Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS) presenting as bilateral cryptorchidism and left-sided inguinal hernia.

PMDS (persistent Müllerian duct syndrome) is a rare disorder of sex development characterised by the presence of Müllerian duct remnants in a phenotypically male individual with a 46XY karyotype. Radiological investigations play a crucial role in diagnosing and characterising this condition. Ultrasound and MRI are the modalities of choice. They help to non-invasively localise the gonads and Müllerian duct derivatives. Broadly, PMDS has two anatomical variants: male type and female type. The case report presented here does not fit into these classically described variants and can be called a variant of the female type. There is a risk of infertility and malignant transformation of undescended testis and Müllerian duct derivatives in cases of PMDS. Hence, management is focused on preventing these risks. Surgical intervention involves orchidopexy, removal of Müllerian duct derivatives and inguinal hernia repair.

Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges with germ cell tumours associated with transverse testicular ectopia and persistent Müllerian duct syndrome.

Transverse testicular ectopia (TTE) is an infrequent ectopic testis where both testes descend via the same inguinal canal, located in the same hemiscrotum, and augments the risk of developing testicular tumours. Type II TTE is accompanied by persistent Müllerian duct syndrome, where the Müllerian structures persist for various reasons. Here, we present a case of an adult in his early 30s, who presented with a right testicular swelling and was diagnosed as type II TTE and testicular mixed germ cell tumour after surgery. We could find only 13 similar cases of TTE and testicular tumours in the literature. Our case highlights the importance of clinical acumen with detailed history, meticulous clinical examination, radiological investigations and a detailed pathological examination while dealing with such sporadic presentations.

Clinical characteristics and surgical treatment of children with 45, X/46, XY differences of sex development.

OBJECTIVE: This study retrospectively analyzes the clinical data of 18 children with 45,X/46,XY differences of sex development (DSD), summarizes their clinical features and explores gonadal and Müllerian duct remnants surgical treatment methods. METHODS: The clinical data of 18 children with karyotype 45,X/46,XY diagnosed in the Department of Urology of Hunan Children's Hospital from March 2011 to October 2021 were collected. All children underwent HCG stimulation testing, laparoscopic exploration, urethroscopy and bilateral gonadal biopsy. After DSD multidisciplinary team (MDT) meeting, some children underwent gonadectomy and genitalia reconstructive surgeries. RESULTS: The median age at first diagnosis was 1 year and 4 months (range: 10 months ∼ 16 years and 3 months). 5 children presented with female gender; they all maintained their gender assignment. The external masculinisation score (EMS) of patients raised as female was 1 (0∼3) [median (range)]. 13 children presented with male gender, 10 maintained a male gender, 3 were assigned a neutral gender. The EMS of the children raised as male was 5 (2-8) [median (range)], the EMS of the children raised as neutral gender was 4 (3.5-9.5) [median (range)]. The HCG stimulation test was positive in 11 cases, partially positive in 2 case, and negative in 5 cases. There was no relationship between the percentage of chimerism (45X ratio) and the appearance and severity of genital abnormalities. (t=-1.08, P=0.298). There was 1 case of complete gonadal dysgenesis (CGD), 10 cases of mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD), 5 cases of partial gonadal dysgenesis (PGD), 1 case of bilateral normal testes and 1 case of ovotesticular DSD (split-lateral type). No gonadal specimen showed germ cell tumor changes. Five cases selected to maintain the female gender, among which 3 cases underwent bilateral gonadectomy and genitalia reconstructive surgeries. Among the 10 children who chose to maintain the male gender, unilateral streak gonadectomy was performed in 4 (57.1%) with MGD, unilateral dysgenetic orchiectomy in 1 (25%) with PGD, and right ovariectomy in 1 with OTDSD. Nine of them underwent genitalia reconstructive surgeries. Four of them preserved their uterus and vagina did not have any complications during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Hypospadias combined with cryptorchidism and residual Müllerian duct structures is the most common phenotype of children with 45, X/46, XY DSD. Mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD) is the most common gonadal type. Gender assignment should be carefully selected after a thorough evaluation, while genitalia reconstructive surgery can be considered in selected patients. In children who choose the male gender, the Müllerian duct can be preserved.

Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome Diagnosed Incidentally: A Case Report.

Persistent Müllerian Duct syndrome is a rare male disorder of sexual development. The phenotypically and genotypically male patient presents with female internal organs (i.e., uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes and upper part of vagina) due to deficiency of anti-mullerian hormone or insensitivity of tissues to Anti Mullerian Hormone. We present a 19 year old male who came with complaint of right iliac fossa pain. He was investigated for acute appendicitis and on imaging, he was diagnosed to have bilateral cryptorchidism with rudimentary uterus. Computed tomography followed by pelvic ultrasonography was done which indicated two testes in abdomen and a soft tissue density structure, identified as a rudimentary uterus located posterior to the urinary bladder. CT scan findings were further confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging pelvis. A trial of stepwise orchidopexy followed by orchidectomy with removal of rudimentary uterus was performed laparoscopically. Additionally, he was counselled for long term sex hormone replacement and reproductive failure in future.

A Surgical and Clinical Approach to Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome: Laparoscopic, Histological, and Molecular Findings.

BACKGROUND: Persistent müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS) is characterized by the persistence of müllerian duct derivatives in otherwise normally virilized 46,XY males. Biallelic mutations of the anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) and AMH receptor type 2 (AMHR2) genes lead to PMDS type 1 and 2, respectively. AIM: The aims of the study were to report the clinical, hormonal, and genetic findings in a patient with PMDS and discuss surgical strategies to achieve successful orchidopexy. RESULTS: A 4-year-old boy was evaluated after the incidental finding of müllerian derivates during laparoscopy for nonpalpable gonads. Karyotype was 46,XY and laboratory tests revealed normal serum gonadotropin and androgen levels but undetectable serum AMH levels. PMDS was suspected. Molecular analysis revealed a novel variant c.902_929del in exon 5 and a previously reported mutation (c.367C>T) in exon 1 of the AMH gene. Successful orchidopexy was performed in two sequential surgeries in which the müllerian duct structure was preserved and divided to protect the vascular supply to the gonads. Histological evaluation of the testicular biopsy showed mild signs of dysgenesis. Doppler ultrasound showed blood flow in both testes positioned in the scrotum 1.5 years after surgery. CONCLUSION: PMDS is a rare entity that requires a high index of suspicion (from surgeons) when evaluating a patient with bilateral cryptorchidism. Surgical treatment is challenging and long-term follow-up is essential. Histological evaluation of the testis deserves further investigation.

NR5A1-related 46,XY partial gonadal dysgenesis: A case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Disorders/differences of sex development (DSD) include a diverse group of congenital conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is discordant. It involves several variant genes, and one of them is NR5A1. NR5A1 encodes a signal transduction regulator in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway, and pathogenic mutation in this gene is a cause of 46,XY DSD. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 12-year-old individual raised as a girl was admitted to the hospital due to hirsutism and a deep voice that began at 11 years old. The individual exhibited testicular hypoplasia, clitoral hypertrophy, and female external genitalia. DIAGNOSES: The patient was diagnosed 46,XY partial gonadal dysgenesis. The cytogenetics revealed a 46,XY karyotype and DNA sequencing shown a variant in NR5A1. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging showed absence of uterus and ovaries. The abdominopelvic ultrasound revealed bilateral testicle in bilateral groin. Pathology confirmed testes dysgenesis. INTERVENTIONS: The patient underwent bilateral orchiectomy at age 12 years and was given a feminizing hormonal treatment of 0.5 mg/day of estradiol valerate tablets. OUTCOMES: The patient recovered well after surgery and hormonal treatment and had a regression in hirsutism and clitoromegaly. LESSONS: 46,XY DSD is a rare disease that the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is discordant, when diagnosed 46,XY DSD, the identification of an NR5A1 variant should be considered.

Transverse testicular ectopia with persistent Mullerian duct syndrome: Report and review of two cases.

Transverse testicular ectopia is a rare anomaly characterized by both testes descending through a single inguinal canal. The objective of this study was to investigate the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of transverse testicular ectopia (TTE) with persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS), and to deepen the understanding of the disease in clinical. A retrospective analysis of the clinical manifestation, diagnosis, and treatment of two children suffering from TTE with PMDS was conducted. Previous studies on the characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease were reviewed. The two patients were treated with laparoscopy-assisted transseptal orchidopexy-inguinal evaluation. After the surgery, the two patients recovered well. The follow-up visits were done 3 months after the operation. An ultrasound examination confirmed that the two patients had testes in the orthotopic position and normal size. TTE with PMDS is an exceedingly rare disease. The patients manifested cryptorchidism on one side; contralateral inguinal hernia was suspected. Detailed physical and ultrasound examinations before the operation are the key to the early diagnosis of TTE. Laparoscopic evaluation is helpful for the diagnosis and finding of other abnormalities. Surgical treatment is the only method to cure the disease; long-term follow-up is needed after TTE operation.

Surgical management and molecular diagnosis of persistent Müllerian duct syndrome in Chinese patients.

Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS) is a rare clinically and genetically overlapping disorder caused by mutations in the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) gene or the anti-Müllerian hormone receptor type 2 (AMHR2) gene. Affected individuals present uterus and tubes in normally virilized males and are discovered unexpectedly during other surgeries. Since it is rare and complex, a definitive clinical diagnosis can be missed, and there are no guidelines regarding how to deal with the uterus. In the present study, exome sequencing and Sanger verification were performed for causal variants in 12 PMDS patients. Preoperative diagnoses were made by positive exome sequencing in 8 patients. Of them, 7 patients evoked on the basis of ultrasound indicating bilateral testes on the same side of the body. Twelve different AMH variants (2 frameshift/nonsense, 1 deletion, 8 missense, and 1 in-frame) in 9 patients and 6 different AMHR2 variants (5 missense and 1 splicing) in 3 patients were identified. Seven variants were classified as "pathogenic" or "likely pathogenic", and 4 of them were novel. All but two patients with AMH defects showed low serum AMH concentrations, but all patients with AMHR2 defects showed elevated AMH levels. During surgery, an abnormal vas deferens was observed in half of the patients. Eight patients underwent orchidopexy with uterine preservation. Of them, 2 patients presented complications including irreducible cryptorchidism, and 3 patients developed Müllerian remnant cysts. Three patients underwent subtotal hysterectomy. Of them, one patient had complication of injury to the vas deferens, and one had hemorrhage after operation. This is the first report of PMDS involving a large Chinese population. The present study not only expands the variation spectrum but also provides clinical experience about the management of the uterus.

Surgical management and molecular diagnosis of persistent Müllerian duct syndrome in Chinese patients / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS) is a rare clinically and genetically overlapping disorder caused by mutations in the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) gene or the anti-Müllerian hormone receptor type 2 (AMHR2) gene. Affected individuals present uterus and tubes in normally virilized males and are discovered unexpectedly during other surgeries. Since it is rare and complex, a definitive clinical diagnosis can be missed, and there are no guidelines regarding how to deal with the uterus. In the present study, exome sequencing and Sanger verification were performed for causal variants in 12 PMDS patients. Preoperative diagnoses were made by positive exome sequencing in 8 patients. Of them, 7 patients evoked on the basis of ultrasound indicating bilateral testes on the same side of the body. Twelve different AMH variants (2 frameshift/nonsense, 1 deletion, 8 missense, and 1 in-frame) in 9 patients and 6 different AMHR2 variants (5 missense and 1 splicing) in 3 patients were identified. Seven variants were classified as "pathogenic" or "likely pathogenic", and 4 of them were novel. All but two patients with AMH defects showed low serum AMH concentrations, but all patients with AMHR2 defects showed elevated AMH levels. During surgery, an abnormal vas deferens was observed in half of the patients. Eight patients underwent orchidopexy with uterine preservation. Of them, 2 patients presented complications including irreducible cryptorchidism, and 3 patients developed Müllerian remnant cysts. Three patients underwent subtotal hysterectomy. Of them, one patient had complication of injury to the vas deferens, and one had hemorrhage after operation. This is the first report of PMDS involving a large Chinese population. The present study not only expands the variation spectrum but also provides clinical experience about the management of the uterus.

Molecular study and genotype-phenotype in Chinese female patients with 46, XY disorders of sex development.

OBJECTIVE: The rare condition 46, XY disorders of sex development (DSDs) is characterized by the female phenotype and male karyotype. We aimed to describe the genetic basis of 46, XY DSDs in nine patients and the genotype-phenotype relationships of the genes involved. METHODS: Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to analyze the underlying hereditary etiology in nine female patients with 46, XY DSDs. In silico analyses were used to predict the effects of novel variants on the protein function of the identified genes. RESULTS: Primary amenorrhea with the absence of puberty, inguinal hernia, and clitoridauxe were common complaints. All enrolled patients had a differential etiology by genetic testing, and five novel genetic variants involved in four genes (SRY, AR, NR5A1, and LHCGR) were identified. A novel nonsense variant of SRY c.51C > G was found in XY patients without testicles. Two novel heterozygous variants, i.e. c.265A > T (Ile89Leu) and c.422T > C (Val141Ala), of the LHCGR gene were found in male pseudo-hermaphroditism. CONCLUSIONS: We expanded the genetic mutation spectrum and described in detail the genotype-phenotype relationships of 46, XY DSDs. DNA sequencing for SRY should be a priority in female patients with 46, XY DSDs. NGS is useful for clarifying genetic pathogenesis and could provide a basis for clinical diagnosis and treatments of patients with 46, XY DSDs.

Genetic and histopathological analysis of transverse testicular ectopia without persistent Müllerian duct syndrome: two case reports.

BACKGROUND: Transverse testicular ectopia (TTE) is a rare anomaly in which both testes descend through a single inguinal canal into the same hemiscrotum. Although almost 20-50% of patients with TTE exhibit persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS) and many genetic analyses have been performed, no reports have described the genes contributing to TTE without PMDS. Here, we report two cases of TTE without PMDS using immunohistochemical staining and genetic analysis. CASE PRESENTATION: Two Asian patients with TTE without PMDS were subjected to orchiopexy. We performed testicular biopsies during operation and obtained blood samples before the operation. Testicular tissues were stained for c-kit, placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), and undifferentiated embryonic cell transcription factor 1 (UTF1) to evaluate the presence of intratubular malignant germ cells. Additionally, we performed polymerase chain reaction-based direct sequencing to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes associated with regression of the Müllerian duct and testicular descent (that is, anti-Müllerian hormone [AMH], AMH receptor 2 [AMHR2], insulin-like 3 [INSL3], and relaxin family peptide receptor 2 [RXFP2]). The three-dimensional structures of proteins were predicted using SWISS-MODEL. In immunohistochemical analysis, c-kit and UTF1 were positive, whereas PLAP was negative in three testicular tissue samples from the two patients. These features were also detected on the unaffected side. In variant analysis, common missense variants in the AMH gene (g.365G>T; c.165G>T; p.Ser49Ile [rs10407022]) were observed. All variants in INSL3 and RXFP2 genes were intronic or silent. CONCLUSIONS: Because UTF1, a specific marker of spermatogonial stem cell activity, was expressed in both the affected and unaffected sides in the testicular tissues of two patients, the risk of malignancy may be high in these patients. Although the etiology of TTE without PMDS remains unclear, our variant analysis results were consistent with previous reports, and variants in the AMH gene (rs10407022) may contribute to the specific phenotype of TTE without PMDS.

Detection and Treatment of Persistent Mullerian Duct Syndrome With Transverse Testicular Ectopia.

The coexistence of persistent Mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS) with transverse testicular ectopia (TTE) is extremely rare. Due to a lack of distinctive clinical features in the early stages, PMDS coexists with TTE is usuallydiagnosed when patients are examined for other diseases,including cryptorchidism and inguinal hernia. We present a case of a 51-year-old man who presented with a recurrent left indirect inguinal hernia for 2 years and right congenital cryptorchidism. The patient was diagnosed as PMDS with TTE by preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and underwent laparoscopic resection of the right transverse ectopic testis and Mullerian duct residues.

A rare case report of bilateral recurrent inguinal hernia due to persistent Müllerian duct syndrome treated by transabdominal preperitoneal repair.

INTRODUCTION: Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS) is a rare disease occurring in men with an otherwise completely normal phenotype, in which female internal sex organs are present, including a uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, and vagina. We report a case of bilateral recurrent inguinal hernia due to PMDS treated by transabdominal preperitoneal repair (TAPP). PATIENT CONCERNS: A 72-year-old male presented with a complaint of swelling on both sides of the groin. The patient had undergone bilateral inguinal hernia suture repair 50 years ago. DIAGNOSIS: Bilateral recurrent inguinal hernia INTERVENTIONS:: TAPP was performed. There was a fibrous structure linking the left and right hernia orifice and a muscular structure in the hernia sac on the left. We noticed that the muscular structure was a vagina and fibrous structure was the salpinx, and we diagnosed the patient with PMDS. Supravaginal hysterectomy and right salpingectomy were performed. After that a preperitoneal mesh repair was performed for bilateral inguinal hernia. OUTCOMES: Histologically, the diagnosis was confirmed as PMDS. The patient had an uneventful recovery. CONCLUSION: This case is the first case of bilateral recurrent inguinal hernia due to PMDS managed by TAPP.

Male pseudohermaphroditism with os clitoris in three dogs.

Two American Cocker Spaniels and one Bichon Frise were presented to our veterinary teaching hospital with an enlarged clitoris. Diagnostic imaging showed that the structure was composed of bony material. Exploratory laparotomy revealed uterine-like structures and testes which had an epididymis unilaterally. Surgical removal of internal genitalia, gonads and protruded clitoris were performed well. Histological evaluation revealed; inactive testes, female internal genital tracts with ambisexual ductal remnants, and prominent ossification in the clitoris. All 3 cases were diagnosed with male pseudohermaphroditism. In author's knowledge, this is the first report in Bichon Frise dog with os clitoris and also, it describes not common cases in small dog breeds with os clitoris.

Novel homozygous mutation in a colombian patient with persistent müllerian duct syndrome: expanded phenotype

ABSTRACT The anti-Müllerian hormone triggers the regression of uterus and fallopian tubes in male embryos; if there are problems in the synthesis or action of this protein, Müllerian structures persist in an otherwise phenotypic male. The most frequent clinical presentation of Persistent Mullerian Duct syndrome is cryptorchidism and inguinal hernia. The few cases reported in adults are incidental findings or inguinal hernias. However, we present an adult male with history of bilateral cryptorchidism with unsuccessful orchidopexy, who presents with a large abdominal mass with the finding of a seminomatous tumor and persistence of Müllerian structures, in whom the variant c.916delC (p.Leu306Cysfs*29) in the AMHR2 gene not previously reported was documented.

Novel homozygous mutation in a colombian patient with persistent müllerian duct syndrome: expanded phenotype.

The anti-Müllerian hormone triggers the regression of uterus and fallopian tubes in male embryos; if there are problems in the synthesis or action of this protein, Müllerian structures persist in an otherwise phenotypic male. The most frequent clinical presentation of Persistent Mullerian Duct syndrome is cryptorchidism and inguinal hernia. The few cases reported in adults are incidental findings or inguinal hernias. However, we present an adult male with history of bilateral cryptorchidism with unsuccessful orchidopexy, who presents with a large abdominal mass with the finding of a seminomatous tumor and persistence of Müllerian structures, in whom the variant c.916delC (p.Leu306Cysfs*29) in the AMHR2 gene not previously reported was documented.

[Gender selection and postoperative follow-up analysis in 85 children with 46, XY disorders of sex development].

Objective: To understand the gender selection and prognosis of children with 46, XY disorders of sex development (DSD) after surgery, and to provide reference for future clinical decision-making. Methods: Data of 85 (80 males and 5 females) postoperative patients with 46, XY DSD with follow-up age of 6(4,11) years who were treated at the Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism of Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University during the period from September 2009 to April 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were grouped based on diagnosis. The basis of postoperative gender selection, patient satisfaction and related factors, gender characteristics, and adolescent development were analyzed. The Pre-school Activities Inventory or the Children's Sex Role Inventory were used in the analysis of gender tendency. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare postoperative gender satisfaction of different factors. The Kruskal-Wallis method was used to compare the postoperative gender satisfaction of each group. Fisher's test was used to compare the follow-up status of male children over 11 years old in each group. Results: Among the 85 patients, 62 individuals were raised as girls after birth, 9 were facultative and 14 as boys. According to the diagnosis, there were 31 individuals in group 1 (with 5α-reductase deficiency), 11 individuals in group 2 (with androgen insensitivity syndrome), 9 individuals in group 3 (with NR5A1 gene mutation), 4 individuals in group 4 (with hypergonadotropic gonadal dysplasia), and 30 indiviudals in group 5 (with unclear diagnosis and normal human choionic gonadotophin test). Among the 71 children who were raised as girls or facultative children after birth, 66 selected as boys, and 5 continued as girls (among them, 3 individuals were female with passive selection, and 2 individuals of testicular dysplasia with uterus in group 4 and 5 were female with active selection). Among the 71 patients faced with gender selection, only one was unsatisfied, that was a postoperative female. There was no significant difference in postoperative gender satisfaction among different disease diagnoses, surgical age and penis length (χ(2)(H)=6.007, P=0.199; Z=-0.860, P=0.390; Z=-0.438, P=0.661). Fifty-nine of the 85 cases completed the gender tendency scale test and 46 cases (78%) were consistent. In the male patients, 45 cases were consistent. Thirteen inconsistent patients (22%) were female or facultative after birth who were 5 years old or older. There was no stigmatization noticed in the inconsistent patients' daily life and school social settings. There were 22 male patients aged 11 years and older. They were 13(12,16) years old. Fourteen (64%) individuals' penile length reached the normal minimum, 15 (68%) individuals' testicular volume were equal or more than 4 ml, 16 (73%) individuals' sex hormones entered puberty levels, 12 (55%) individuals had been spermatorrhea, the age of first spermatorrhea was (13.3±2.4) years. They were satisfied and adaptable after surgery. There was no significant difference in the above indicators among the groups (χ²=2.999, P=0.694; χ²=7.278, P=0.086; χ²=5.597, P=0.358; χ²=6.904, P=0.127). Conclusions: The appropriate gender of 46, XY DSD patients was selected according to gonadal status after diagnosis. Regardless the diagnosis, the age of operation and the length of the penis at the first diagnosis, male patients were satisfied with the gender after the operation. A few of patients were inconsistent with the results of gender tendency scale test who were raised as girls or facultative children after birth, and they required sustained special attention. Some of the children showed natural adolescent development in males, and the prognosis may be ideal.

PTH Modulation by Aldosterone and Angiotensin II is Blunted in Hyperaldosteronism and Rescued by Adrenalectomy.

CONTEXT: Accumulating evidence suggests a link between adrenocortical zona glomerulosa and parathyroid gland through mechanisms that remain unexplored. OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that in vivo angiotensin II blockade affects PTH secretion in patients with hypertension and that aldosterone and angiotensim II directly stimulate PTH secretion ex vivo. DESIGN AND SETTING: We investigated the changes of serum PTH levels induced by oral captopril (50 mg) administration in patients with primary essential hypertension (EH) and with primary aldosteronism (PA) caused by bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (BAH) or aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA), the latter before and after adrenalectomy. We also exposed primary cultures of human parathyroid cells from patients with primary hyperparathyroidism to angiotensin II (10-7 M) and/or aldosterone (10-7 M). RESULTS: Captopril lowered PTH levels (in nanograms per liter) both in patients with EH (n = 63; 25.9 ± 8.3 baseline vs 24.4 ± 8.0 postcaptopril, P < 0.0001) and in patients with APA after adrenalectomy (n = 27; 26.3 ± 11.6 vs 24.0 ± 9.7 P = 0.021). However, it was ineffective in patients with full-blown PA caused by APA and BAH. In primary culture of human parathyroid cells, both aldosterone (P < 0.001) and angiotensin II (P = 0.002) markedly increased PTH secretion from baseline, by acting through mineralocorticoid receptor and angiotensin type 1 receptor, as these effects were abolished by canrenone and irbesartan, respectively. CONCLUSION: These results collectively suggest an implication of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in PTH regulation in humans, at least in PTH-secreting cells obtained from parathyroid tumors. Moreover, they further support the concept that mild hyperparathyroidism is a feature of human PA that is correctable with adrenalectomy.