How people affected by Chagas disease have struggled with their negligence: history, associative movement and World Chagas Disease Day.

It is well documented that Chagas disease (CD) can pose a public health problem to countries. As one of the World Health Organization Neglected Tropical Diseases undoubtedly calls for comprehensive healthcare, transcending a restricted biomedical approach. After more than a century since their discovery, in 1909, people affected by CD are still frequently marginalised and/or neglected. The aim of this article is to tell the story of their activism, highlighting key historical experiences and successful initiatives, from 1909 to 2019. The first association was created in 1987, in the city of Recife, Brazil. So far, thirty associations have been reported on five continents. They were created as independent non-profit civil society organisations and run democratically by affected people. Among the common associations' objectives, we notably find: increase the visibility of the affected; make their voice heard; build bridges between patients, health system professionals, public health officials, policy makers and the academic and scientific communities. The International Federation of Associations of People Affected by CD - FINDECHAGAS, created in 2010 with the input of the Americas, Europe and the Western Pacific, counts as one of the main responses to the globalisation of CD. Despite all the obstacles and difficulties encountered, the Federation has thrived, grown, and matured. As a result of this mobilisation along with the support of many national and international partners, in May 2019 the 72nd World Health Assembly decided to establish World Chagas Disease Day, on 14 April. The associative movement has increased the understanding of the challenges related to the disease and breaks the silence around Chagas disease, improving surveillance, and sustaining engagement towards the United Nations 2030 agenda.

Revisiting the History of Chagas Disease: "Live to tell"

Abstract In 1907, Carlos Chagas was designated to fight paludism in the Rio das Velhas region along the Central do Brasil railroad. During his field research, Chagas discovered a hematophagous insect ( Panstrongylus megitus ) carrying a new trypanosomatide, which he named Trypanosoma cruzi . On April 14th, 1909, he found the same parasite in the blood of a febrile child, submitting the announcement of his discoveries to the Brasil Médico scientific journal. Here, we discuss the early stages in the establishment of a new human morbid entity during the first decades after its discovery with a definite influence from its discoverer, Carlos Chagas, as well the first collaborators. Moreover, we cover the importance of the Center for the Study and Prophylaxis of Chagas Disease in Bambuí (MG), unraveling the most advanced developments in research within the disease's habitat and the widening perspectives for modern research that have emerged after the 1960s and continue to improve to this day. In this revisitation to the history of Chagas disease, we begin at Manguinhos (RJ ), making our way to Lassance (MG), where the discovery took place. Then, we travel back to Rio de Janeiro in the beginning of the twentieth century and Brazilian republic until the current day, revealing milestone publications that settled Chagas disease both as a source of pride for Brazilian medicine and as a challenge with important aspects that remain to be clarified. Any similarities to our country's politics and economy in the twentieth century are not mere coincidences.

Enfermedad de Chagas: actualización de un desafío vigente / Chagas disease: update of a current challenge

El objetivo de este artículo de revisión narrativa fue generar un documento de consulta con la información actualizada existente respecto a la Enfermedad de Chagas. La enfermedad de Chagas causada por el protozoo Trypanosoma cruzi, es identificado en la primera década del siglo XX. Seguida a la infección aguda, se puede desarrollar una enfermedad crónica. Hasta en el 30-40% de los casos se caracteriza por miocardiopatía, arritmias y megavísceras. La progresión a la miocardiopatía es devastadoramente rápida y se manifiesta con insuficiencia cardíaca y muerte súbita. Hoy continúa siendo un importante problema de salud pública, no sólo en países endémicos, como consecuencia de la movilidad poblacional entre Latino América, y otros países del mundo.

The objective of this narrative review article was to generate a consultation document with the existing updated information regarding Chagas disease. Chagas disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is identified in the first decade of the 20th century. Following acute infection, a chronic disease can develop. In up to 30-40% of cases it is characterized by cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, and mega viscera. The progression to cardiomyopathy is devastatingly rapid, manifesting with heart failure and sudden death. Today it continues to be an important public health problem, not only in endemic countries, as a consequence of population mobility between Latin America and other countries in the world.

History of indigenous Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans, animals and triatomines in California, USA.

This historical review highlights previously undescribed potential foci for sylvatic and domestic locally acquired Chagas disease in California. The review starts in the 1910s, when Trypanosoma cruzi was first discovered through scientific triatomine investigations. Next, the natural transition around the mid-1900s into clinical investigations of the domestic and peridomestic environments and their epidemiologic profiles is detailed. The review closes with the shift to applied genetic, diagnostic and scientific applications surrounding Chagas disease infected individuals in the state. Throughout the course of the review, transmission foci and their unique clinical and epidemiologic characteristics are described. This in-depth review has merit for clinicians, veterinarians and public health officials working with vector-borne diseases in the southwestern USA.

Chagas disease: Historic perspective.

This review is a perspective on the history of Chagas disease, and it adopts a novel approach from literary studies, historical documents and the science and epidemiology of the nature of the disease. From this analysis, comes the review's working definition of the Contact Zone (CZ): "the space in which geographically and historically separated people come into contact with each other and establish long-lasting relationships, which usually involve coercive conditions, radical inequality and intolerable conflict." In the Patient-Physician CZ, we verified the triple transition phenomena: the American trypanosomiasis shifted from a rural, acute, and vectorial transmitted disease to an urban, chronic and non-vectorial disease. In the Academic CZ, we describe the original disagreements which denied the existence of the disease and the current controversies about pathogenic mechanisms and etiological treatment. From the News from Latin America, and in the Original CZ, we will review the evolution of different forms of transmission. As in any good story, research across broad disciplines is necessary to reveal historical perspectives, scientific approaches, and the epidemiology of the disease, which has a prequel of 9000 years and an open ending: thus, we explore across the Global CZ, with its multiple and unexpected actors.

The Skiles Mummy: Care of a debilitated hunter-gatherer evidenced by coprolite studies and stable isotopic analysis of hair.

The Skiles Mummy (SMM), a naturally mummified adult male from the late archaic period of Lower Pecos Canyonlands of South Texas, represents a unique case of care. SMM is an exceptional mummy within this region due to both the retention of a full head of hair, and having a diagnosed case of megacolon, a complication commonly associated with Chagas disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. Stable isotopic analysis of his hair is consistent with a diet incorporating of C4/CAM plants with some C3 plants, freshwater resources, and higher trophic level animals. However, the segments of hair most proximal to the scalp exhibited elevated δ15N values. Data from previous research indicate starvation and malnutrition can cause δ15N values to rise. The presence of large fecal boluses in the digestive tract suggest peristalsis ceased in the last four to five months of life, and this, together with results from coprolite analysis, indicate he would not have been able to adequately absorb protein and nutrients during this time. His condition would have rendered him immobile. Following Tilley's index of care, someone would have had to bring him food resources, as well as attending to his daily needs.

Using evidence from hair and other soft tissues to infer the need for and receipt of health-related care provision.

The Bioarchaeology of Care approach developed by Tilley is usually applied to skeletalized human remains, given the usual constraints of preservation bias that are seen with archaeological assemblages. However, other tissues, such as hair are sometimes preserved and can provide a wealth of information that can supplement the skeletal data. Archaeological hair has been analysed for drug compounds for almost thirty years. This article integrates data from hair analyses for coca metabolites, stable light isotope analysis and aDNA to expand the potential of the Bioarchaeology of Care approach using the example of a spontaneously mummified adult female from northern Chile.

In memorium Herbert B. Tanowitz, MD, FIDSA, FACP, FRSTMH 6 September 1941 - 17 July 2018.

With deep regret and sadness, we report the death of Professor Herbert B. Tanowitz, Professor of Pathology, Division of Parasitology and Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. He is survived by his children Pam, Meredith, and Jill, and their families.

Evolución histórica de la Enfermedad de Chagas. Prevención y Tratamiento / No disponible

La enfermedad de Chagas es todavía un importante problema de salud pública en América Latina, donde afecta especialmente a las personas con menos recursos económicos de las áreas rurales. Fue descubierta en 1909 por el médico brasileño Carlos Chagas y, aunque durante muchos años los resultados obtenidos en la lucha contra la enfermedad fueron limitados, a partir de 1991, gracias a las iniciativas llevadas a cabo por los países del Cono Sur, se logra-ron avances importantes. La prevención de la enfermedad se basa en tres pila-res fundamentales, la lucha contra el vector, la prevención centrada en los mecanismos de transmisión y la mejora de las viviendas de las áreas rurales y la realización precoz del diagnóstico y el tratamiento. En cuanto al tratamiento, se siguen utilizando toda-vía dos preparados, comercializados en los años 60-70 del siglo pasado, Nifurtimox y Benznidazol, que presentan con frecuencia reacciones adversas. Sería fundamental, disponer de preparados con mayor eficacia, menor coste y con menos efectos adversos

Chagas disease still is an important problem of public health in Latin America. It especially affects people in the rural areas and with restricted economic resources.Chagas disease was first discovered by a Brazilian medical doctor named Carlos Chagas in 1909. In spite of limited results for years, from 1991 on, and thanks to initiatives taken by the Southern Cone countries, some important advantages were obtained. Prevention of this disease is based on three fundamental pillars: fight against the vector; education of population regarding the different mechanisms of transmission and the symptoms presented by the disease.These educational measures should be complement-ed by the improvement of the housing in the rural areas and the early diagnosis and treatment.Regarding treatment, two preparations are still in use since the ́60 and ́70 decades of the last century: Nifurtinox and Benznidazul. Both present frequent adverse reactions. It would be of fundamental impor-tance to count on medications that would be more efficient, less expensive and with less adverse effects

The remarkable pioneering contribution of Gaspar Vianna to the study of the neuropathology of Chagas disease / A notável contribuição pioneira de Gaspar Vianna para o estudo da neuropatologia da doença de Chagas

ABSTRACT Gaspar Vianna is considered one of the great names in Medicine and Science in Brazil. Yet, little prominence has been given to his studies in Neuropathology. He was the first to describe, in 1911, the histopathology and pathogenesis of chagasic encephalitis in the acute phase of Chagas disease, as well as the intracellular life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi. Over 100 years have elapsed and Gaspar Vianna's pioneering study remains an example of a meticulous and still up-to-date description of central nervous system involvement in the acute phase of Chagas disease.

RESUMO Gaspar Vianna é considerado um dos grandes nomes da Medicina e da Ciência no Brasil. Contudo, pouco destaque tem sido dado aos seus estudos em Neuropatologia. Ele foi o primeiro a descrever a histopatologia e a patogênese da encefalite chagásica na fase aguda da doença de Chagas, bem como o ciclo evolutivo intracelular do Trypanosoma cruzi, em 1911. Passados mais de 100 anos, o estudo pioneiro de Gaspar Vianna permanece como exemplo de descrição minuciosa e ainda atual do envolvimento do sistema nervoso central na fase aguda da doença de Chagas.

The remarkable pioneering contribution of Gaspar Vianna to the study of the neuropathology of Chagas disease.

Gaspar Vianna is considered one of the great names in Medicine and Science in Brazil. Yet, little prominence has been given to his studies in Neuropathology. He was the first to describe, in 1911, the histopathology and pathogenesis of chagasic encephalitis in the acute phase of Chagas disease, as well as the intracellular life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi. Over 100 years have elapsed and Gaspar Vianna's pioneering study remains an example of a meticulous and still up-to-date description of central nervous system involvement in the acute phase of Chagas disease.

Narrativas da Doença de Chagas no Ceará: apontamentos iniciais / Narratives of Chagas Disease in Ceará: initial notes

Objetivamos com este estudo compor uma história da enfermidade no estado , em que pese o entendimento das ações e estratégias governamentais de combate à endemia bem como interessa-nos também possibilitar um entendimento sobre a experiência dos sujeitos envolvidos no processo do adoecimento: pacientes, médicos, enfermeiros, cuidadores, familiares. Porém, para este trabalho, analisaremos os significados de adoecer de Chagas, através dos depoimentos de três sujeitos atingidos pela doença, residentes em Fortaleza, com idades que variam de 30 a 58 anos. O texto aborda a Doença de Chagas numa visão transdisciplinar da História oral e comenta sobre as revelações da memória coletiva dos atingidos pela Doença de Chagas. (AU)

Aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos da Doença de Chagas aguda no Brasil e na américa Latina / Epidemiological and clinical aspects of acute Chagas Disease in Brazil and Letin America

surgindo em um cenário não habitual, relacionado com a forma de transmissão. Atualmente, a transmissão por via oral envolvendo alimentos contaminados é a principal via de infecção humana, com surtos em toda a América Latina. Entre os sintomas da fase aguda, destacam-se febre prolongada, quase sempre acompanhada de mal-estar, adinamia, cefaleia e perda do apetite, acompanhados de manifestações sistêmicas, tais como adenomegalias e hepatoesplenomegalias. As manifestações cardíacas variam desde quadros assintomáticos até graus variáveis de insuficiência cardíaca aguda ou choque cardiogênico e morte. O tratamento da fase aguda com antiparasitários deve sempre ser instituído, pois existem algumas evidencias de melhor evolução clínica em relatos de casos

Acute Chagas disease shows changes in the epidemiological situation, reappearing in an unusual scenario related to the mode of transmission. Currently, the oral transmission involving contaminated food is the main route of human infection with outbreaks throughout Latin America. Among the symptoms of the acute phase stand out prolonged fever, often accompanied by malaise, asthenia, headache and loss of appetite, accompanied by systemic manifestations such as lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly. Cardiac manifestations range from asymptomatic clinical statuses to varying degrees of acute heart failure or cardiogenic shock and death. Treatment of acute phase with antiparasitic agents should always be provided, as there is some evidence of better clinical outcome in case reports