Suspect screening of pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, pesticides, and other emerging contaminants in Argentinean Piaractus mesopotamicus, a fish species used for local consumption and export.

The widespread distribution of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) is a major concern due to their potential effects on human health and the environment. The insufficient sewage treatment plant infrastructures is a global problem most accentuated in less developed countries and results in the discharge of CECs to water bodies. Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) is a ray-finned freshwater fish species native to the Paraná basin. It is also the most produced aquaculture fish species in Argentina since 2012. Though uninvestigated to date, the occurrence of CECs in pacu may be of high relevance due to production volumes and relevance to human exposure through fish consumption. In this study, we applied a high-resolution mass spectrometry screening method to qualitatively analyze over 100 CECs in pacu. Four extraction/cleanup methods were tested on pooled pacu fillet, including solid-phase extraction and QuEChERS. The method that produced the highest number of detections was selected for further analysis of pacu purchased in supermarkets and fish markets in Argentina between 2017 and 2020. Residues of pesticides, antibiotics, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, plasticizers, sweeteners, drug metabolites, stimulants, and illegal drugs were detected in the samples. A total of 38 CECs were detected, ranging between 24 and 35 CECs per individual sample. 100% of the samples had positive detections of caffeine, 1,7-dimethylxanthine, xanthine, benzoylecgonine, methylparaben, ethylparaben, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), metolachlor, carbendazim, salicylic acid, 2,4-D, saccharin, cyclamate, and dodecanedioic acid. Mappings generated with correspondence analysis were used to explore similarities/dissimilarities among the detected compounds. To our knowledge this is the first report of saccharin, cyclamate, 2,4 - D, carbendazim, metolachlor, ethylparaben, propylparben, bisphenol A, DEHP, and benzotriazole in fish from Argentina, and the first report on the presence of lisinopril, metropolol acid and dodecanedioic acid in fish worldwide.

A comprehensive database of declared high-intensity sweeteners in Brazilian commercial products and updated exposure assessment.

Government regulatory actions and public policies to reduce sugar consumption were recently implemented in Brazil. To evaluate their potential impact on the supply of products containing high-intensity sweeteners (HIS) and on dietary exposure to these substances, this study aimed to create a comprehensive database on HIS declared in Brazilian commercial products and estimate their intake through consumption of these products. The occurrence of HIS was evaluated through labeling information of 1869 commercial products available in the Brazilian market, collected between January 2021 and August 2021, and the daily intake was estimated for eight HIS (acesulfame K, advantame, aspartame, cyclamate, steviol glycosides, neotame, saccharin and sucralose) using a deterministic approach by multiplying the maximum permitted levels of HIS in foods and beverages by the consumption data of these products. The consumption data were obtained from the report of Household Budget Survey (POF/IBGE), conducted from 2017 to 2018 through a 24-hour dietary recall applied to 46,164 individuals aged 10 years and over, which included only average data (i.e. average consumption for the general population or subgroups). The most frequent HIS in the investigated products were sucralose (26.8 %; n = 938) and acesulfame K (21.7 %; n = 759), and although the combination of sweeteners is a common practice in the food industry, there was a predominance of only one substance in the investigated products (46.7 %; n = 873). The estimated intake of HIS for average consumers was below the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) and does not suggest a toxicological concern. A similar scenario was observed for high consumers, except for cyclamate and steviol glycosides, which corresponded to 144 % and 131 % of their respective ADIs in the general population. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive database on HIS in Brazil and the most recent exposure assessment performed nationally.

Dietary exposure to low-calorie sweeteners in a sample of Brazilian pregnant women.

The dietary exposure to low-calorie sweeteners (LCS) was estimated in a sample of pregnant Brazilian women. Consumption data were obtained with a 24-h Dietary Recall interview. Because of the uncertainty in assessing foods with LCS, they were classified into three scenarios to ensure inclusion of the 15 LCS allowed for use in Brazil: ranging from a less to a more conservative scenario. The concentration of LCS was estimated using the amount declared on the label or the maximum permitted levels and analytical determination data for table-top sweeteners. The frequency of consumption was higher for acesulfame-K, aspartame, and cyclamate. The food groups contributing the most to the consumption of LCS were non-alcoholic beverages, table-top sweeteners, confectionary and desserts. The level of dietary exposure to LCS was within the safety limit. However, continued efforts to monitor their dietary exposure are necessary given the limitations highlighted in this study.

A structure-based approach towards the identification of novel antichagasic compounds: Trypanosoma cruzi carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.

Trypanosoma cruzi carbonic anhydrase (TcCA) has recently emerged as an interesting target for the design of new compounds to treat Chagas disease. In this study we report the results of a structure-based virtual screening campaign to identify novel and selective TcCA inhibitors. The combination of properly validated computational methodologies such as comparative modelling, molecular dynamics and docking simulations allowed us to find high potency hits, with KI values in the nanomolar range. The compounds also showed trypanocidal effects against T. cruzi epimastigotes and trypomastigotes. All the candidates are selective for inhibiting TcCA over the human isoform CA II, which is encouraging in terms of possible therapeutic safety and efficacy.

Comparación del consumo de edulcorantes no nutritivos con estado nutricional en embarazadas chilenas / Comparison of non-nutritive sweetener consumption and nutritional status among pregnant Chileans

INTRODUCCIÓN: El consumo de edulcorantes no calóricos (ENC) se ha incrementado en todos los grupos etarios, sin embargo, no se ha cuantificado su ingesta en embarazadas OBJETIVO: Determinar la ingesta y comparar el consumo de ENC según el estado nutricional en embarazadas chilenas. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, se entrevistaron a embarazadas de las ciudades de Santiago y Concepción. A cada embarazada se le aplicó una encuesta de frecuencia de consumo semanal de alimentos con ENC para determinar la ingesta de ellos, y se les realizó una evaluación nutricional utilizando la información del carné de control de la embarazada. RESULTADOS: Se evaluaron 601 embarazadas, 98% consume ENC, ninguna de ellas sobrepasa la ingesta diaria admitida (IDA) para ningún ENC. Las bebidas y jugos con ENC presentan la mayor penetración de productos con ENC de la dieta. Al comparar según estado nutricional, no se encontraron diferencia en el consumo de los ENC. Al comparar solo las bebidas y jugos con ENC con ciclamato las embarazadas obesas consumen significativamente más. CONCLUSIÓN: No se observó diferencias según estado nutricional cuando se analiza de manera global, al analizar por grupos de alimentos el mayor consumo se observo en bebidas con ciclamato en las embarazadas con obesidad.

INTRODUCTION: Consumption of non-caloric sweeteners (NCS) has increased in all age groups; however, intake in pregnant women has not been quantified. OBJECTIVE: To determine the intake of NCS and compare consumption by nutritional status among pregnant Chileans. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Pregnant women from the cities of Santiago and Concepción were interviewed as part of a descriptive study. Each pregnant woman was given a frequency survey of weekly food consumption with NCS to determine intake, and a nutritional evaluation was carried out using information from the pregnant woman's check up form. RESULTS: 601 pregnant women were evaluated, 98% consumed NCS, none of them exceeded the accepted daily intake (ADI) for any NCS. Beverages and juices with NCS presented the highest proportions of NCS in the diet. When comparing nutritional status, no difference was found in the consumption of NCS. When comparing only beverages and juices with NCS, obese pregnant women consumed significantly more cyclamate compared to non-obese women. CONCLUSION: No differences according to nutritional status were observed when analyzed globally, when analyzing by food groups the highest consumption was observed in beverages with cyclamate among obese pregnant women.

Consumption of non-caloric sweeteners among pregnant Chileans: a cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: consumption of non-caloric sweeteners (NCS) has increased worldwide in the last 35 years. Objective: to determine the consumption of NCS among pregnant Chilean women and measure if consumption exceeded the acceptable daily intake. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional study of pregnant women from the two main cities in Chile. Women were interviewed to determine the consumption of NCS and socioeconomic level; anthropometry was measured. Results: six hundred and one pregnant women were interviewed; 98% of pregnant women surveyed consumed NCS. The most consumed sweetener was sucralose (95.6%), followed by acesulfame k (80.6%), stevia (78.3%), aspartame (75.1%), saccharin (14.8%), and cyclamate (10%). We observed that consumption closest to the acceptable daily intake was reported for stevia (82.5%), followed by acesulfame k (44%). However, except stevia, which reached 12%, average values were under 5% of the acceptable daily intake. No pregnant woman in the sample exceeded the acceptable daily intake and there were no differences in sweetener consumption by trimester of pregnancy or by socioeconomic level. Conclusions: a high prevalence of NCS consumption was observed, however, none of the pregnant women exceeded the acceptable daily intake.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: el consumo de edulcorantes no calóricos (ENC) ha aumentado en todo el mundo en los últimos 35 años. Objetivo: determinar el consumo de ENC en embarazadas chilenas y medir si el consumo excede la ingesta diaria admisible (IDA). Métodos: realizamos un estudio transversal en embarazadas, proveniente de las dos principales ciudades de Chile. Se las entrevistó para determinar el consumo de ENC y nivel socioeconómico, además se realizó antropometría. Resultados: se entrevistaron a 601 embarazadas; el 98% de las embarazadas encuestadas consumieron ENC. El edulcorante más consumido fue sucralosa (95,6%), seguido de acesulfamo k (80,6%), estevia (78,3%), aspartamo (75,1%), sacarina (14,8%) y ciclamato (10%). Observamos que el consumo más cercano a la IDA se reportó para la estevia (82,5%), seguido de acesulfamo k (44%). Sin embargo, excepto la estevia, que alcanzó el 12% de adecuación con respecto al IDA, los valores promedio estuvieron por debajo del 5% de la IDA. Ninguna mujer embarazada en la muestra excedió la IDA y no hubo diferencias en el consumo de ENC por trimestre del embarazo o por nivel socioeconómico. Conclusiones: se observó una alta prevalencia de consumo de ENC, sin embargo, ninguna de las mujeres embarazadas excedió la IDA.

Noncaloric Sweeteners in Children: A Controversial Theme.

Noncaloric sweeteners (NCS) are food additives used to provide sweetness without adding calories. Their consumption has become more widespread around the world in all age groups, including children. The aim of this study is to show the state of the art about the intake of noncaloric sweeteners in children, as well as their benefits and consumption risk. Scientific searchers were used (PUBMED, Scopus, and Scielo) to analyze articles that included keywords (noncaloric sweeteners/saccharin/cyclamate/acesulfame potassium/aspartame/sucralose/stevia/children) in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. Authors conclude that it is imperative that health professionals judiciously and individually evaluate the overall benefits and risks of NCS use in consumers before recommending their use. Different subgroups of the population incorporate products containing NCS in their diet with different objectives, which should be considered when recommending a diet plan for the consumer. In childhood, in earlier age groups, this type of additives should be used as a dietary alternative when other forms of prevention in obesity are not sufficient.

Anticonvulsant effect of sodium cyclamate and propylparaben on pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in zebrafish.

Screening for novel anticonvulsant drugs requires appropriate animal seizure models. Zebrafish provide small, accessible, and cost-efficient preclinical models applicable to high-throughput small molecule screening. Based on previous results in rodents, we have here examined the effects of artificial sweetener sodium cyclamate and antimicrobial agent sodium propylparaben on a model of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in zebrafish. Sodium cyclamate reduced the bursts of hyperactivity, the spasms, increased the latency to spasms, and the latency to seizure, while propylparaben increased the latency to spasms. The results show the potential of zebrafish to detect novel anticonvulsant compounds while they also demonstrate the ability of two commonly ingested chemical compounds to modify the seizure threshold when were administrated at low concentration.

Sulfamide derivatives with selective carbonic anhydrase VII inhibitory action.

A set of N,N'-disubstituted sulfamides and sodium cyclamate have been tested for their inhibitory action against six isoforms of carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) found in the brain, that is, CA I, CA II, CA VII, CA IX, CA XII and CA XIV, some of which are involved in epileptogenesis. The biological data showed interesting results for CA VII inhibition, the isozyme thought to be a novel antiepileptic target. Strong CA VII inhibitors, with Ki values in the low nanomolar-subnanomolar range were identified. Some of these derivatives showed selectivity for inhibition of CA VII versus the ubiquitous isoform CA II, for which the Ki values were in the micromolar range. Molecular modeling approaches were employed to understand the binding interactions between these compounds and the two CA isoforms, since the mechanism of action of such disubstituted sulfamides was not yet investigated by means of X-ray crystallography.

Sub-minute method for simultaneous determination of aspartame, cyclamate, acesulfame-K and saccharin in food and pharmaceutical samples by capillary zone electrophoresis.

This paper reports the development of a sub-minute separation method by capillary zone electrophoresis for the determination of aspartame, cyclamate, acesulfame-K and saccharin in food products and pharmaceutical samples. Separations were performed in a fused uncoated silica capillary with UV detection at 220nm. Samples and standards were injected hydrodynamically using the short-end injection procedure. The electrophoretic system was operated under constant voltage of -30kV. The background electrolyte was composed of 45mmolL(-1) 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol and 15mmolL(-1) benzoic acid at pH 8.4. The separation time for all analytes was less than 1min. Evaluation of analytical parameters of the method showed good linearity (r(2)>0.9972), limit of detection of 3.3-6.4mgL(-1), intermediate precision better than 9.75% (peak area of sample) and recovery in the range of 91-117%.

Edulcorantes no nutritivos e ingesta diaria admisible en adultos y niños de peso normal y obesos de tres niveles socioeconómicos, y un grupo de diabéticos de la Región Metropolitana / Non-caloric sweeteners and daily acceptable intake in adults and children with normal weight and obesity from three different socioeconomic levels, and a diabetic group from Metropolitan Region

Introduction: There is wide availability of products containing sweeteners but there is no regulation on its consumption. Objective: To establish if adults and children with normal weight or obesity from three socioeconomic levels, and a group of adults and children with diabetes; do not exceed ADI levels for some sweeteners. Methods: Group 1 (477 adults, Group 2 (516 children) from socioeconomic levels: ABC1, C2 and C3, normal nutritional status and obesity, and group 3 (218) adults and children with diabetes. The daily intake of sweeteners was recorded, including: aspartame (ASP), acesulfame K (AK), cyclamate (CICL), saccharin (SAC), sucralose (SUC) and stevia (STV). Results: 85% adults and 75%% of children consumed products with sweeteners, and of these 50% were instant powdered beverages, soft drinks or diet yogurts. When comparing the consumption between groups 1 and 2, group 1 consumed a larger amount of sweeteners (p<0.05). Group 1 ABC1 ate more AK, ASP and SUC than C2 and C3 (p<0.05). Group 3 did not surpass the acceptable daily intake of AK, ASP, SUC and STE, but 5.8% of adults and 25% of diabetic children exceeded the ADI for SAC. Conclusions: The 97.5% and the 98.8% had a safe consumption of artificial sweeteners. It should be emphasized that 5.8% of adults and 25% of diabetic children exceeded the maximum ADI for SAC, finding that suggests to be continued long-term studies to elucidate whether this has implications for health.

Introducción: Existe gran disponibilidad de productos con edulcorantes pero no existe regulación sobre su consumo. Objetivo: determinar si individuos adultos y niños con estado nutricional normal u obesidad de tres niveles socioeconómicos y un grupo de adultos y niños con diabetes, no excedían la ingesta diaria admisible de los edulcorantes permitidos. Metodología: Grupo 1 (477 adultos) y grupo 2 (516 niños) de niveles socioeconómicos (NSE): ABC1, C2 y C3, estado nutricional normal y obesos, y grupo 3 (218) adultos y niños diabéticos. Se registró la ingesta diaria de edulcorantes incluyéndose: aspartame (ASP), acesulfamo K (AK), ciclamato (CICL), sacarina (SAC), sucralosa (SUC) y estevia (STV). Resultados: El 85 % adultos y 75 % de niños consumían productos con edulcorantes y de estos el 50% eran bebidas instantáneas en polvo, bebidas gaseosas o yogurts dietéticos. Al comparar la ingesta de edulcorantes entre los grupos 1 y 2, el grupo 1 tuvo una mayor ingesta (p<0.05) que el grupo 2. El grupo 1 del NSE ABC1, consumió mas AK, ASP y SUC que NSE C2 y C3 (p<0.05). En el grupo 3, el 5.8% de adultos y el 25% de niños diabéticos sobrepasaron el IDA sólo para SAC. Conclusiones: El 97.5% adultos y el 98.8% niños tuvieron ingesta dentro del nivel seguro en cada edulcorante. Se debe enfatizar que el 5,8% de adultos y 25% de niños diabéticos excedieron el IDA máximo para SAC, hallazgo que sugiere continuar con estudios a largo plazo que permitan dilucidar si esto tiene repercusión para la salud.

Anticonvulsant activity of artificial sweeteners: a structural link between sweet-taste receptor T1R3 and brain glutamate receptors.

A virtual screening campaign based on application of a topological discriminant function capable of identifying novel anticonvulsant agents indicated several widely-used artificial sweeteners as potential anticonvulsant candidates. Acesulfame potassium, cyclamate and saccharin were tested in the Maximal Electroshock Seizure model (mice, ip), showing moderate anticonvulsant activity. We hypothesized a probable structural link between the receptor responsible of sweet taste and anticonvulsant molecular targets. Bioinformatic tools confirmed a highly significant sequence-similarity between taste-related protein T1R3 and several metabotropic glutamate receptors from different species, including glutamate receptors upregulated in epileptogenesis and certain types of epilepsy.

Ciclamato de sódio em refrigerantes de baixa caloria / Sodium cyclamate in low calorie soft drinks

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os teores de ciclamato de sódio nos refrigerantes de baixa caloria mais consumidos no país. Os refrigerantes de baixa caloria dos tipos cola, guaraná, laranja, limão e uva foram analisados seguindo-se a técnica descrita por Sjõberg e Alanko (1987), com algumas modificações. Os ensaios de recuperação da metodologia foram realizados em três níveis de fortificação, com recuperação média de 92,5 e 110,3, respectivamente, para cola e guaraná, e o desvio-padrão relativo foi de 3,7. Os teores médios de ciclamato de sódio variaram de 27,1 ± 1,1 (cola A) a 127,3 ± 1,5 mg.100 mL-1 (limão B), o que mostra que a ingestão diária aceitável do edulcorante pode ser facilmente excedida com o consumo de refrigerantes de baixa caloria. Todas as amostras de refrigerantes apresentaram teores de ciclamato de sódio superiores àqueles indicados no rótulo, com 12,9 (cola A) a 19,0 (limão B) acima do declarado. Dos 18 refrigerantes analisados, apenas quatro apresentaram teor médio de ciclamato de sódio de acordo com o limite máximo de 40 mg.100 mL-1 de bebida, permitido pela legislação brasileira; e os demais apresentaram variação de 74,8 (laranja) a 218,3 (limão B) acima do limite permitido.

Ciclamato de sódio em refrigerantes de baixa caloria / Sodium cyclamate in low calorie soft drinks

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os teores de ciclamato de sódio nos refrigerantes de baixa caloria mais consumidos no país. Os refrigerantes de baixa caloria dos tipos cola, guaraná, laranja, limão e uva foram analisados seguindo-se a técnica descrita por Sjõberg e Alanko (1987), com algumas modificações. Os ensaios de recuperação da metodologia foram realizados em três níveis de fortificação, com recuperação média de 92,5 e 110,3, respectivamente, para cola e guaraná, e o desvio-padrão relativo foi de 3,7. Os teores médios de ciclamato de sódio variaram de 27,1 ± 1,1 (cola A) a 127,3 ± 1,5 mg.100 mL-1 (limão B), o que mostra que a ingestão diária aceitável do edulcorante pode ser facilmente excedida com o consumo de refrigerantes de baixa caloria. Todas as amostras de refrigerantes apresentaram teores de ciclamato de sódio superiores àqueles indicados no rótulo, com 12,9 (cola A) a 19,0 (limão B) acima do declarado. Dos 18 refrigerantes analisados, apenas quatro apresentaram teor médio de ciclamato de sódio de acordo com o limite máximo de 40 mg.100 mL-1 de bebida, permitido pela legislação brasileira; e os demais apresentaram variação de 74,8 (laranja) a 218,3 (limão B) acima do limite permitido.(AU)

Effect of sodium cyclamate on the rat fetal exocrine pancreas: a karyometric and stereological study / Efectos del ciclamato de sodio en el pancreas exocrino fetal de ratas: estudio cariométrico y estereológico

The cyclamate, a sweetner substance derived from N-cyclo-hexyl-sulfamic acid, is largely utilized as a non-caloric artificial edulcorant in foods and beverages as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate karyometric and stereological alterations in the rat fetal pancreas resulting from the intraperitoneal administration of sodium cyclamate. The exocrine pancreas of ten fetuses of rats were evaluated, five treated and five controls chosen at random, in which five rats that received from the 10th to 14th days of pregnancy an intraperitoneal daily injection of sodium cyclamate at 60 mg/Kg of body weight during 5 days. At the 20th day of gestation, the animals were removed and weighed, as were their placentas; the length of the umbilical cords also were measured. After the laboratory processing, semi-seriated 6mm cuts stained with haematoxyline and eosine were performed. In seven karyometric parameters (major, minor, and medium diameters, volume, area, perimeter, and volume-area ratio), the increase was statistically significant in the treated group when compared with control group. Stereological parameters showed in the treated group a significant increase in the cellular volume and a significant reduction in the numerical cellular density. These results showed that the sodium cyclamate in pregnant rats led to retardation of fetal development and hypertrophy in the exocrine pancreas of the rat fetuses.

El ciclamato, es una substancia derivada del ácido N-ciclo-hexil-sulfámico, bastante usada como edulcorante no calórico en los alimentos y bebidas, así como en la industria farmacéutica. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las alteraciones cariométricas y estereológicos en páncreas fetal de rata tras la administración intraperitoneal de ciclamato de sodio. El páncreas exocrino de diez de los fetos de rata fueron evaluados, cinco tratados y cinco controles seleccionados al azar, en el que cinco ratas recibieron del día 10 al día 14 de preñez una inyección intraperitoneal diaria de ciclamato de sodio a 60 mg/Kg de peso corporal durante 5 días. En el día 20 de gestación, los animales fueron retirados y pesados, al igual que sus placentas. Asimismo, se midió la longitud de los cordones umbilicales. Después del procesamiento de laboratorio, cortes semi-seriados de 6µm, se tiñeron con hematoxilina-eosina. En siete parámetros cariométricos (diámetros mayor, menor y medio, volumen, área, perímetro y relación área/volumen). El aumento fue estadísticamente significativo en el grupo tratado comparado con el grupo control. Los parámetros estereológicos mostraron en el grupo tratado un aumento significativo del volumen celular y una reducción significativa en la densidad numérica celular. Estos resultados mostraron que el uso del ciclamato de sodio en las ratas preñadas causa retardo en el desarrollo fetal e hipertrofia en el páncreas exocrino de los fetos de rata.

Simultaneous square-wave voltammetric determination of aspartame and cyclamate using a boron-doped diamond electrode.

A simple and highly selective electrochemical method was developed for the simultaneous determination of aspartame and cyclamate in dietary products at a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode. In square-wave voltammetric (SWV) measurements, the BDD electrode was able to separate the oxidation peak potentials of aspartame and cyclamate present in binary mixtures by about 400 mV. The detection limit for aspartame in the presence of 3.0x10(-4) mol L(-1) cyclamate was 4.7x10(-7) mol L(-1), and the detection limit for cyclamate in the presence of 1.0x10(-4) mol L(-1) aspartame was 4.2x10(-6) mol L(-1). When simultaneously changing the concentration of both aspartame and cyclamate in a 0.5 mol L(-1) sulfuric acid solution, the corresponding detection limits were 3.5x10(-7) and 4.5x10(-6) mol L(-1), respectively. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) obtained was 1.3% for the 1.0x10(-4) mol L(-1) aspartame solution (n=5) and 1.1% for the 3.0x10(-3) mol L(-1) cyclamate solution. The proposed method was successfully applied in the determination of aspartame in several dietary products with results similar to those obtained using an HPLC method at 95% confidence level.

Adoçantes dietéticos na alimentação de ratos: uma abordagem histológica e bioquímica / Dietary sweeteners in rat nourishment: a histological and biochemical approach

Ratos Wistar foram submetidos a uma dieta composta de ração e: 1. água; 2. sacarose a 10 por cento; 3. Aspartame a 1 por cento; 4. ciclamato de sódio a 1 por cento; e 5. sacarina a 1 por cento ad libitum, a partir dos 15 dias de idade. Na fase adulta (5,5 meses), cortes histológicos do duodeno, fígado, baço, bexiga e pâncreas desses animais não revelaram alterações anátomo-patológicas. A evolução da massa corporal foi também muito próxima entre os cinco grupos. Detectou-se menor nível de triglicérideos séricos nos grupos Sacarose e Aspartame, assim como de colesterol no grupo Água. Essas variações foram aparentemente indiretas e ligadas à maior ou menor ingestão de ração e à sua composição.

Wistar rats were fed a diet composed of chow and: 1. water; 2. 10 percent sacarose; 3. 1 percent aspartame; 4. 1 percentsodium cyclamate and 5. 1 percent saccharin ad libitum, from the age of 15 days. At the adult phase (5.5months), histologic cuts of these animals did not show anatomo-morphologic alterations. Evolution ofbody weight was also very close to one another among the five groups. Lower serum triglyceride levelswere detected in the Sucrose and Aspartame groups, the same occurring with cholesterol in the Watergroup. These alterations were apparently indirect and due to a higher or lower ingestion of chow and its composition.

Artificial sweetener consumption and urinary tract tumors in Cordoba, Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of the habitual use of the most common artificial sweeteners (AS) in the development of urinary tract tumors (UTT) in Argentina. METHODS: Case-control study of 197 patients with histologically confirmed UTT of transitional varieties, and 397 controls with acute, non-neoplastic, and non-urinary tract diseases, admitted to the same hospitals in Córdoba (Argentina) between 1999 and 2006. All subjects were interviewed about their use of AS and their exposure to other known or suspected risk factors for UTT. RESULTS: Fifty-one UTT patients (26%) and 87 controls (22%) used AS. The risk of UTT was significantly increased in long-term (> or =10 years) AS users compared with none-AS users. The OR (95% CI) for long-term consumers was 2.18 (1.22-3.89) and for short-term users was 1.10 (0.61-2.00) after adjustment for age, gender, BMI, social status. and years of tobacco use. CONCLUSION: Regular use of AS for 10 years or more was positively associated with UTT.

Edulcorantes no nutritivos en bebidas sin alcohol: estimación de la ingesta diaria en niños y adolescentes / Non nutritive sweeteners in non alcoholic drinks: estimation of the daily intake in children and adolescents

Muchas bebidas sin alcohol que se ofrecen en el mercado no destacan en su rotulado que corresponden a bebidas dietéticas con el agregado de edulcorantes no nutritivos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue calcular la ingesta diaria estimada de edulcorantes no nutritivos por parte de niños y adolescentes sanos, a través del consumo de este tipo de alimentos. Se analizaron encuestas de frecuencia de consumo de bebidas sin alcohol de 190 niños y adolescentes (3-18 años). Se solicitó que se detallaran las marcas de las bebidas más consumidas, con el fin de considerar para el cálculo de la ingesta diaria estimada los contenidos de edulcorantes declarados en los respectivos rótulos. Además se tuvo en cuenta el consumo diario de bebidas sin alcohol y peso corporal declarado en cada encuesta. La ingesta diaria estimada de individuos entre 3 y 18 años fue 2,61 mg/kg para ciclamato; 0,28 mg/kg para sacarina; 0,69 mg/kg para acesulfame K y 2,78 mg/kg para aspartame. Sólo en el caso del ciclamato se observaron tres individuos con una ingesta diaria estimada mayor a la ingesta diaria admisible.

Many non-alcoholic drinks commercially available do not emphasize on their labels that they correspond to light drinks. The objective of the present paper was to estimate the daily intake of non nutritive sweeteners by healthy children and adolescents through the consumption of non-alcoholic drinks. Food frequency questionnaires of non alcoholic drinks from 190 children and adolescents (3 to 18 years old) were analysed. The brands of the most consumed non-alcoholic drinks were requested in order to consider the quantity of the declared sweetener in the correspondent labels to estimate the daily intake. Moreover, the daily intake of nonalcoholic drinks and the body weight declared in each questionnaire was taken into account. The estimated daily intake of students from 3 to 18 years old was 2,61 mg/kg of cyclamate, 0,28 mg/kg of saccharin, 0,69 mg/kg of acesulfame-K and 2,78 mg/kg of aspartame. Only in the case of cyclamate there were three individuals with an estimated daily intake greater than the admissible daily intake.

Edulcorantes no nutritivos en bebidas sin alcohol: estimación de la ingesta diaria en niños y adolescentes / Non nutritive sweeteners in non alcoholic drinks: estimation of the daily intake in children and adolescents

Muchas bebidas sin alcohol que se ofrecen en el mercado no destacan en su rotulado que corresponden a bebidas dietéticas con el agregado de edulcorantes no nutritivos. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue calcular la ingesta diaria estimada de edulcorantes no nutritivos por parte de niños y adolescentes sanos, a través del consumo de este tipo de alimentos. Se analizaron encuestas de frecuencia de consumo de bebidas sin alcohol de 190 niños y adolescentes (3-18 años). Se solicitó que se detallaran las marcas de las bebidas más consumidas, con el fin de considerar para el cálculo de la ingesta diaria estimada los contenidos de edulcorantes declarados en los respectivos rótulos. Además se tuvo en cuenta el consumo diario de bebidas sin alcohol y peso corporal declarado en cada encuesta. La ingesta diaria estimada de individuos entre 3 y 18 años fue 2,61 mg/kg para ciclamato; 0,28 mg/kg para sacarina; 0,69 mg/kg para acesulfame K y 2,78 mg/kg para aspartame. Sólo en el caso del ciclamato se observaron tres individuos con una ingesta diaria estimada mayor a la ingesta diaria admisible.(AU)

Many non-alcoholic drinks commercially available do not emphasize on their labels that they correspond to light drinks. The objective of the present paper was to estimate the daily intake of non nutritive sweeteners by healthy children and adolescents through the consumption of non-alcoholic drinks. Food frequency questionnaires of non alcoholic drinks from 190 children and adolescents (3 to 18 years old) were analysed. The brands of the most consumed non-alcoholic drinks were requested in order to consider the quantity of the declared sweetener in the correspondent labels to estimate the daily intake. Moreover, the daily intake of nonalcoholic drinks and the body weight declared in each questionnaire was taken into account. The estimated daily intake of students from 3 to 18 years old was 2,61 mg/kg of cyclamate, 0,28 mg/kg of saccharin, 0,69 mg/kg of acesulfame-K and 2,78 mg/kg of aspartame. Only in the case of cyclamate there were three individuals with an estimated daily intake greater than the admissible daily intake.(AU)