[May '68 revolution and gender post-feminism]. / La revolución de mayo del 68 y el postfeminismo de género.

Gender was an important component in the May '68 revolution. However, what was originally proposed as an effort for equality and the defense of the legitimate prerogatives of women, evolved into a movement, gender post-feminism, which it set aside their real interests and needs, pursuing other, even contradictory, goals. This article tries to justify the previous statement, starting from some of the main currents of thought what were at the base of the revolution.

At 100 years of Gaceta Médica de México resumption

Gaceta Médica de México, official journal of the National Academy of Medicine of Mexico, began its circulation on September 15, 1864, and continues to be positioned as the oldest medical periodical publication. However, its publication was temporarily interrupted. The present study analyzes the interruption suffered by Gaceta in 1916, its resumption in 1919, and the causes that originated that discontinuity. The consequences of the so-called Mexican revolution and the enthusiasm and commitment of the academy and its editors to continue working for the progress of national medicine are discussed.

Aproximación crítica al sentido de la reparación en salud en población sobreviviente de violencia política en Chile / Critical approach to the meaning of the health service in population surviving political violence in Chile

Este trabajo pretende realizar un contraste histórico del sentido de la reparación en salud en pacientes sobrevivientes de represión política de la dictadura cívico militar en Chile; para ello se realizó una revisión y análisis sistemático y simultáneo de los documentos y otros antecedentes e información secundaria relacionada con el fenómeno; caracterizando el mismo en dos momentos: la resistencia, signada por la reivindicación de verdad y justicia, y la institucionalización, identificada como verdad y reconciliación, traducida en compensación material; mostrando como la reparación transita desde la solidaridad, a transmutar en dispositivo de gobernanza y control, instrumental al modelo de sociedad neoliberal en construcción en Chile y en desmedro de la verdad y la justicia como objetivos de la reparación(AU)

This work aims to make a contrast historical consciousness of repair in patients surviving for health political repression of civic dictatorship military in Chile; it conducted a review and systematic and simultaneous analysis of documents and other records, and secondary information related to the phenomenon; characterizing the same at two times: resistance, marked by the demand for truth and justice, and institutionalization, identified as truth and reconciliation, translated into material compensation; showing how to repair goes since solidarity, to transmute into governance and control, instrumental to the model of neoliberal society under construction in Chile and at the expense of truth and justice as objectives of repair(AU)

At 100 years of Gaceta Médica de México resumption.

Gaceta Médica de México, official journal of the National Academy of Medicine of Mexico, began its circulation on September 15, 1864, and continues to be positioned as the oldest medical periodical publication. However, its publication was temporarily interrupted. The present study analyzes the interruption suffered by Gaceta in 1916, its resumption in 1919, and the causes that originated that discontinuity. The consequences of the so-called Mexican revolution and the enthusiasm and commitment of the academy and its editors to continue working for the progress of national medicine are discussed.

Senseless Violence Against Central American Unaccompanied Minors: Historical Background and Call for Help.

The southwestern U.S. border has recently seen a significant increase in the number of unaccompanied children from Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador illegally crossing the Mexican border into the United States. Many of these children leave home to flee violence, starvation, impoverished living conditions, or other life-threatening situations. The treatment of acute stress, anxiety, and depression associated with traumatic events is crucial in helping these children address these negative psychological events they have experienced so that they can move forward with their lives. Untreated, traumatic events experienced by this population can develop into Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, a potentially life-changing and physically threatening psychological and medical issue. The United States needs to effectively address the serious matter of responding to mental health issues facing refugees from war-torn or impoverished nations so as to help them to successfully adjust to American systems. There is a need for researchers in the mental health field to focus efforts in designing, implementing, and evaluating methodologies that can help these children develop healthy strategies for living with a very difficult and complex past.

[Anarchists, Assassins and Revolutionaries. The Psychopathologization of "Political Criminals" between 1880 and 1920]. / Anarchisten, Attentäter und Revolutionäre. Zur Psychopathologisierung "politischer Verbrecher" zwischen 1880 und 1920.

"Political criminals" of the early 20th century were adjudged to be psychopaths, a term which was generally accompanied by a negative moral judgement. However, other more positive appraisals were also made at this time. These contradictory moral judgements by psychiatrists expose the need for an examination of the historical development of concepts, traditions and moral debates associated with political criminals (anarchists, assassins, revolutionaries). This will be undertaken in the context of psychiatry/ criminology, security (and surveillance) policy as well as culture and the arts in German-speaking countries from 1880 to the early 1920s.

[Here the world is burning: the 70th anniversary of the death of neurologist Dr. John Rittmeister]. / Hier brennt doch die Welt: 70. Todestag des Nervenarztes Dr. John Rittmeister.

John Rittmeister was a German neurologist (1898-1943) who was executed in Berlin-Plötzensee because of his decision to support organized political resistance against National Socialism. He grew up in a socially and materially privileged environment and following his final school examinations (Abitur) in 1917 he volunteered for war duties despite limited physical capabilities and was posted as a private to the war front in the Italian Alps and the Champagne district. While he was there he made his first social experiences outside his original surroundings. After the war he studied medicine and following the final state examinations and graduation he progressed to specialist training as a neurologist in Munich. At this time he came into contact with C.G. Jung. During a study period in London in 1929 he worked for several weeks as a resident at Toynbee Hall, a university institution in Whitechapel and experienced the methods of community work used there which were known under the term settlement movement. He continued his specialist activities in the neurological clinic in Zürich founded by C. von Monakow. Following the experiences in London he broke up with C.G. Jung and turned to Sigmund Freud and therapeutic analysis under Gustav Bally. In 1937 he returned to Germany. In 1939 he became director of the Policlinic of the German Institute for Psychological Research and Psychotherapy. Probably also due to his own war experiences in 1941/1942 he participated in the drafting of a flyer for the Schulze-Boysen/Harnack group against the war and after 8 months in prison he was executed in Berlin on 13 May 1943.

[Hans Roemer (1878-1947): committed eugenicist and critic of patient killing]. / Hans Roemer (1878-1947): Überzeugter Eugeniker, Kritiker der Krankentötungen.

Hans Roemer (1878-1947), director of the psychiatric asylum in Illenau/Baden, was one of the few psychiatrists during National Socialism who explicitly turned against the program of systematic patient killing (euthanasia). The article gives an overview of Roemer's biography and sketches his activities in the context of reform movements in the 1920s as a protagonist in the context of the German mental hygiene movement and propagator of eugenic measures including the Nazi law of compulsory sterilization of those classified as suffering from hereditary conditions. The focus is on the beginning of the "Aktion T4", the first phase of the systematic patient killing in 1939/1940. Roemer repeatedly tried to avert the deportation of patients from the Illenau and to find psychiatric allies for coordinated steps against the killing program. Ernst Rüdin, president of the German psychiatric association, as well as leading medical administrators blocked Roemer's initiatives. Nevertheless, Roemer did not experience any harassment or sanctions by representatives of the regime.

[Walter Creutz and "euthanasia" in the rhein province: between resistance and collaboration]. / Walter Creutz und die "Euthanasie" in der Rheinprovinz: Zwischen Resistenz und Kollaboration.

Over many decades Walter Creutz, medical officer in the provincial administration of Rhine Province from 1935 to 1945, was held to be one of the few psychiatrists who had actively opposed the Nazi "Euthanasia" program. In the famous "Euthanasia trial" in Düsseldorf from 1948 to 1950, Creutz was acquitted of complicity in murder; the court attested that he had done his best to sabotage the "Euthanasia" program and in so doing had saved up to 3,000 patients in the Rhineland. This rendering was circulated further in the history of science literature, so that the Rhine Province was considered to be a center of resistance to the "Euthanasia" program. Doubts about this portrayal have arisen since the 1980s. Various authors attempted to prove that Walter Creutz collaborated with the "Euthanasia" apparatus claiming there was no evidence of opposition or resistance or only to a very limited degree. However, this new perspective is based on an equally one-sided, at times grossly distorted analysis of the sources. The article provides building blocks for a more differentiated interpretation.

[Werner Leibbrand as psychiatric opponent of National Socialism]. / Werner Leibbrand als psychiatrischer Gegner des Nationalsozialismus.

The psychiatrist and medical historian Werner Leibbrand resigned from the Berlin Medical Association after the seizure of power in protest against the exclusion of Jewish colleagues and lost both the license to practice as well as his professional position in the public health service. After the end of the war the American military authorities appointed him as expert witness for the prosecution in the Nürnberg Doctors Trial. In addition to a biographical review, Leibbrand's resolute although still undisputed attitude as ethical expert in the trials will be roughly outlined.

Psychiatry, authoritarianism, and revolution: the politics of mental illness during military dictatorships in Argentina, 1966-1983.

From 1966 to 1983, Argentina underwent a period of political radicalization as fascist regimes used terror to control its citizens and leftist guerrillas resorted to violence to spark revolution. During this politically volatile period, psychiatry transformed from an apolitical clinical specialty into an ideological tool used for both leftist resistance and military oppression. The largest psychiatric organization at the time, the Federación Argentina de Psiquiatras (FAP), became the center for a new politically committed brand of psychiatry in Argentina that united psychoanalysis and community psychiatry with Marxist theory. Though the military targeted and eventually dismantled the FAP and its leftist brand of psychoanalysis and community psychiatry, sectors of the government also paradoxically appropriated and reframed community-based psychiatric perspectives to pathologize leftist subversion and advance their own conservative ideology.

[Gottfried Ewald and the "operation t4" in Göttingen]. / Gottfried Ewald und die "Aktion T4" in Göttingen.

Gottfried Ewald (1888-1963) had been director of the State Hospital and Nursing Home and the University Clinic for Psychiatry from 1934. In August 1940, he refused his cooperation as a medical expert in the National Socialist's "euthanasia" operation during a discussion of the "Reich Cooperative for State Hospitals and Nursing Homes" (Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft Heil- und Pflegeanstalten) in Berlin. Shortly afterwards Ewald wrote a comprehensive position paper against the operation which was sent to Werner Heyde, head of the "T4" medical office, and Leonardo Conti, "Reich physician leader" (Reichsärzteführer), among others.While Ewald's protest remained unsuccessful, it did neither result in any disciplinary consequences. By his own account, he decided to remain in his position on order to be able to rescue at least some of the patients of the State Hospital and Nursing Home destined for transport to the "T4" killing centres. In cooperation with colleagues at the hospital and the Provincial Association in Hanover, he partly succeeded to meet this aim through deferrals, leaves of absence, re-assessments and releases. These strategies were, however, not used to prevent the deportation of Jewish and compulsory detention patients. Thus, Ewald's protest was a partial, pragmatic circumvention of the National Socialist's "euthanasia" operation.

The deployment of ethnographic sciences and psychological warfare during the suppression of the Mau Mau rebellion.

This essay provides readers with a critical analysis of the ethnographic sciences and the psychological warfare used by the British and Kenyan colonial regimes during the suppression of the Mau Mau rebellion. In recent years, several survivors of several detention camps set up for Mau Mau suspects during the 1950s have brought cases in British courts, seeking apologies and funds to help those who argue about systematic abuse during the times of "emergency." The author illustrates that the difficulties confronting Ndiku Mutua and other claimants stem from the historical and contemporary resonance of characterizations of the Mau Mau as devilish figures with deranged minds. The author also argues that while many journalists today have commented on the recovery of "lost" colonial archives and the denials of former colonial administrators, what gets forgotten are the polysemic ways that Carothers, Leakey, and other social agents co-produced all of these pejorative characterizations. Kenyan settlers, administrators, novelists, filmmakers and journalists have helped circulate the commentaries on the "Mau Mau" mind that continue to influence contemporary debates about past injustices.

Memórias sobre um conflito de terra em relatos de história de vida / Memories of a conflict over the ownership of land present in life history reports

Este artigo se propõe a analisar as memórias de pequenos produtores rurais do assentamento Camucim (litoral sul da Paraíba) sobre um conflito de terra ocorrido no final dos anos 70 e início dos anos 80, do século XX. Essas memórias foram obtidas através de entrevistas de história de vida, que foram submetidas à Análise de Discurso. A partir da história oral, pretende-se analisar o sentido subjetivo construído pelos narradores, através de suas memórias. Nesse sentido, o conflito é relembrado como uma luta legítima, abençoada por Deus, o que nos remete para o papel fundamental da Igreja nesse processo, através da Comissão Pastoral da Terra (CPT). Além disso, os narradores constroem uma imagem de lutadores corajosos e vitoriosos.

This article aims at analyzing the memories of small landowners of Camucim, a settlement in the South coast of Paraíba, over a conflict concerning the possession of a tract of land in the late 70s and early 80s of the twentieth century. These memories were gathered though Life History interviews and were submitted to Discourse Analysis. Departing from oral history we intend to analyze the subjective sense constructed by the narrators through their memories. In this sense the conflict is recollected as a legitimate struggle, blessed by God. This will lead us to the fundamental role the Church played in this process, through the Commission of the Pastoral of the Land (CPT). In addition to this, the narrators construct an image of brave, victorious fighters.

Memórias sobre um conflito de terra em relatos de história de vida / Memories of a conflict over the ownership of land present in life history reports

Este artigo se propõe a analisar as memórias de pequenos produtores rurais do assentamento Camucim (litoral sul da Paraíba) sobre um conflito de terra ocorrido no final dos anos 70 e início dos anos 80, do século XX. Essas memórias foram obtidas através de entrevistas de história de vida, que foram submetidas à Análise de Discurso. A partir da história oral, pretende-se analisar o sentido subjetivo construído pelos narradores, através de suas memórias. Nesse sentido, o conflito é relembrado como uma luta legítima, abençoada por Deus, o que nos remete para o papel fundamental da Igreja nesse processo, através da Comissão Pastoral da Terra (CPT). Além disso, os narradores constroem uma imagem de lutadores corajosos e vitoriosos.(AU)

This article aims at analyzing the memories of small landowners of Camucim, a settlement in the South coast of Paraíba, over a conflict concerning the possession of a tract of land in the late 70s and early 80s of the twentieth century. These memories were gathered though Life History interviews and were submitted to Discourse Analysis. Departing from oral history we intend to analyze the subjective sense constructed by the narrators through their memories. In this sense the conflict is recollected as a legitimate struggle, blessed by God. This will lead us to the fundamental role the Church played in this process, through the Commission of the Pastoral of the Land (CPT). In addition to this, the narrators construct an image of brave, victorious fighters.(AU)