,8%, respetivamente. Conclusão: O procedimento de Hughes modificado é uma opção segura e eficaz para a reconstrução de pequenos e grandes defeitos da pálpebra inferior, independentemente do tipo de reconstrução da lamela anterior (ou seja, retalho de avanço ou enxerto de pele).

Impact of the type of anterior lamellar reconstruction on the success of modified Hughes procedure.

PURPOSE: To determine the long-term functional and cosmetic outcomes in patients who underwent modified Hughes procedure with different types of anterior lamellar reconstruction for lower eyelid defects. METHODS: This study included 58 patients who had undergone a modified Hughes flap for reconstruction of lower eyelids after tumor excision within a 10-year period. Data regarding patient demographics, size of eyelid defect, tumor pathology, surgical techniques, functional and cosmetic outcomes, and complications were recorded. Postoperative complications were evaluated according to the type of anterior lamella reconstruction (i.e., advancement flap or free skin graft). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors affecting the success of the procedure. RESULTS: The average size of the lower eyelid defect was 22 ± 6.3 mm (range: 11-30 mm). The anterior lamella was reconstructed with advancement flaps and full-thickness skin grafts in 36 (58.6%) and 24 (41.4%) patients, respectively. Mean follow-up time was 23.6 ± 11.9 months. Postoperative complications included trichiasis (three patients; 5.2%), ectropion (two patients; 3.0%), flap necrosis (one patient; 1.7%), flap dehiscence (one patient; 1.7%), infection (one patient; 1.7%), and eyelid margin erythema (one patient; 1.7%). The rates of complication and secondary surgery were similar among the different types of anterior lamellar reconstruction (p=768 and p=0.139, respectively). Success of the modified Hughes procedure was not significantly affected by any of the identified risk factors (p>0.05). Functional and cosmetic outcomes were 96.6% and 94.8%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Modified Hughes procedure is a safe and effective option for the reconstruction of small and large defects of the lower eyelid, regardless of the type of anterior lamella reconstruction (i.e., advancement flap or skin graft).

Lepromatous leprosy, melanoma, and basal cell carcinoma: clinical-histopathologic association.

Cutaneous neoplasms frequently occur in leprosy, but there are few reports of the coexistence of leprosy and basal cell carcinoma in the same lesion. This case reports a 49-year-old male with an ulcerated plaque on the right lateral nasal wall, bright papules on the sternal region, and a blackened plaque on the right temporal region. The nasal and temporal lesions were diagnosed by histopathology as basal cell carcinoma and melanoma, respectively. The sternal lesions were excised with the repair of the "dog ear" which histopathological examination showed macrophages in the dermis parasitized with acid-fast bacilli, confirming the diagnosis of lepromatous leprosy with Fite-Faraco staining. This case report highlights the importance of referring the dog-ear specimen for histopathologic analysis.

Lepromatous leprosy, melanoma, and basal cell carcinoma: clinical-histopathologic association

Abstract Cutaneous neoplasms frequently occur in leprosy, but there are few reports of the coexistence of leprosy and basal cell carcinoma in the same lesion. This case reports a 49-year-old male with an ulcerated plaque on the right lateral nasal wall, bright papules on the sternal region, and a blackened plaque on the right temporal region. The nasal and temporal lesions were diagnosed by histopathology as basal cell carcinoma and melanoma, respectively. The sternal lesions were excised with the repair of the "dog ear" which histopathological examination showed macrophages in the dermis parasitized with acid-fast bacilli, confirming the diagnosis of lepromatous leprosy with Fite-Faraco staining. This case report highlights the importance of referring the dog-ear specimen for histopathologic analysis.

Giant Basal Cell Carcinoma: A 12-Year Follow-up Case Report.

Giant basal cell carcinomas (GBCCs) are a strange and aggressive variety of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs); they are characterized by deep tissue invasion, rapid growth, high risk of metastasis, and a poor prognosis. GBCCs represent 0.4%-1% of all BCCs. The pathogenesis of GBCC is sometimes linked to a spontaneous mutation in the PTCH gene, mapped to the q22.33 locus of chromosome 9. The key factor in the development of GBCC, in at least 30% of the cases, is the delay in seeking medical attention (7.5 ± 3.1 years). This is associated to a poor socioeconomic level, deficient hygiene, mental illness, advanced age, and the fact that BCCs are painless lesions. The authors present a Mexican female with a 2-year ulcer diagnosed as a GBCC in the year 2000, its initial therapeutic approach, and her follow-up during the next 12 years.

Multiple nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome associated with congenital orbital teratoma, caused by a PTCH1 frameshift mutation.

Gorlin-Goltz syndrome, or nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the PTCH1 gene and shows a high level of penetrance and variable expressivity. The syndrome is characterized by developmental abnormalities or neoplasms and is diagnosed with 2 major criteria, or with 1 major and 2 minor criteria. Here, we report a new clinical manifestation associated with this syndrome in a boy affected by NBCCS who had congenital orbital teratoma at birth. Later, at the age of 15 years, he presented with 4 major and 4 minor criteria of NBCCS, including multiple basal cell carcinoma and 2 odontogenic keratocysts of the jaw, both confirmed by histology, more than 5 palmar pits, calcification of the cerebral falx, extensive meningeal calcifications, macrocephaly, hypertelorism, frontal bosses, and kyphoscoliosis. PTCH1 mutation analysis revealed the heterozygous germline mutation c.290dupA. This mutation generated a frameshift within exon 2 and an early premature stop codon (p.Asn97LysfsX43), predicting a truncated protein with complete loss of function. Identification of this mutation is useful for genetic counseling. Although the clinical symptoms are well-known, our case contributes to the understanding of phenotypic variability in NBCCS, highlighting that PTCH1 mutations cannot be used for predicting disease burden and reinforces the need of a multidisciplinary team in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of NBCCS patients.

Prevalence of actinic skin lesions in patients with basal cell carcinoma of the head: a case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of actinic skin lesions in patients with basal cell carcinoma of the head. METHODS: A case-control study was carried out. Cases were patients with primary, solid basal cell carcinoma of the head, less than two centimeters in diameter; and as controls, patients with other dermatoses. Constitutional and behavioral variables were analyzed, as well as actinic lesions. RESULTS: One hundred twenty cases and 360 controls were evaluated. Facial milia (OR = 2.3), leukoderma punctata of the upper limbs (OR = 2.9), and cutis rhomboidalis nuchae (OR = 1.8) were associated with neoplasms regardless of other variables, suggesting a risk phenotype. There was also association with light hair and eye color phenotypes, family genetics, and cumulative sun exposure. Sunburn, smoking, and alcoholism were not identified as risk factors. The use of sunscreens showed no evidence of protection; however, the control group consisted of dermatology patients who are often prescribed sunscreens. CONCLUSION: Actinic lesions were more prevalent in patients with solid basal cell carcinoma of the head than in controls, especially milia, cutis rhomboidalis nuchae, and leukoderma punctata, regardless of other known risk factors.

Prevalência de lesões cutâneas actínicas em pacientes com carcinoma basocelular do segmento cefálico: um estudo caso-controle / Prevalence of actinic skin lesions in patients with basal cell carcinoma of the head: a case-control study

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de lesões cutâneas actínicas em portadores de carcinoma basocelular do segmento cefálico. MÉTODOS: Foi conduzido estudo tipo caso-controle. Os casos, constituídos por pacientes com carcinoma basocelular sólido, primário, menor que dois centímetros, no segmento cefálico; e controles, por pacientes com outras dermatoses. Foram analisadas variáveis constitucionais, comportamentais e lesões actínicas. RESULTADOS: Avaliaram-se 120 casos e 360 controles. Mílio facial (OR = 2,3), leucodermia puntacta de membros superiores (OR = 2,9) e cutis romboidalis nuchae (OR = 1,8) associaram-se à neoplasia independentemente das demais variáveis, sugerindo um fenótipo de risco. Houve ainda associação com fenótipos claros, genética familiar e exposição solar cumulativa. Queimadura solar, tabagismo e alcoolismo não foram identificados como fatores de risco. O uso de fotoprotetores não evidenciou proteção; porém, o grupo controle era composto por pacientes dermatológicos, aos quais são indicados fotoprotetores regularmente. CONCLUSÃO: Lesões actínicas foram mais prevalentes em portadores de carcinoma basocelular sólido do segmento cefálico que em controles, especialmente mílio, cutis romboidalis nuchae e leucodermia puntacta, independentemente dos demais fatores de risco conhecidos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of actinic skin lesions in patients with basal cell carcinoma of the head. METHODS: A case-control study was carried out. Cases were patients with primary, solid basal cell carcinoma of the head, less than two centimeters in diameter; and as controls, patients with other dermatoses. Constitutional and behavioral variables were analyzed, as well as actinic lesions. RESULTS: One hundred twenty cases and 360 controls were evaluated. Facial milia (OR = 2.3), leukoderma punctata of the upper limbs (OR = 2.9), and cutis rhomboidalis nuchae (OR = 1.8) were associated with neoplasms regardless of other variables, suggesting a risk phenotype. There was also association with light hair and eye color phenotypes, family genetics, and cumulative sun exposure. Sunburn, smoking, and alcoholism were not identified as risk factors. The use of sunscreens showed no evidence of protection; however, the control group consisted of dermatology patients who are often prescribed sunscreens. CONCLUSION: Actinic lesions were more prevalent in patients with solid basal cell carcinoma of the head than in controls, especially milia, cutis rhomboidalis nuchae, and leukoderma punctata, regardless of other known risk factors.

Eccrine porocarcinoma with carcinomatous lymphangitis in a patient with history of arsenic exposure: a case report.

Eccrine porocarcinoma is a potentially fatal form of sweat gland carcinoma, due to its propensity to metastasize through lymph vessels. The authors report the case of a 69-year-old female who presented with swelling of the right leg and an ulcerated lesion of the right great toe. The initial histologic diagnosis was invasive squamous cell carcinoma. On follow-up, the patient developed lymphangitic tumor spread in the right leg, associated with right inguinal lymphadenopathy and lesions in vulva and flank. Reevaluation of the toe lesion led to a revised diagnosis of eccrine porocarcinoma. The patient also had 2 basal cell carcinomas of the multicentric/superficial type in the skin overlying the left breast. Past history included chronic ingestion of liquore arsenic (Fowler's solution) in early adulthood as treatment for dermatitis herpetiformis.

Treatment of facial atrophic scars with Esthélis, a hyaluronic acid filler with polydense cohesive matrix (CPM).

BACKGROUND: The treatment of atrophic scars is difficult and dermal filler materials provide a simple alternative with immediate results. Esthélis® is an injectable non-animal crosslinked hyaluronic acid of Swiss origin characterized by a polydense cohesive matrix (CPM®) which produces a gel of uniform consistency with better biointegration to the tissues and a longer duration. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate Esthélis in the treatment of atrophic scars. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twelve patients aged 18-56 years with facial atrophic scars caused by acne vulgaris, dog bite, piercing, basal cell carcinoma and leishmaniasis were treated with Esthélis. The injection technique was linear threading, serial puncture or a combination of both. Clinical efficacy was assessed independently by the authors and by patients immediately, one week and one month after the injection. Adverse events were registered. RESULTS: Authors described the results as moderate (27%), good (57%) and excellent (17%), immediately, one week and one month after the injection. Patients evaluated the cosmetic improvement as good (42%) or excellent (58%) one month after the treatment. Pain during the injection was described as slight or moderate. Only mild erythema was observed immediately after injection, which spontaneously resolved within few hours. CONCLUSION: Esthélis showed good or excellent results in most patients with atrophic scars, and these were perceived as even better when patients evaluated the cosmetic improvement. The best results were observed in patients with more deforming scars such as surgical scars or trauma.

Reconstrução da porção medial da pálpebra inferior com retalho de Imre / Reconstruction of medial portion of inferior eyelid using the Imre flap

Introdução: A reconstrução da pálpebra inferior se constitui em um importante capitulo de reconstruçãofacial, tanto por seu aspecto estético quanto por sua importância funcional, evitandocomprometimentos oculares mais graves. Dissertamos neste artigo sobre uma excelente opçãoterapêutica para esse tipo de reconstrução, especialmente em casos de defeitos extensos da pálpebra.Relato dos casos: Foram operados dois pacientes, em junho de 2008, que apresentavamdefeitos da pálpebra inferior entre 50% e 75% da mesma após ressecção de tumores de pele.Esses pacientes foram submetidos à reconstrução com retalho de Imre, descrito, em 1903, pelocirurgião Joseph Imre, seguindo sua marcação original, evoluindo com resultado efetivo quantoa sua importância funcional e estética. Os casos operados apresentaram bom posicionamento daspálpebras inferiores, sem ectrópio, apresentando apenas uma leve esclera aparente, porém semrepercussão funcional em um dos casos operados. As cicatrizes resultantes localizaram-se nossulcos naturais da face. Discussão: Consideramos que a técnica proposta por Imre se adequaàs necessidades da reconstrução palpebral inferior, proporcionando bom resultado funcionale estético, com pouca morbidade de área doadora. Conclusão: O retalho de Imre se constituiem mais uma opção para reconstrução da porção medial da pálpebra inferior, sendo de fácilexecução e reprodutível, mesmo em grandes defeitos da mesma.

Introduction: The inferior eyelid reconstruction is one of the important issues about facialreconstruction. Besides its aesthetical importance, there is its functional one, avoiding ocularproblems. In this article we present an excellent option of eyelid reconstruction - the Imreflap - especially in defects greater than 50% of extension. Cases report: In July 2008, twopatients were gone under surgery because skin cancer on inferior eyelid. The ejelid defectswere about 50 to 75% of the extension of them. The Imre flap was described first by JosephImre, in 1903. His original technique was followed and the results were functional and aestheticaleffective. Discussion: We considered that the Imre flap is applicable and useful toreconstruct the inferior eyelid, with little morbidity of the donor area and a great final result.Conclusion: The Imre flap is one more option to reconstruct the inferior eyelid portion. It’sa reproducible and an easy technique available to reconstruct large defects of inferior eyelid.

Coexistencia tumoral en patología cutanea: a propósito de los denominados Tumores en colisión) / Cutaneous collision tumors

La presencia de distintas patologías tumorales asociadas en una misma lesión y no separadas entre sí por mas de 1 mm, comprenden los denominados Tumores en Colisión. En este trabajo se hace una revisión de nuestro material histológico y una discusión de la literatura pertinente. De esta manera se señala la asociación que pueden tener los nevos sebaceos, los melanocíticos, quistes, queratosis seborreicas, melanomas, queratoacantomas, carcinomas basocelulares y otros. Se los distingue de las lesiones en colisión (AU)

Ulceras de pierna: causas infrecuentes / Leg ulcers: unfrequent etiology

Las úlceras de pierna responden mayoritariamente a insuficiencia venosa, enfermedad arterial o diabetes. Sin embargo existe multiplicidad de otras causas menos frecuentes a las que el médico puede enfrentarse y cuyo conocimiento es imprescindible. Este trabajo analiza una serie de 326 pacientes que fueron tratados por úlceras de piernas en varios centros de atención. A todos ellos se les realizó al ingreso estudio Doppler venoso o arterial, o ambos, según la clínica, exudado de la úlcera y exámenes de valoración general. De acuerdo con la historia y el exámen físico se realizó a determinados pacientes estudio eléctrico, búsqueda de estados hipercoagulables, estudio micológico y biopsia de la úlcera. Se destaca un pequeño porcentaje (6,7 por ciento) de pacientes que presenta un espectro etiológico variado que incluye: carcinomas cutáneos, estados hipercoagulables, infecciones micóticas, entre otras causas. En el mismo se pretende jerarquizar la importancia de la correcta evaluación clínica y paraclínica de los pacientes portadores de úlceras de pierna a fin de detectar estas enfermedades cuyo diagnóstico permite con el tratamiento oportuno evitar mayor morbilidad para el paciente, disminuir muchas veces el riesgo vital y minimizar los costos de los tratamientos innecesariamente prolongados(AU)

Epitelioma basocelular sobre nevo sebáceo de Jadassohn en un adolescente / Basal cell carcinoma arising on naevus sebaceous of Jadassohn in an adolescent

Se presenta un caso de nevo organoide (nevo sebáceo de Jadassohn) localizado en la frente de un niño de 13 años con desarrollo posterior de un carcinoma basocelular sobre el mismo. Se realiza esta presentación pues confirma la transformación maligna del nevo organoide aún en etapas tempranas de la vida y reafirma la necesidad de su extirpación quirúrgica (AU)

Epitelioma basocelular sobre nevo sebáceo de Jadassohn en un adolescente / Basal cell carcinoma arising on naevus sebaceous of Jadassohn in an adolescent

Se presenta un caso de nevo organoide (nevo sebáceo de Jadassohn) localizado en la frente de un niño de 13 años con desarrollo posterior de un carcinoma basocelular sobre el mismo. Se realiza esta presentación pues confirma la transformación maligna del nevo organoide aún en etapas tempranas de la vida y reafirma la necesidad de su extirpación quirúrgica