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OBJECTIVES: Respiratory tract infections are life-threatening infections in solid-organ transplant recipients that pose risk to the graft and to the patient. This study was undertaken to examine the clinical and microbiological spectrum of pneumonia in renal transplant recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 400 consecutive renal transplant recipients, 87 recipients (21.8%) were hospitalized between November 2014 and October 2016 with pneumonia. We examined demographic profiles and clinical investigations. RESULTS: The median age of patients was 38 years (range, 19-72 y). The mean time of presentation after renal transplant was 18 months (range, 1-174 mo). Most patients (80.5%) were on maintenance immunosuppression with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids; 34% of patients had an induction agent. Chronic hepatitis C and hepatitis B infections were found in 12.6% and 2.2% of patients, respectively, and new-onset diabetes in 19.5% of patients. Fever (88%), cough (87%), shortness of breath (68%), and hypotension (33%) were common presenting symptoms. Diarrhea was the most frequent accompanying symptom, found in 9.2% of patients. Cytopenia and graft dysfunction were present in 38.7% and 80.4% of patients. Among infections, fungal infections were the most frequent (30%) followed by mixed infections (20.7%), tuberculosis (12.6%), bacterial (12.6%), and viral (3.5%) infections. Etiology could not be found in 27.6% patients. Mortality rate was 24.1%, with the highest rates for fungal infections (44%), followed by bacterial (25%) and mixed infections (18%). Presence of hypoxia and hypotension at presentation was associated with increased risk of death, whereas use of induction agents, new-onset diabetes posttransplant, diabetes mellitus, and acute kidney injury were not correlated with death or increased duration of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: Pneumonia carries high risk of mortality in renal transplant recipients. Fungal and bacterial infections carry high risk of mortality. Despite invasive investigations, a substantial number of patients had unidentified etiology.
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Coinfección , Diabetes Mellitus , Hipotensión , Trasplante de Riñón , Micosis , Neumonía , Humanos , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Inmunosupresores/efectos adversos , Trasplante de Riñón/efectos adversos , Coinfección/inducido químicamente , Coinfección/complicaciones , Ácido Micofenólico/efectos adversos , Diabetes Mellitus/etiología , Neumonía/inducido químicamente , Hipotensión/etiología , Receptores de Trasplantes , Rechazo de InjertoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) share a similar transmission route, which increases coinfection odds and worsens clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to investigate coinfected patients undergoing HCV treatment with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) to understand their characteristics, risk of HBV reactivation, and effectiveness of the therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Our study comprehensively analyzed 1118 patients with chronic HCV infection, divided into 3 subgroups based on their HBV status. RESULTS: We documented that 0.7% of the analyzed population was positive for hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), while 14.3% had evidence of a past HBV infection. The patients without HBV coinfection were less burdened with comorbidities, and were mostly treatment-naive, while the individuals suffering from coinfection were younger and more likely to have a history of a previous therapy. Infection with HCV genotype 3 was more common among the HBsAg-positive patients than in the other studied groups. Response to DAA therapy was comparable between the groups, and most patients completed the course of treatment as planned. Only 3 cases of HBV reactivation were observed, all of which achieved sustained virologic response after DAA therapy. Two were women on immunosuppressants with antihepatitis B core positive antibodies, and the third patient was an HBsAgpositive man. These patients remained in long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Neither the presence of HBV markers nor HBV reactivation during DAA treatment reduced effectiveness of the therapy. Our findings are important for future recommendations and guidelines on managing HBV/HCV coinfection.
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Coinfección , Hepatitis B , Hepatitis C Crónica , Hepatitis C , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Virus de la Hepatitis B/fisiología , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Hepatitis C Crónica/complicaciones , Hepatitis C Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Antígenos de Superficie de la Hepatitis B , Coinfección/tratamiento farmacológico , Coinfección/inducido químicamente , Estudios de Seguimiento , Activación ViralRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) delivers the active metabolite more efficiently to target cells compared with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). Recent studies suggest that TAF is efficacious in treatment naïve individuals who are co-infected with HBV/HIV and may have superior effects on HBV e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion in this setting. The primary objective of this study was to explore the feasibility of switching from TDF to TAF in HBV/HIV co-infection. METHODS: In this single-arm, multicenter, open-label study, we recruited patients (n = 20) who were on stable TDF-based antiviral therapy for at least 12 months. All participants had undetectable HIV RNA and HBV DNA levels at the time of screening and were converted to a TAF-based treatment regimen (TAF + emtricitabine + third agent) for 48 weeks. FINDINGS: Twenty-seven individuals were invited to take part in the screening process; 3 met the exclusion criteria and a further 4 withdrew consent prior to enrolment. The remaining participants were predominantly male (70%), non-cirrhotic (95%) and of Afro-Caribbean ethnicity (60%). All were co-infected with HIV-1 and established on long-term antiretroviral treatment prior to enrolment (median 6.5 years). No adverse events related to the study drug were observed, and most patients (89.5%) maintained undetectable HIV RNA and HBV DNA throughout the follow-up period. IMPLICATIONS: Switching from TDF to TAF in HBV/HIV co-infection was safe, well tolerated and maintained virological suppression in most patients. Additional studies are needed to confirm these findings in larger cohorts and explore other endpoints.
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Fármacos Anti-VIH , Coinfección , Infecciones por VIH , Hepatitis B , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Tenofovir/efectos adversos , Estudios de Factibilidad , ADN Viral/uso terapéutico , Coinfección/inducido químicamente , Coinfección/tratamiento farmacológico , Alanina/efectos adversos , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Adenina/efectos adversos , ARN/uso terapéutico , Fumaratos/uso terapéutico , Fármacos Anti-VIH/efectos adversosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Both HCV and HIV are highly prevalent infections with current estimates of 57 and 38 million people infected worldwide, respectively. Oral antivirals can be curative for HCV and rescue HIV patients from disease progression. Dual therapy in coinfected patients requires expertise. AREAS COVERED: Four major issues challenge dual HCV and HIV treatment, including overlapping drug-related side effects, hepatitis B reactivation, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndromes (IRIS), and drug-drug interactions (DDI). A search was conducted in PubMed from January 2010 to March 2023. EXPERT OPINION: The advent of second-generation direct-acting antivirals (DDA) that depict higher antiviral potency, fewer side effects, pangenotypic activity and are co-formulated has expanded the indication of HCV therapy and particularly in HIV-coinfected individuals. Sequential initiation of antiretrovirals (ARV) followed by DAA is generally preferred to start dual treatment concomitantly. Close monitoring of rare episodes of HBV reactivation and IRIS is warranted. The most frequent DDI between DAA and ARV affect drug metabolism by CYP450 induction/inhibition, leading to abnormal drug exposures. Throughout this mechanism interact most HCV and HIV protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitors. Exposure to some HIV and HCV nucleos(t)ide analogues (e.g. tenofovir and sofosbuvir, respectively) is subject to induction/inhibition of drug transporters and requires special attention in patients with renal insufficiency.
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Coinfección , Efectos Colaterales y Reacciones Adversas Relacionados con Medicamentos , Infecciones por VIH , Inhibidores de la Proteasa del VIH , Hepatitis C Crónica , Hepatitis C , Humanos , Antivirales/efectos adversos , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Coinfección/tratamiento farmacológico , Coinfección/inducido químicamente , Hepatitis C Crónica/tratamiento farmacológico , Hepatitis C/complicaciones , Hepatitis C/tratamiento farmacológico , Hepatitis C/inducido químicamente , HepacivirusRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Piperacillin/tazobactam or meropenem are often used to treat patients with severe bacterial infections. We aimed to compare the desirable and undesirable effects of empirical and/or definitive piperacillin/tazobactam versus carbapenems in patients with severe bacterial infections. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Epistemonikos, and trial registers for randomised clinical trials of empirical and/or definitive piperacillin/tazobactam versus carbapenems in adult patients with severe bacterial infection (i.e., any bacterial infection requiring hospitalisation). The primary outcome was all-cause short-term mortality within 90 days. Secondary outcomes were all-cause long-term mortality, adverse events, quality of life, days alive without or duration of life support, secondary infections, selection of fungi or resistant bacteria, and days alive and out of hospital or hospital length of stay. We calculated relative risks (RRs) using random effects and fixed effect meta-analyses along with trial sequential analyses. RESULTS: We included 31 trials (n = 8790 patients) with overall high risk of bias. The RR for all-cause short-term mortality was 1.16 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.94-1.43, low certainty evidence), for adverse events 1.00 (98% CI: 0.96-1.04, moderate certainty evidence), for secondary infections 1.13 (98% CI: 0.76-1.68, very low certainty evidence), and for selection of fungi or resistant bacteria 1.61 (98% CI: 0.89-2.89, very low certainty evidence). There were no or limited data for the remaining outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Based on very low or low certainty evidence, piperacillin/tazobactam may be associated with less favourable outcomes in patients with severe bacterial infections as compared with carbapenems, but the information size for a robust conclusion has not been reached.
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Infecciones Bacterianas , Coinfección , Adulto , Humanos , Carbapenémicos/uso terapéutico , Coinfección/inducido químicamente , Coinfección/tratamiento farmacológico , Calidad de Vida , Combinación Piperacilina y Tazobactam/uso terapéutico , Infecciones Bacterianas/tratamiento farmacológico , BacteriasRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The simultaneous occurrence of cerebral toxoplasmosis and cryptococcosis is rare. The infections continue to be treated with sulfadiazine and amphotericin-B-based regimens (preferred therapy), respectively. Both these drugs are linked to some serious adverse drug reactions (ADRs). We report such a unique instance of both; the CNS co-infections and adverse drug reactions to the preferred therapy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 44-year-old Asian-Indian female was diagnosed with cerebral toxoplasmosis, impending cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The preferred therapy of opportunistic CNS co-infections commenced. Within a week, she had an occurrence of fall in hemoglobin concentrations (11.3 g/dL to 5.6 g/dL; grade IV), reticulocytosis (1% to 3.2%), and indirect hyperbilirubinemia (0.5 mg/dL to 2.8 mg/dL; grade IV) after sulfadiazine administration. The drug was discontinued and the patient was treated with hematocrit transfusions. After amphotericin-B deoxycholate (AmBd) administration, the patient developed hypokalemia (serum potassium; 4.5 mmol/L to 2.7 mmol/L) and increased serum creatinine (1.0 to 2.2 mg/dL; stage-I) levels. Hence, AmBd was discontinued and potassium correction was given. The patient got diagnosed with sulfadiazine induced hemolytic anemia and AmBd induced acute renal failure. He was switched to alternative therapy regimens for the treatment of cerebral toxoplasmosis and cryptococcosis. Radiological investigations were followed up to confirm the clinical outcomes of alternative therapy. Complete recovery from the ADRs and opportunistic infections was observed. CONCLUSION: The preferred therapy regimens for toxoplasmosis and cryptococcosis are accompanied by potential adverse drug reactions, thus continuous monitoring is vital, especially in the initial phases of therapy. Discontinuation of the treatment should be the preliminary intervention in the management. Having said that, alternative therapy regimens had an optimal clinical response in the present case.
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Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida , Coinfección , Criptococosis , Efectos Colaterales y Reacciones Adversas Relacionados con Medicamentos , Toxoplasmosis Cerebral , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Adulto , Anfotericina B/efectos adversos , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/inducido químicamente , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/complicaciones , Síndrome de Inmunodeficiencia Adquirida/tratamiento farmacológico , Antifúngicos/efectos adversos , Toxoplasmosis Cerebral/diagnóstico , Toxoplasmosis Cerebral/tratamiento farmacológico , Toxoplasmosis Cerebral/inducido químicamente , Coinfección/inducido químicamente , Coinfección/complicaciones , Coinfección/tratamiento farmacológico , Criptococosis/complicaciones , Criptococosis/diagnóstico , Criptococosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Sulfadiazina/efectos adversos , Potasio/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Systemic hyperinflammation is a hallmark of severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Tocilizumab (TCZ) (an interleukin-6 receptor blocker) therapy is currently used as an anti-inflammatory intervention alongside corticosteroids to modulate the hyperinflammatory response (cytokine storm) in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 to prevent mortality. There is, however, a wide uncertainty about its pros and cons in patients with COVID-19, particularly, its possible immunosuppressive effect is of serious concern for the clinicians. The present study aimed to report response of a cohort of severely-ill hospitalized COVID-19 pneumonia patients who were treated with tocilizumab after the initial corticosteroids therapy failed to improve the patients' clinical condition. This was a single-arm retrospective study of 100 severely-ill COVID-19 pneumonia patients who were admitted to the specialized COVID-19 units of Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan from March 12, 2020, to May 25, 2021. These COVID-19 patients had progressed to cytokine storm with persistent hypoxia, associated with pneumonia, and markedly elevated serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers including C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, and ferritin. All the patients had received two separate doses of intravenous 400 mg (4 mg/kg) tocilizumab with an 8-hour interval alongside standard COVID-19 care which includes corticosteroid, antibiotics, and anticoagulants. Following tocilizumab intervention, 75 (75.0%) patients showed clinical improvement, continued to recover, and were safely discharged from the hospital, while in 25 (25.0%) patients, TCZ failed to prevent clinical deterioration, and patients eventually died in the hospital. Amongst the 25 (25.0%) deaths, 8 (32.0%) patients had a single comorbidity, while 9 (36.0%) had two or more comorbidities. The median IQR age for survivors was 57.0 (50.0, 60.0) years, and non-survivors was 60.0 (55.0, 70.0) years; and the period of hospitalization was 25 (20, 40) days and 20 (14, 34) days, respectively. Tocilizumab treatment improved serum inflammatory biomarker levels including CRP, D-dimer, and ferritin, by almost a similar magnitude in both survivors and non-survivors. Development of secondary infections were reported in 25 (25.0%) patients, including 21% patients with bacterial (Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Acinetobacter) and 4% with fungal (Aspergillus) infection. The emergence of secondary infection was higher in patients who died (72.0%) as compared to those who survived (28.0%). In conclusion: in low- and middle-income countries in the presence of limited therapeutic options, a timely intervention of TCZ alongside corticosteroids may be a suitable anti-inflammatory therapy for severely-ill hospitalized COVID-19 pneumonia patients to prevent mortality. However, patients must be closely monitored for secondary bacterial/fungal infections. Early diagnosis and management of secondary infection can reduce morbidity and mortality.
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COVID-19 , Coinfección , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , SARS-CoV-2 , Síndrome de Liberación de Citoquinas/tratamiento farmacológico , Síndrome de Liberación de Citoquinas/inducido químicamente , Coinfección/inducido químicamente , Tratamiento Farmacológico de COVID-19 , Antiinflamatorios/efectos adversos , Proteína C-Reactiva , Biomarcadores , Ferritinas , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Introduction: Malaria infection is still a public health problem in Indonesia. One of the problems in combating malaria in Indonesia is the limited kind of antimalarial drugs provided by the government. Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) extract has been shown to have antimalarial activity in human clinical trials. Aim: To assess the ability of a single A. paniculata ethanolic extract capsule to treat malaria in humans caused by Plasmodium falciparum or P. vivax alone or mixed infections of both. Methods: An open clinical trial was conducted in Batubara District, Sumatra Utara Province, Indonesia, a malaria-endemic area. Sixty-nine malaria patients found in the field were diagnosed microscopically as malaria vivax, malaria falciparum, and mixed infections uncomplicated malaria with 12 years old and above. Previously all patients signed informed consent. All patients have been treated with A. paniculata ethanolic extract capsules 250 mg thrice a day for five days. Parasite density was calculated from D0, D1, D2, D3, D7, D14, and D28. Results: The efficacy of A . paniculata ethanolic extract capsules 250 mg thrice a day for five days against malaria vivax, malaria falciparum, and mixed malaria patients was 94.2%. There are no side effects were found during treatment. Conclusion: A. paniculata ethanolic extract can be used as an alternative antimalarial candidate derived from native Indonesian medicinal plants or as an adjunct in standard treatment for malaria.
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Antimaláricos , Coinfección , Malaria Falciparum , Malaria Vivax , Malaria , Humanos , Niño , Antimaláricos/uso terapéutico , Indonesia , Andrographis paniculata , Coinfección/inducido químicamente , Coinfección/tratamiento farmacológico , Malaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Malaria/inducido químicamente , Malaria/parasitología , Malaria Falciparum/tratamiento farmacológico , Malaria Falciparum/inducido químicamente , Malaria Falciparum/parasitología , Malaria Vivax/inducido químicamente , Malaria Vivax/tratamiento farmacológico , Malaria Vivax/parasitología , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéuticoAsunto(s)
Betacoronavirus , Infecciones por Coronavirus/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Endocarditis Bacteriana/inducido químicamente , Glucocorticoides/efectos adversos , Glucocorticoides/uso terapéutico , Hidroxicloroquina/uso terapéutico , Neumonía Viral/tratamiento farmacológico , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/inducido químicamente , Staphylococcus aureus/aislamiento & purificación , Anciano , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , COVID-19 , Coinfección/inducido químicamente , Coinfección/tratamiento farmacológico , Coinfección/virología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/diagnóstico por imagen , Infecciones por Coronavirus/virología , Ecocardiografía Transesofágica , Endocarditis Bacteriana/diagnóstico por imagen , Endocarditis Bacteriana/tratamiento farmacológico , Glucocorticoides/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Hidroxicloroquina/administración & dosificación , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Pandemias , Neumonía Viral/diagnóstico por imagen , Neumonía Viral/virología , SARS-CoV-2 , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X , Resultado del Tratamiento , Tratamiento Farmacológico de COVID-19RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Leprosy is one of the oldest mycobacterial infections and tuberculosis is the most common mycobacterial infection with a higher degree of infectivity than leprosy. Although both diseases are prevalent in clusters in developing countries, simultaneous occurrence of them in an individual is a rare entity, even in an endemic setting. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe six cases of tuberculosis and leprosy coinfection: a 57-year-old Sinhalese woman, a 47-year-old Tamil woman, a 72-year-old Tamil man, a 59-year-old Sinhalese man, a 54-year-old Sinhalese man, and a 50-year-old Sinhalese man. In this case series, five patients had lepromatous leprosy and the majority of patients were men. Three patients were detected to have tuberculosis at the outset of treatment of leprosy, while two developed tuberculosis later and one had extrapulmonary tuberculosis 5 years before the diagnosis of leprosy. The latter developed pulmonary tuberculosis as a reactivation while on treatment for leprosy. A majority of our patients with pulmonary tuberculosis had positive Mantoux test, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, radiological evidence, and acid-fast bacilli in sputum. Human immunodeficiency virus and diabetes were detected in one patient. One patient had rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis, while she was on monthly rifampicin therapy for leprosy. CONCLUSION: An immunocompromised status, such as human immunodeficiency virus infection, diabetes, and immunosuppressive drugs, are risk factors for tuberculosis infection. The use of steroids in the treatment of leprosy may increase the susceptibility to develop tuberculosis. Development of rifampicin resistance secondary to monthly rifampicin in leprosy is a major concern in treating patients coinfected with tuberculosis. Despite the paucity of reports of coinfection, it is advisable to screen for tuberculosis in patients with leprosy, especially if there are respiratory or constitutional symptoms, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and abnormal chest X-ray. The fact is that positive Mantoux and QuantiFERON Gold tests and presence of acid-fast bacilli in sputum are misleading, chest X-ray evidence of active tuberculosis and positive tuberculosis cultures are important diagnostic clues for active tuberculosis infection in a patient with leprosy. This is important to avoid monthly rifampicin in patients with suspected coinfections, which may lead to development of drug resistance to tuberculosis treatment. Whether prolonged steroid therapy in leprosy is a risk factor for development of tuberculosis is still controversial.
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Lepra/complicaciones , Tuberculosis/complicaciones , Anciano , Coinfección/inducido químicamente , Coinfección/diagnóstico , Femenino , Humanos , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Lepra/diagnóstico , Lepra/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mycobacterium leprae , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Sri Lanka , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Individuals with impaired immune responses, such as ventilated and cystic fibrosis patients are often infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.a) bacteria, and a co-infection with the Influenza virus (IAV) is often present. It has been known for many years that infection with IAV predisposes the host to secondary bacterial infections (such as Streptococcus pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus), and there is an abundance of mechanistic studies, including those studying the role of desensitization of TLR signaling, type I IFN- mediated impairment of neutrophil chemokines and antimicrobial production, attenuation of IL1ß production etc., showing this. However, little is known about the mechanistic events underlying the potential deleterious synergy between Influenza and P.a co-infections. We demonstrate here in vitro in epithelial cells and in vivo in three independent models (two involving mice given IAV +/- P.a, and one involving mice given IAV +/- IL-1ß) that IAV promotes secondary P.a-mediated lung disease or augmented IL-1ß-mediated inflammation. We show that IAV-P.a-mediated deleterious responses includes increased matrix metalloprotease (MMP) activity, and MMP-9 in particular, and that the use of the MMP inhibitor improves lung resilience. Furthermore, we show that IAV post-transcriptionally inhibits the antimicrobial/anti-protease molecule elafin/trappin-2, which we have shown previously to be anti-inflammatory and to protect the host against maladaptive neutrophilic inflammation in P.a infections. Our work highlights the capacity of IAV to promote further P.a-mediated lung damage, not necessarily through its interference with host resistance to the bacterium, but by down-regulating tissue resilience to lung inflammation instead. Our study therefore suggests that restoring tissue resilience in clinical settings where IAV/P.a co-exists could prove a fruitful strategy.
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Coinfección/inmunología , Elafina/metabolismo , Virus de la Influenza A/inmunología , Metaloproteinasa 9 de la Matriz/metabolismo , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/inmunología , Animales , Línea Celular , Coinfección/inducido químicamente , Coinfección/metabolismo , Fibrosis Quística/inmunología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Humanos , Inflamación/inducido químicamente , Inflamación/inmunología , Pulmón/inmunología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Modelos Animales , Neumonía/metabolismo , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/inmunologíaRESUMEN
We present the case of an immunocompetent 55-year-old woman, treated with corticosteroids, developing a cerebral fungal infection with autoptic ascertainment of aspergillosis and mucormycosis. This is the first report of cerebral co-infection by mucorales and aspergillus in an immunocompetent host. A possible explanation is that corticosteroids, even if taken for a short time, led to a transient lowering of immune function and contributed to negative outcome.
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Antiinflamatorios/efectos adversos , Encefalopatías/inducido químicamente , Mucormicosis/inducido químicamente , Neuroaspergilosis/inducido químicamente , Prednisona/efectos adversos , Corticoesteroides/efectos adversos , Coinfección/inducido químicamente , Dermatomiositis/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
We present the case of a 54 year old woman with known relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis who presented with acute respiratory deterioration five weeks after a first course of alemtuzumab. Imaging showed bilateral ground glass changes and extensive investigations confirmed chest infection with dual pathogens - Pneumocystis jirovecii and Cytomegalovirus. She responded to standard anti-PJP and CMV therapy and was discharged on oral prophylaxis. Opportunistic infections in the weeks immediately following alemtuzumab therapy remain an uncommon complication but one that requires clinical vigilance, careful monitoring and appropriate prophylactic therapy.
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Alemtuzumab/efectos adversos , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/inducido químicamente , Inmunosupresores/efectos adversos , Linfopenia/inducido químicamente , Esclerosis Múltiple Recurrente-Remitente/tratamiento farmacológico , Neumonía por Pneumocystis/inducido químicamente , Neumonía Viral/inducido químicamente , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria/inducido químicamente , Antineoplásicos Inmunológicos/efectos adversos , Coinfección/inducido químicamente , Coinfección/diagnóstico por imagen , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/diagnóstico por imagen , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neumonía por Pneumocystis/diagnóstico por imagen , Neumonía Viral/diagnóstico por imagen , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Liver fibrosis progresses faster in individuals coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Interferon λ3 (IFN-λ3) has both antiviral and proinflammatory properties. Genotypes at IFNL single-nucleotide proteins (SNPs; rs12979860CC and rs8099917TT) are linked to higher HCV clearance, potentially via rs8103142. We examined the relationship between IFN-λ genotypes and significant liver fibrosis in HIV-HCV coinfection. METHODS: From the prospective Canadian Co-infection Cohort (n = 1423), HCV RNA-positive participants in whom IFN-λ genotypes were detected and who were free of fibrosis, end-stage liver disease, and chronic hepatitis B at baseline (n = 485) were included. Time to significant fibrosis (defined as an aspartate transaminase level to platelet count ratio index [APRI] of ≥1.5) by IFN-λ genotypes was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards, with adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, alcohol use, CD4(+) T-cell count, HCV genotype, γ-glutamyl transferase level, and baseline APRI. Haplotype analysis was performed, with adjustment for ethnicity. RESULTS: A total of 125 participants developed fibrosis over 1595 person-years (7.84 cases/100 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.58-9.34 cases/100 person-years). Each genotype was associated with an increased fibrosis risk, with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.37 (95% CI, .94-2.02) for rs12979860CC, 1.34 (95% CI, .91-1.97) for rs8103142TT, and 1.79 (95% CI, 1.24-2.57) for rs8099917TT. Haplotype TCT was also linked with a higher risk (hazard ratio, 1.14 [95% CI, .73-1.77]). CONCLUSIONS: IFN-λ SNPs rs12979860, rs8099917, and rs81013142 were individually linked to higher rates of fibrosis in individuals with HIV-HCV coinfection. IFN-λ genotypes may be useful to target HCV treatments to people who are at higher risk of liver disease.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales/efectos adversos , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Hepatitis C/genética , Interferones/genética , Interferones/uso terapéutico , Cirrosis Hepática/genética , Adulto , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Canadá , Estudios de Cohortes , Coinfección/inducido químicamente , Coinfección/tratamiento farmacológico , Femenino , Genotipo , Hepatitis C/inducido químicamente , Humanos , Cirrosis Hepática/inducido químicamente , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Ribavirina/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to assess and analyze the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) in serum of goats naturally infected by Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, or concomitantly infected by these two parasites. Thus, it was measured NOx and AOPP levels in twenty (n=20) sera samples of goats seronegative for T. gondii and N. caninum [negative control group (A)]; while the positive groups were composed by sera of infected animals, twelve (n=12) seropositive for N. caninum [group B]; eighteen (n=18) positive for T. gondii [group C]; and thirteen (n=13) seropositive for N. caninum and T. gondii [group D]. As results, it was observed that animals seropositive for N. caninum and T. gondii (Groups B to D) showed higher serum levels of NOx (P<0.001; F=9.5), when compared with seronegative animals. Additionally, it was observed a positive correlation between NOx levels and antibodies titrations for N. caninum (P<0.01; r=0.68) and T. gondii (P<0.05; r=0.56). AOPP levels were increase in groups C and D (P>0.05). Interestingly, group B did not show increase in AOPP, what led us to hypothesize that the major protein damage is linked to T. gondii infection. Therefore, our results showed an increased in NOx levels, which was probably related to the immune response, since it is an important inflammatory mediator; and AOPP were increased in groups where there was seropositivity for T. gondii, but not for the group composed only by animals seropositive for N. caninum, allowing us to suggest higher protein damage in toxoplasmosis.