A obra from sea-bathing to beach-going: a social history of the beach in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil e a contribuição de seu autor, Bert J. Barickman, para a história do lazer / The book from sea-bathing to beach-going: a social history of the beach in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and the contribution of its author, Bert J. Barickman, to the history of leisure

Este texto resenha a obra póstuma From Sea-Bathing to Beach-Going: A Social History of The Beach in Rio de Janeiro, de autoria de Bert J. Barickman e edição de Hendrik Kraay e Bryan McCann. Discute o teor dos capítulos da obra, assim como as contribuições desta para a história do Rio de Janeiro, da praia, da cidade e do desenvolvimento urbano, do turismo e, evidentemente, do lazer. Para tanto, associa o livro e suas discussões a obras históricas sobre alguns desses assuntos. Da mesma forma, explora o quanto o fazer história do autor é uma relevante contribuição para a história do lazer.

This text reviews the posthumous work From Sea-Bathing to BeachGoing: A Social History of The Beach in Rio de Janeiro, authored by Bert J. Barickman and edited by Hendrik Kraay and Bryan McCann. It gives an overview the book's chapters content, as well as its contributions to the history of Rio de Janeiro, the beach, the city and urban development, tourism and, of course, leisure. To this end, it associates the book and its discussions with historical works on some of these subjects. Likewise, it explores how much the author's historical approach is a relevant contribution to the history of leisure.

That "Bulky Commodity, Tobacco".

Tobacco, like other popular commodities, both reflected the rhythms of early modern empires and contributed to them. People, goods, and ideas crossing the Atlantic Ocean often traveled as freight in vessels bound upon other business, and much of that was tobacco business. Using a variety of historical examples, the current article explores tobacco's economic, cultural, and labor-related worlds to show how one plant shaped institutions of human enslavement, altered colonial ecologies, offered new sensory possibilities, and ruined fortunes. Although now perhaps better known within medical contexts as a significant, preventable cause of death, tobacco as it is understood today is also a highly political, economic, and cultural product, characteristics that have shaped human relationships to the commodity over the centuries. The 17th and 18th centuries, for example, saw a dramatic rise in tobacco consumption in Europe alongside an influx of colonial natural products across the continent. The tobacco trade offered power and profit to some, exploitation and enslavement to others. It underwrote the rise of prominent merchant and political families while shaping the daily routines of countless enslaved men, women, and children tasked with growing the plant. Tobacco leaves also offered hopes of medical treatment and trustworthy business dealings, as well as a moment of respite on a long voyage. At every stage of its evolution into a global commodity, tobacco's meanings and roles changed, becoming more fully integrated into European empire and its structures of power and profit in the process.

La escritura, el primer universo virtual

Reflexión sobre cómo evolucionaron el acceso y la producción de la escritura y la lectura, especialmente luego de los últimos adelantos tecnológicos.

Quantifying archaeo-organic degradation - A multiproxy approach to understand the accelerated deterioration of the ancient organic cultural heritage at the Swedish Mesolithic site Ageröd.

Despite a growing body of evidence concerning accelerated organic degradation at archaeological sites, there have been few follow-up investigations to examine the status of the remaining archaeological materials in the ground. To address the question of archaeo-organic preservation, we revisited the Swedish, Mesolithic key-site Ageröd and could show that the bone material had been subjected to an accelerated deterioration during the last 75 years, which had destroyed the bones in the areas where they had previously been best preserved. To understand why this has happened and to quantify and qualify the extent of the organic degradation, we here analyse the soil chemistry, bone histology, collagen preservation and palaeobotany at the site. Our results show that the soil at Ageröd is losing, or has already lost, its preservative and buffering qualities, and that pH-values in the still wet areas of the site have dropped to levels where no bone preservation is possible. Our results suggest that this acidification process is enhanced by the release of sulphuric acid as pyrite in the bones oxidizes. While we are still able to find well-preserved palaeobotanical remains, they are also starting to corrode through re-introduced oxygen into the archaeological layers. While some areas of the site have been more protected through redeposited soil on top of the archaeological layers, all areas of Ageröd are rapidly deteriorating. Lastly, while it is still possible to perform molecular analyses on the best-preserved bones from the most protected areas, this opportunity will likely be lost within a few decades. In conclusion, we find that if we, as a society, wish to keep this valuable climatic, environmental and cultural archive, both at Ageröd and elsewhere, the time to act is now and if we wait we will soon be in a situation where this record will be irretrievably lost forever.

Enfermedades epidémicas y pandémicas: Causas, cronología e implicaciones socioculturales / Epidemics and pandemic diseases: Causes, chronology, social and cultural implications

Las enfermedades epidémicas y pandémicas se han sucedido a lo largo de los siglos hasta nuestros días. La presente revisión pretende analizar y contextualizar sus causas y remedios, en los diferentes periodos históricos, y sus repercusiones culturales y sociales, con referencia a la actual pandemia COVID-19. Los datos principales se han obtenido de revisiones y documentos oficiales del Ministerio de Sanidad (España) y Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se mencionan posibles implicaciones medioambientales que, en la actualidad, pueden incrementar la difusión de patógenos potencialmente pandémicos (PPP)

Epidemic and pandemic diseases have succeeded each other over the centuries till now. This review aims to analyse and contextualize its causes and remedies, in the different historical periods, and its cultural and social repercussions, with reference to the current COVID-19 pandemic. The main data have been obtained from reviews and official documents of the Ministry of Health (Spain) and World Health Organization. Possible environmental implications are mentioned that may currently increase the spread of potentially pandemic pathogens (PPP)

Reconstructing feminist perspectives of women's bodies using a globalized view: The changing surrogacy market in Japan.

This paper aims to evoke an alternative viewpoint on surrogacy, moving beyond popular Western feminist beliefs on the practice, by introducing the history and current context of East Asian surrogacy. To elaborate a different cultural perspective on surrogacy, this paper first introduces the East Asian history of contract pregnancy systems, prior to the emergence of the American invention of 'modern' surrogacy practice. Then, it examines Japanese mass media portrayals of cross-border surrogacy in which white women have become 'convenient' entities. The results of the analysis show how Japanese culture has adopted a rhetoric about the use of white women as convenient surrogate mothers in the global commercial surrogacy market. An essential aspect of surrogacy is the premise that a woman's reproductive function should be accessible to others. Past discussions among feminists have neglected this important point. Moreover, they share the assumption that white surrogacy clients are exploiters, who take advantage of women of colour as surrogate mothers. The current situation in Asia flips this perspective-with white women regarded as easier targets for exploitation by wealthy people of colour. For Asian clients, Westerners can be easily regarded as 'others' whom they can use for their reproductive needs. In today's globalized era, the surrogacy industry is no longer for affluent Westerners only. Considering this change, it is crucial to discuss surrogacy issues by reconstructing feminist perspectives with a globalized view, to help protect women's bodies, regardless of nationality, ethnicity, skin colour, or religion.

Maestros de la navegación: el dominio técnico de la movilidad fluvial en el mundo andino / The masters of navigation: the technical mastery of river transportation in the Andean world

Este artículo presenta una mirada panorámica de las técnicas de navegación fluvial desarrolladas por la población indígena en el mundo andino, con el propósito de discutir la visión dicotómica que convencionalmente distingue entre los saberes tradicionales y los conocimientos científicos. Se describen los materiales, utensilios y prácticas de navegación utilizadas por los indígenas y se intenta visibilizar el conocimiento tácito arraigado en esta cultura técnica. Se explica cómo fueron adaptadas al contexto americano las tecnologías traídas por los españoles y se muestra que los conocimientos técnicos tradicionales fueron un factor útil incluso para el éxito del propio proyecto de dominación europeo. Se argumenta que el flujo mutuo de conocimientos y las hibridaciones tecnológicas surgidas a partir del encuentro entre ambas civilizaciones cuestiona la común inferiorización del saber tradicional con respecto al conocimiento científico

The objective of present article is to discuss the conventional dichotomous view which distinguishes between traditional knowledge and scientific knowledge by providing a comprehensive picture of the complex techniques used to sail the rivers in the Andean world. The materials, fools and navigation practices used by indigenous are described right away, and the author tries to make the tacit knowledge rooted in this technical culture visible. Afterward, it works explains how the early Spanish technologies was adapted in the American context and shows that the use of the indigenous navigation techniques was a crucial factor for the success of the European domination project. It argues that when considering the mutual flows of knowledge and the technological hybridizations arising from the encounter between both civilizations, it cannot be justified the inferiorization of traditional knowledge with respect to scientific knowledge

Artefactos, saberes y prácticas científico-educativas de la farmacobotánica argentina (siglo XIX y XX) Nuevas miradas sobre las colecciones históricas del Museo de Farmacobotánica "Juan Aníbal Domínguez" de la Universidad de Buenos Aires / Artifacts, knowledge and scientific-educational practices of Argentine pharmacobotany (XIX and XX centuries) New views on the historical collections of the Museum of Pharmacobotany "Juan Aníbal Domínguez" of the University of Buenos Aires

Este artículo presenta los avances de investigación del proyecto postdoctoral "Artefactos, saberes y prácticas científico-educativas: el caso de la enseñanza de la farmacobotánica argentina (1900-1940)" iniciado en el ámbito de la Cátedra y Museo de Farmacobotánica de la Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Su objeto de estudio es la cultura material de las ciencias en relación con las prácticas científico-educativas y la circulación del conocimiento de la botánica aplicada a la farmacia y la medicina en el marco de la creación de nuevos espacios de formación científica y de investigación en la Universidad de Buenos Aires. En este trabajo se analizará esta interrelación a través de documentos históricos, libros especializados y artefactos científicos de la época, que componen el actual patrimonio científico del Museo de Farmacobotánica. Las colecciones históricas de este Museo revisten un alto grado de interés como fuentes primarias, tanto para la historia institucional, como para la historia de las ciencias y de la educación argentina en el ámbito de la Universidad de Buenos Aires.

Sobre a relação humano-cão / Concerning the human-dog relationship / La relation homme-chien / Sobre la relación humano-perro

Resumo Neste artigo são discutidos aspectos concernentes ao início do convívio entre cães e humanos e às diferenças culturais que afetam as relações entre as duas espécies. O estudo das interações entre humanos e cães precisa trazer à tona a pluralidade de fenômenos interconectados: o processo de domesticação iniciado há milhares de anos, os efeitos evolutivos da relação entre as duas espécies e os aspectos culturais que influenciam a convivência entre nós. Considerando essa visão holística, enxergamos de maneira ampla o cenário interacionista, estabelecendo paralelos muitas vezes ignorados por estudos pontuais e/ou enviesados por paradigmas experimentais de baixa relevância ecológica para os animais.

Abstract This article discusses the beginning of the relationship between dogs and humans and the cultural differences that affect the relationships between the two species. The study of interactions between humans and dogs needs to bring to light its plurality of interconnected phenomena: the domestication process that began thousands of years ago, the evolutionary effects of their relationship and the cultural aspects that influence such coexistence. Given this holistic view, we perceive this interaction scenario broadly, establishing parallels often ignored by one-off studies and/or biased by experimental paradigms of low ecological relevance to animals.

Résumé Dans cet article sont discutés des aspects liés au début de la cohabitation entre les chiens et les humains et les différences culturelles qui affectent ces relations interspécifiques. L'étude des interactions entre humains et chiens doit faire apparaître la pluralité des phénomènes reliés entre eux : le processus de domestication qui a commencé il y a milliers d'années, les effets évolutifs de cette relation et les aspects culturels qui influencent la coexistence entre nous. Compte tenu de cette vision holistique, c'est possible de voir largement le scénario interactionniste, et d'établir des parallèles souvent ignorés par les études individuelles ou biaisé par des paradigmes expérimentaux d'importance écologique négligeable pour les animaux.

Resumen Este artículo analiza los aspectos relacionados con el comienzo de la relación entre perros y humanos, y las diferencias culturales que afectan las relaciones entre las dos especies. El estudio de las interacciones entre humanos y perros necesita sacar a la luz la pluralidad de fenómenos interconectados: el proceso de domesticación que comenzó hace miles de años, los efectos evolutivos de la relación entre las dos especies y los aspectos culturales que influyen en la convivencia entre nosotros. Teniendo en cuenta esta visión holística, vemos el panorama interaccionista de manera general, estableciendo paralelos a menudo ignorados por estudios específicos y/o sesgados por paradigmas experimentales de baja relevancia ecológica para los animales.

Gestão de marketing e o sexismo na comunicação: o papel da liderança / Gestión de marketing y el sexismo en la comunicación: el papel del liderazgo / Marketing management and sexism in promotion: the role of leadership

RESUMO Estudos indicam que as mulheres enfrentam mais dificuldades nas áreas empresariais (gestão, contabilidade, finanças, ciências do comportamento e gestão de pessoas) do que os seus colegas homens, devido a considerações estereotipadas sobre o seu papel, que têm consequências negativas nas oportunidades no local de trabalho. Neste sentido, a liderança surge, nesta investigação, com um papel reforçado e como uma ferramenta crucial no apoio à gestão do marketing (em específico, o caso da comunicação e da publicidade) e na sua relação com o sexismo e a igualdade do género. Em específico, torna-se necessário compreender até que ponto a comunicação social e a indústria publicitária influenciam os estereótipos que vão ditar a ascensão ou não da liderança feminina. O presente trabalho visa contribuir, em nível teórico, para a compreensão deste fenómeno, reunindo alguns dos principais contributos da literatura. Estudos futuros deverão conduzir os investigadores no sentido de testar empiricamente qual o papel da liderança na definição das políticas e planos de comunicação das organizações (em específico, a promoção da igualdade de género). Numa perspetiva interdisciplinar, o presente estudo pretende contribuir para o marketing e para o comportamento organizacional. Futuros trabalhos deverão conduzir à elaboração de focus group e entrevistas em profundidade reunindo alguns agentes da tomada de decisão (na ótica da empresa) e consumidores (na ótica da procura).

RESUMEN Los estudios indican que las mujeres se enfrentan a más dificultades en las áreas empresariales (gestión, contabilidad, finanzas, ciencias de comportamiento y gestión de personas) que sus colegas varones, debido a consideraciones estereotipadas sobre su papel, que tienen consecuencias negativas en las oportunidades en el lugar de trabajo. En este sentido, el liderazgo surge en esta investigación con un papel reforzado y como una herramienta crucial en el apoyo a la gestión del marketing (en particular, el caso de la comunicación y la publicidad) y en su relación con el sexismo y la igualdad de género. En concreto, es necesario comprender hasta qué punto la comunicación social y la industria publicitaria influencian los estereotipos que van a dictar la ascensión o no del liderazgo femenino. El presente trabajo pretende contribuir, en nivel teórico, a la comprensión de este fenómeno, reuniendo algunas de las principales contribuciones de la literatura. Los estudios futuros deben conducir a los investigadores a probar empíricamente cuál es el papel del liderazgo en la definición de las políticas y planes de comunicación de las organizaciones (en particular, la promoción de la igualdad de género). En una perspectiva interdisciplinaria, el presente estudio pretende contribuir al marketing y al comportamiento organizacional. Los futuros trabajos conducen a la elaboración de focus group y entrevistas en profundidad reuniendo algunos agentes de la toma de decisión (en la óptica de la empresa) y consumidores (en la óptica de la demanda).

ABSTRACT Studies show us that women face more difficulties in business (management, accounting, finance, behavioral sciences and people management) than their male counterparts because of stereotypical considerations about their role, which have negative consequences on opportunities on the workplace. So, leadership emerges in this research with a reinforced role and as a crucial way in supporting marketing management (specifically the case of communication and advertising) and in its relation to sexism and gender equality. It is necessary to understand to what extent the media and the advertising industry influences the stereotypes that will dictate the rise or not of female leadership. The present work aims to contribute, theoretically, to the understanding of this phenomenon, gathering some of the main contributions of the existent literature. Future studies should lead researchers to empirically test the role of leadership in shaping organizations' communication policies and plans (specifically, promoting gender equality). In an interdisciplinary perspective, this study intends to contribute to marketing and to organizational behavior. Future work will help to the elaboration of a focus group and in-depth interviews bringing together some decision-making agents (in the company's perspective) and consumers (from a demand perspective).

Contested domains of biological similarities and sociocultural diversity.

Scientists and social scientists often read the same text differently. They also construct categories having the same nomenclature independently. Many of us also work in isolated domains, rarely reading texts researched and documented by others. We conduct our research within the defined format of our disciplines. We engage with others only when contestations emerge and challenge some of the rooted paradigms of each other's disciplines. This paper reflects the reactions of a social scientist to texts on population genetics and attempts to arrive at the genetic theory of the origin of ethnological history of human populations in India. Inadvertently, most of these intensely researched and passionately documented DNA evidence present a serious challenge to the discourse of cultural pluralism and social diversity that the humanist perspective of science and social science takes pride in documenting. This paper is based on secondary resource materials and the methodology adopted is that of narrative research.

Picturing ethnopsychology: A colonial psychiatrist's struggles to examine Javanese minds, 1910-1925.

This article explores C. F. Engelhard's struggles to construct psychometric devices for the Netherlands Indies between 1910 and 1925. A young Dutch psychiatrist, Engelhard moved to the Netherlands Indies in 1916, where he applied his clinical experience to subject Javanese individuals to mental assessment devices. He imagined that basic picture tests and one's orientation in time provided apt solutions to the cross-cultural challenges facing him. To turn his prototypes into actual tests, Engelhard had to leave his daily work environment and move into the surrounding villages. Aided by local chiefs and his assistant, Soekirman, he managed to set up temporary testing sites, where he examined hundreds of Javanese individuals. Yet despite his attempts to transform Javanese farmers into subjects capable of taking a psychological test, the Javanese remained free to make-or fail to make-meaning out of Engelhard's images. Even though the psychiatrist went to great lengths in taking into account the particular social and cultural features of psychological practice in a colonial context, a vast chasm remained to exist between him and his test takers. This article examines Engelhard's practices against the backdrop of his training as a Western psychiatrist, colonial ideology in the Netherlands Indies, and the reception of his research by other colonial scientists with a wide range of attitudes about "the native mind." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Spatial-temporal characteristics and causes of changes to the county-level administrative toponyms cultural landscape in the eastern plains of China.

As part of the cultural landscape, administrative toponyms do not only reflect natural and sociocultural phenomena, but also help with related management and naming work. Historically, county-level administrative districts have been stable and basic administrative regions in China, playing a role in the country's management. We explore the spatio-temporal evolutionary characteristics of the county-level administrative toponyms cultural landscape in China's eastern plains areas. A Geographical Information System (GIS) analysis, Geo-Informatic Tupu, Kernel Density Estimation, and correlation coefficients were conducted. We constructed a GIS database of county-level administrative toponyms from the Sui dynasty onward using the Northeast China, North China, and Yangtze Plains as examples. We then summarized the spatio-temporal evolutionary characteristics of the county-level administrative toponyms cultural landscape in China's eastern plains areas. The results indicate that (1) the number of toponyms has roughly increased over time; (2) toponym densities on the three plains are higher than the national average in the corresponding timeframe since the Sui; and (3) county-level administrative toponyms related to mountains and hydrological features accounted for more than 30% of the total in 2010. However, the percentage of county-level administrative toponyms related to natural factors on the three plains has decreased since the Sui. To explore the factors influencing this spatio-temporal evolution, we analyzed the correlations between the toponyms and natural factors and human/social factors. The correlation degree between toponym density and population density is the highest, and that between toponym density and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) the lowest. Temperature changes were important in toponym changes, and population changes have influenced toponym changes over the last 400 years in China.

Kings and peasants from El-Zuma/El-Detti microregion in the Early Makurian period. Economic aspects of animal bones from funerary contexts.

Tumuli fields at El-Zuma and El-Detti were dated to the 2nd phase of the Early Makurian period, c. AD 450-550. They represented three types of tombs of different sizes and structures. The animal remains from these graves were analyzed in the context of animal economy practiced by the people who lived in the vicinity of the burial sites. aDNA analysis was conducted for cattle remains to explain its origin and significance for the inhabitants of the region. The research showed agricultural nature of the settlement located to the north of the Nile Valley with a great importance of cattle and sheep breeding. It also indicated the northern direction of trade and cultural contacts of the society based in the El-Zuma/El-Detti microregion and the deep social stratification within this group.

Amok: a mirror of time and people. A historical review of literature.

The conceptualization of psychiatric disorders changes continuously. This study examined 'amok', a culture-bound syndrome related to sudden mass homicide, to elucidate changing and varied concepts. A historical review of 88 English articles revealed that the meanings and assumed causes of amok have changed over time. These changes appear to have been affected by social events, medical discoveries, knowledge of descriptors and occasionally, the benefit to users. In other words, the concept of amok changes depending on the history of society and the knowledge and intention of people at the time. We should consider in detail what we focus on when diagnosing a disorder.

Between Party, People, and Profession: The Many Faces of the 'Doctor' during the Cultural Revolution.

During the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-76), Chairman Mao fundamentally reformed medicine so that rural people received medical care. His new medical model has been variously characterised as: revolutionary Maoist medicine, a revitalised form of Chinese medicine; and the final conquest by Western medicine. This paper finds that instead of Mao's vision of a new 'revolutionary medicine', there was a new medical synthesis that drew from the Maoist ideal and Western and Chinese traditions, but fundamentally differed from all of them. Maoist medicine's ultimate aim was doctors as peasant carers. However, rural people and local governments valued treatment expertise, causing divergence from this ideal. As a result, Western and elite Chinese medical doctors sent to the countryside for rehabilitation were preferable to barefoot doctors and received rural support. Initially Western-trained physicians belittled elite Chinese doctors, and both looked down on barefoot doctors and indigenous herbalists and acupuncturists. However, the levelling effect of terrible rural conditions made these diverse conceptions of the doctor closer during the Cultural Revolution. Thus, urban doctors and rural medical practitioners developed a symbiotic relationship: barefoot doctors provided political protection and local knowledge for urban doctors; urban doctors' provided expertise and a medical apprenticeship for barefoot doctors; and both counted on the local medical knowledge of indigenous healers. This fragile conceptual nexus had fallen apart by the end of the Maoist era (1976), but the evidence of new medical syntheses shows the diverse range of alliances that become possible under the rubric of 'revolutionary medicine'.

Por debaixo dos panos: um estudo etnográfico com pacientes de fistula obstétrica do hospital Central de Maputo / Under the covers: an ethnographic study with obstetric fistula patients at the Maputo central hospital - Mozambique

Em Moçambique, embora se observe uma redução da mortalidade materna de 1.300mortes/100mil nascimentos em 1990 para 480/100mil em 2012, ela ainda constitui um grave problema de saúde (Pathfinder, 2016). As altas taxas de mortalidade materna estão correlacionadas com a alta prevalência dos casos de Fístula Obstétrica. Estima-se que a cada mulher que morre na gravidez/parto, trinta sofrem de complicações agudas, são doenças crônicas ou incapacitantes (Bergstrom, 2002:16). De acordo com o Ministério da Saúde de Moçambique no ano de 2013 foram realizados cerca de um milhão de partos no país, dos quais surgiram pelo menos dois mil novos casos de Fístula. A Fístula Obstétrica consiste numa comunicação anormal entre a bexiga e a vagina decorrente da destruição dos tecidos da região pélvica por compressão da cabeça do feto durante o trabalho de parto. Causando perda constante de urina e/ou fezes pela vagina, destruição de órgãos do aparelho urinário e em alguns casos a impossibilidade de andar ou de ter filhos. Se não bastasse a dor física decorrente da doença, elas também sofrem com a culpa por perderem o filho, que geralmente morre durante o parto. Sendo abandonadas pelos maridos passam a viver como "deadwomenwalking", isoladas devido ao odor fétido que exalam (Ahmed e Holtz, 2007). Com receio de serem rotuladas escondem esse segredo por debaixo dos panos amarrados na cintura, as capulanas. Outro aspecto relevante é que na sociedade moçambicana a construção social de gênero está baseada na submissão feminina. Esse contexto tem influência direta sobre a vulnerabilidade feminina durante o casamento, gestação e parto, e sobre as práticas preventivas à infecção do HIV e o uso de métodos contraceptivos. Destaca-se ainda a presença de práticas culturais arraigadas que também exercem influência sobre o parto, que tem de ser realizado em casa, por outra mulher e caso haja alguma intercorrência é porque a esposa foi infiel ao marido e está sendo castigada pelos espíritos. Esta pesquisa é uma etnografia da Fístula Obstétrica em Moçambique. Tendo como objetivo analisar, não tanto as questões biomédicas da doença, mas mais substancialmente com o desejo de compreendermos se, e em que medida, o ambiente hospitalar se constitui como um espaço social caracterizado pelas relações de poder e que reproduz as relações de gênero e o controle sob os corpos femininos presentes na sociedade moçambicana.

In Mozambique, although there is a reduction in maternal mortality from 1,300 deaths / 100,000 births in 1990 to 480 / 100,000 in 2012, it is still a serious health problem (Pathfinder, 2016). The high maternal mortality rates are correlated with the high prevalence of Obstetric Fistula cases. It is estimated that for every woman who dies in pregnancy / childbirth, thirty suffer from acute complications, are chronic or disabling diseases (Bergstrom, 2002: 16). According to the Mozambican Ministry of Health in 2013, approximately one million births were performed in the country, the of which resulted in at least two thousand new cases ofFistula.Obstetric Fistula is an abnormal communication between the bladder and the vagina due to the destruction of pelvic tissues by compression of the fetal head during labor. Causing constant loss of urine and / or feces through the vagina, destruction of urinary organs and in some cases the inability to walk or have children. If the physical pain of the disease were not enough, they also suffer from the blame for losing their child, who usually dies during childbirth. Being abandoned by their husbands, they live as dead women walking, isolated due to the foul odor they exude (Ahmed and Holtz, 2007). Afraid of being labeled, they hide this secret under the cloth tied around their waist, the capulanas.Another relevant aspect is that in Mozambican society the social construction of gender is based on female submission. This context has a direct influence on female vulnerability during marriage, pregnancy and childbirth and on HIV prevention practices and the use of contraceptive methods. Also noteworthy is the presence of ingrained cultural practices that also influence the birth, which has to be performed at home, by another woman and if there is any complication, it is because the wife has been unfaithful to her husband and is being punished by the spirits.This research is an ethnography of Obstetric Fistula in Mozambique. Having as its objective to analyze, not so much the biomedical questions of the disease, but more substantially with the desire to understand if, and to what extent, the hospital environment is constituted as a social space characterized by the relations of power and that reproduces the relations of gender and control over the female bodies present in Mozambican society.

Cross-cultural validation of the "DISABKIDS" questionnaire for quality of life among Colombian children with chronic diseases / Adaptação cultural do "DISABKIDS" para medir a qualidade de vida em crianças colombianas com doença crônica / Adaptación cultural del "DISABKIDS" para medir calidad de vida en niños colombianos con enfermedad crónica

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the cross-cultural validation process of the "DISABKIDS" questionnaire in Colombia, for both the children and adolescents' version and the parents' version, an instrument intended to measure the health-related quality of life of Colombian children and adolescents with chronic diseases. Method: the cross-cultural validation process was conducted according to an international consensual systematic methodology, called standardized linguistic validation, to ensure linguistic equivalence with the original questionnaire. Results: the pretest's cognitive interviews revealed a need to adjust the questionnaire, which consisted of asking for "health condition" rather than only asking for "condition". Due to the cultural context, the word "condition" used in the original version, when translated to Spanish, refers to socioeconomic conditions rather than health conditions. For this reason, 11 items in the children's version and eight items in the parents' version were adjusted. Conclusions: the Colombian version of DISABKIDS-37 to measure health-related quality of life among children and adolescents with chronic diseases in both the children's and parents' versions is equivalent to the original version and is appropriate for use in Colombia. Future studies can assess the questionnaire's psychometric properties.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever o processo de adaptação cultural do questionário "DISABKIDS" para a Colômbia, na versão para crianças e adolescentes e na versão para pais; ferramenta que tem como finalidade medir a qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde em crianças e adolescentes colombianos com doença crônica. Método: processo de adaptação cultural, seguindo a metodologia sistemática consensual internacional, denominada validação linguística padronizada, para garantir uma equivalência linguística com o questionário original. Resultados: as entrevistas cognitivas do pré-teste mostraram a necessidade de fazer um ajuste geral no questionário que consistiu em perguntar pela "condição de saúde" e não somente utilizar a palavra "condição". Devido ao contexto cultural, a palavra "condição", que figura na versão original, relaciona-se com condições sócio-econômicas e não com a saúde; realizaram-se ajustes aos 11 itens da versão de crianças e a 8 itens da versão dos pais. Conclusões: a versão colombiana do DISABKIDS-37 para medir qualidade de vida relacionada com a saúde em crianças e adolescentes com doença crônica tanto na versão para crianças como na versão para pais é equivalente à versão original e é apropriada para ser utilizada na Colômbia. Futuros estudos poderão avaliar suas propriedades psicométricas.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir el proceso de adaptación cultural del cuestionario "DISABKIDS" en Colombia, tanto en su versión para niños y adolescentes como en su versión para padres, con la finalidad de medir la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en niños y adolescentes colombianos con enfermedad crónica. Método : proceso de adaptación cultural, siguiendo la metodología sistemática consensuada internacionalmente, denominada validación lingüística estandarizada, para garantizar una equivalencia lingüística con el cuestionario original. Resultados: las entrevistas cognitivas del pretest mostraron la necesidad de hacer un ajuste general en el cuestionario que consistió en preguntar por la "condición de salud" y no utilizar solamente "condición", debido a que en el contexto cultural, la palabra "condición" que figura en la versión original, se relaciona con condiciones socio-económicas y no de salud; se realizaron ajustes en 11 ítems de la versión de niños y en 8 ítems de la versión de los padres. Conclusiones: la versión colombiana del DISABKIDS-37 para medir la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en niños y adolescentes con enfermedad crónica, tanto en su versión para niños como en su versión para padres, es equivalente a la versión original y apropiada para ser utilizada en Colombia. Futuros estudios evaluaran sus propiedades psicométricas.

Social Birth: Rites of Passage for the Newborn.

Rites of passage mark important changes during human life and, for the neonate, its transition from intrauterine life into society. Their original intent was to purify the body from blood and meconium. But the cleansing rites had a spiritual dimension from the very start. When the rites of Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Jewish, Greek, Roman, Hindu, Nordic, Muslim, Maya, and Christian cultures are briefly compared, they reveal a remarkable similarity. What most rites had in common was the cleansing of the body, or sprinkling it with water; special clothing; the exorcism of evil spirits; blessings and prayers for good spirits; and a name-giving ceremony and a feast for family, relatives, and friends. Before this rite, the infant's social existence was incomplete and it could easily be abandoned or killed, as was usual in cases of severe malformations. Infant baptism originated in the 4th century CE with the concept of original sin. Emergency baptism originated in the 12th century and had a profound influence on the development of obstetrics and neonatal care. Rites of passage defined, but also set an end to, the liminal status between life and death in a phase of high mortality and partial personhood, and granted the right to live for the infant.