Early detection of duodenal cancer by upper gastrointestinal-endoscopy in Lynch syndrome.

Small bowel cancer (SBC) is the malignancy with the highest standardized incidence ratio in Lynch syndrome (LS) patients. Of all SBCs, about 50% are duodenal cancers (DCs), therefore being accessible by esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (EGD) for surveillance. We asked whether early detection of DC is possible for LS patients undergoing surveillance by EGD and if surveillance should be limited to specific subgroups. Data for LS patients with DC were retrieved from the registry of the German Consortium for Familial Intestinal Cancer. Patients undergoing active surveillance by EGDs (surveillance group) were compared to those who did not (nonsurveillance group) regarding tumor stage at diagnosis. Union for International Cancer Control stages I-IIA were defined as early stage disease and IIB-IV as advanced stage disease. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test. Among 2015 patients with pathogenic variants in any mismatch-repair-gene, 47 patients with 49 DCs were identified. In 10% of cases, patients were under 35 years at diagnosis; family and personal tumor history did not correlate with DC diagnosis. Pathogenic germline variants in MSH6, PMS2 or EPCAM were present in 10% of patients. Statistical analysis could be performed on 13 DC patients in the surveillance group and 14 in the nonsurveillance group. Early detection was possible for 71% of patients in the surveillance group and 29% of patients in the nonsurveillance group (P = .021). Early detection of DC by EGD in LS patients is feasible regardless of family history, mutational status and should start no later than 25 years of age.

Complications of endoscopically placed duodenal stents for malignant duodenal outlet obstruction.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopically placed duodenal stents are commonly performed procedures for palliation of obstruction due to malignancy. A relatively small number of studies highlight the potential complications of this procedure, and to date no data have been published in New Zealand specifically addressing this issue. We aimed to retrospectively review complications from duodenal stents at our center and factors associated with the complications. METHOD: We retrospectively reviewed our endoscopy reporting system, Provation MD, for patients who underwent endoscopic duodenal stenting between 1 April 2010 and 31 March 2020. We searched the system for the keywords 'prosthesis or stent', 'duodenal mass or tumour' and 'duodenal stenosis or stricture'. Their clinical records were reviewed. Patients were included if they had a duodenal stent inserted to relieve a malignant duodenal obstruction. Patients were excluded if the obstruction was due to a benign pathology or if the obstruction was proximal to duodenum. Patient demographics, the type of stent used and any stent-related complications were recorded. Previous radiotherapy to chest or abdomen was also recorded. RESULTS: We identified 61 patients who underwent palliative endoscopic duodenal stenting. The overall complication rate was 15% (9/61), with five cases of stent migration, two cases of perforation and two cases of late tumour ingrowth requiring re-stenting. Three out of five stent-migration cases had non-obstructive lesions. Both the cases of perforation had previous radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: Duodenal stenting can be performed safely in most patients with malignant duodenal obstruction. The complication rate was found to be higher among the 60-69 age group, the New Zealand Maori/Pacific Islander ethnic group, patients with Niti-S stent and those with duodenal adenocarcinoma as the primary diagnosis, but these higher rates were not found to be statistically significant. Larger studies are required to assess factors associated with complication rates.

Evaluation of long-term adherence to oesophagogastroduodenoscopy quality indicators. / Evaluación del cumplimiento a largo plazo de los indicadores de calidad en la esofagogastroduodenoscopia.

INTRODUCTION: In a previous study we demonstrated that a simple training programme improved quality indicators of Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) achieving the recommended benchmarks. However, the long-term effect of this intervention is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of OGDs performed 3 years after of having completed a training programme. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A comparative study of 2 cohorts was designed as follows: Group A included OGDs performed in 2016 promptly after a training programme and Group B with OGDs performed from January to March 2019, this group was also divided into 2 subgroups: subgroup B1 of Endoscopists who had participated in the previous training programme and subgroup B2 of Endoscopists who had not. The intra-procedure quality indicators proposed by ASGE-ACG were used. RESULTS: A total of 1236 OGDs were analysed, 600 from Group A and 636 from Group B (439 subgroup B1 and 197 subgroup B2). The number of complete examinations was lower in Group B (566 [94.3%] vs. 551 [86.6%]; p<0.001). A significant decrease was observed in nearly all quality indicators and they did not reach the recommended benchmarks: retroflexion in the stomach (96% vs. 81%; p<0.001); Seattle biopsy protocol (86% vs. 50%; p=0.03), description of the upper GI bleeding lesion (100% vs. 62%; p<0.01), sufficient intestinal biopsy specimens (at least 4) in suspected coeliac disease (92.5% vs. 18%; p<0.001), photo documentation of the lesion (94% vs. 90%; p<0.05). Regarding the overall assessment of the procedure (including correct performance and adequate photo documentation), a significant decrease was also observed (90.5% vs. 62%; p<0.001). There were no differences between subgroups B1 and B2. CONCLUSIONS: The improvement observed in 2016 after a training programme did not prevail after 3 years. In order to keep the quality of OGDs above the recommended benchmarks, it is necessary to implement continuous training programmes.

Low Prevalence of Celiac Disease among Patients with Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Latvia.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Studies suggest that the prevalence of celiac disease (CD) is increased in individuals with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), in particular, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); however, the evidence is conflicting. We aimed to analyze the prevalence of CD in patients with FGIDs in Latvia. METHODS: This retrospective study included patients with FGIDs, referred for a gastroenterologist consultation in a secondary gastroenterology practice unit. Patients were divided into three groups - patients only with IBS (IBS group), patients only with functional dyspepsia (FD) (FD group), patients with mixed symptoms IBS and FD (Mixed group). Patient levels of tissue transglutaminase IgA (tTG-IgA) and/or antiendomysial IgA group antibodies (EMA-IgA) were evaluated. Four duodenal biopsies were obtained and reported according to Marsh classification. Patients diagnosed or being referred for confirmation of CD were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Overall, 1,833 FGIDs patients were enrolled. Celiac serology was available for 1,570 patients, duodenal histology for 582 patients, both histology and serology for 319 patients. In total, celiac seropositivity was present in 1.78% (28/1570) (3.18% in IBS group, 0.90% in FD group and 1.11% of cases in the mixed group). Fifteen patients had histopathological changes (2.58%; 15/582). Three IBS patients (2.36%) were both serology and biopsy positive. None of the FD patients had CD. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of biopsy-proven CD in patients from Latvia with FGIDs was low. Routine screening for CD could be considered only among patients with IBS.

Predictors of positive esophagogastroduodenoscopy outcomes in children and adolescents: a single center experience.

BACKGROUND: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) has become a key element in the diagnosis and therapy of many gastrointestinal diseases affecting children. The aim of this study was to evaluate predictors of positive outcomes in children undergoing their first diagnostic EGD with biopsies at a single center. RESULTS: This retrospective study was based on findings from existing EGD and histopathological reports. All procedures were performed between July 2006 and July 2013. Details of each patient's clinical presentation and EGD were abstracted from medical records to determine the predictors of positive EGD outcomes. A total of 1133 records of patients between the ages of 0 and 18 years old were evaluated. Of these patients, 51.5% (n = 573) were female and 24.5% (n = 278) were younger than 4 years old. The mean age at the time of EGD was 9.6 ± 5.7 years (mean ± standard deviation). The most common indications for the procedure were abdominal pain (54.9%) and emesis (31.9%). The overall prevalence of any endoscopic abnormality was 54.5% and the overall prevalence of any histological abnormality was 59.1%. A multivariate logistic regression found that patients 12 years or older (odds ratio, OR = 1.46; 95% confidence interval, CI 1.31-1.63), African-American race (OR = 2.20; 95% CI 1.45-3.34), dysphagia (OR = 1.96; 95% CI 1.28-3.00) and positive celiac antibodies (OR = 2.25; 95% CI 1.52-3.34) were all significant independent predictors of a positive EGD outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Several clinical variables were found to be independent predictors of positive EGD outcomes in children and adolescents. Prospective studies using standardized definitions of clinical variables and endoscopy outcomes are needed to further understand predictors of positive EGDs.

The utility of routine esophagogastroduodenoscopy before laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

BACKGROUND: The routine use of esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) before laparoscopic Roux-en-y gastric bypass (LRYGB) is debatable. Various studies have reported high diagnostic yield of routine EGD before LRYGB to detect pathologies that could alter surgical management. However, other studies have found that preoperative EGD did not identify significant pathologies that changed clinical management; therefore, it is not indicated in asymptomatic patients. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to study the utility of routine EGD in patients before LRYGB. SETTING: Academic teaching hospital, (Royal Alexandra Hospital, Canada). METHODS: A retrospective review of patients undergoing LRYGB with 1 surgeon at our hospital from May 2014 to March 2016 was completed. EGD findings were compared with surgical gastrojejunal specimen pathology and postoperative complications. RESULTS: There were 116 patients who underwent EGD before LRYGB with 113 reported EGDs, of which 46.0% were normal, 40.7% had findings that did not result in a change of management, and 13.3% had findings resulting in a change of management. In the gastrojejunal specimen, 16 patients (14.2%) were found to have chronic gastritis. The relative risk of patients having gastrojejunal gastritis was 5.1 (P<.0005) for patients with gastritis on EGD and 5.1 (P<.0005) for patients with Helicobacter pylori infection on EGD. After surgery, 18 patients (15.9%) had complications. Preoperative EGD findings were not associated with postoperative complications. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings from this study, we recommend using less invasive screening in the routine workup of patients awaiting LRYGB and reserving EGD for symptomatic patients.

Laparoscopic repair of congenital duodenal obstruction is feasible even in small-volume centres.

INTRODUCTION It has been suggested that laparoscopic repair of congenital duodenal obstruction (CDO) should be restricted to a limited number of designated centres of expertise. After gaining extensive experience with intracorporeal suturing in other procedures, we evaluated the feasibility of this approach at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children (RHFSC; Edinburgh, UK). METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of all cases of CDO presenting to the RHFSC from 2012 to 2014. Cases were identified from our electronic database using standardised codes. Data comprised: gestation; birth weight; associated anomalies; patient age and weight at surgery; operative time; complications; postoperative course. RESULTS Five consecutive non-selected cases of isolated CDO were repaired laparoscopically, and all were carried out by the senior surgeon. The male:female ratio was 4:1. Corrected gestational age at surgery was 35-38 weeks, and the weight at surgery was 1.7-3.1 kg. None of our patients had significant associated anomalies. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates the feasibility of laparoscopic repair of CDO in small-volume centres, and is the first report of laparoscopically managed congenital duodenal atresia in twins.

Current Status of Preoperative Oesophago-Gastro-Duodenoscopy (OGD) in Bariatric NHS Units-a BOMSS Survey.

PURPOSE: Preoperative oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (p-OGD) is often routinely employed in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. The value of p-OGD is still unclear; however, since all bariatric procedures modify stomach anatomy differently with exclusion of the remnant in a majority of cases, the question arises whether there is a rational for including it routinely in the preoperative pathway. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To assess the current status of p-OGD in the UK, a survey was sent to the British Obesity & Metabolic Surgery Society members, regarding preoperative evaluation of patients, focusing on the role of p-OGD. Forty-nine UK bariatric units (in excess of 5000 patients estimated caseload/year) answered. RESULTS: The survey has shown that 44 units (90 %) include OGD in their preoperative work up, routinely or selectively. According to results, 25 units (51 %) changed the operative plans after OGD because of peptic ulcer (46 %), hiatus hernia (43 %), Barrett's oesophagus (32 %) or gastrointestinal stromal tumour (25 %). Only 2 units (7 %) found incidental gastrointestinal cancer. When specifically asked, p-OGD was believed to be essential in patients with family history of gastrointestinal cancer (61 %), pernicious anaemia (57 %) and reflux symptoms (54 %). Five units (10 %) considered p-OGD completely unnecessary. Only 11 units (25 %) would not be able to accommodate routine p-OGD in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Most units value p-OGD, either selectively or routinely, in preparation for bariatric surgery. However, there seems to be a discrepancy on the specific risk factors involved in the selection process. National and international guidelines are advocated.

Do patients at risk of sleep apnea have an increased risk of cardio-respiratory complications during endoscopy procedures?

BACKGROUND: Patients with sleep apnea (OSA) have an increased risk of perioperative complications. AIM: The purpose of this study is to assess whether OSA increases the risk of cardio-respiratory complications in patients undergoing endoscopic procedures with conscious sedation. METHODS: A prospective study over a 7-month period was performed. All patients undergoing upper, lower, or combined endoscopy were asked to fill in the Berlin questionnaire. The questionnaire was scored, and patients were classified as high or low risk for sleep apnea based on the suggested scoring criteria. Patients who had previously undergone a sleep study were excluded. Demographics and co-morbidities were identified from the electronic medical record. Procedure type, amount of sedation, and minor and major complications were identified from the endoscopy flow sheet. The minor complications were defined as hypertension, hypotension, bradycardia, tachycardia, hypoxemia, and bradypnea (respiratory rate <8 breaths/min). Major complications included chest pain, arrhythmia, altered mental status, respiratory distress, and a minor complication that required a significant intervention, such as use of a reversal agent, atropine, up-titration of oxygen for hypoxemia, or prolonged observation. RESULTS: Procedures were performed in 904 patients: colonoscopies, 68.0%; upper endoscopies, 22.8%; and combined procedures, 9.2%. Five hundred fifty-three patients were identified as low risk (61.2%), and 351 were identified as high risk (38.8%). The mean age was 59.5 ± 10.5 years, mean body mass index was 28.9 ± 6.6, mean neck circumference was 16.2 ± 6.3 in., and 91.4% were males. The median Charlson co-morbidity index was 1 (25-75% percentage range 0-2). All patients received midazolam and fentanyl during endoscopy. The median and 25-75% range for midazolam and fentanyl dosages were 5 mg, 4-6 mg and 100 µg, 75-125 µg, respectively. Minor complications were observed in 10.56% of low-risk patients and 10.63% of high-risk patients (p = not significant (NS); odds ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval 0.65-1.56). Major complications were observed in 3.25% of low-risk patients and 1.9% of high-risk patients (p = ns; odds ratio, 0.6; 95% confidence interval 0.26-1.46). CONCLUSION: For patients undergoing endoscopy procedures under conscious sedation, the presence of OSA does not clearly increase the risk of cardiopulmonary complications.

[Modern methods of perforative duodenal ulcer treatment].

The results of treatment of 150 patients, suffering gastroduodenal perforative ulcer, using laparoscopic method, were studied. Depending on the operations volume, they must be divided on palliative, conditionally radical and radical. The operation volume choice has depended on the patient age, the ulcer disease duration and the course character, as well as the conservative therapy efficacy. Laparoscopic interventions were performed in 138 (92%) patients and laparoscopically-associated--in 12 (8%). Complications in the early postoperative period have had occurred in 4 (2.7%) patients. Postoperative recurrence of ulcer was revealed during three years in 14 (9.3%) patients.

Surgery or endoscopy to treat duodenal duplications in children.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Gastrointestinal duplications (duodenal duplications [DDs]) are a rare congenital malformation generally located in or adjacent to the medial border of the duodenal wall. The goal of therapy is surgical excision. Conservative endoscopic management represents an alternative option. AIM: The aim of the study was to highlight the role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in guiding the endoscopic or surgical treatment of DD. METHODS: Between 2002 and 2010, 6 patients (2 male; mean age, 7.83 years; range, 2-18 years), all with recurrent acute pancreatitis, were diagnosed with DD by ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Endoscopy was always performed together with EUS (Olympus UM-3R 20-MHz radial miniprobe, Tokyo, Japan). An endoscopic section of the common duodenal-DD wall, using a precut needle or sphincterotome, was chosen by EUS when the biliary tree was not involved in the DD. Otherwise, surgery with duodenotomy and complete opening of the common wall was used. RESULTS: After EUS evaluation, endoscopic treatment was successfully performed in 4 patients, 2 of whom required surgical treatment. Bleeding occurred in 1 patient after endoscopic resection and in 1 patient after surgery. The mean follow-up time without pathologic signs was 3.3 years (range, 0.25-8). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic ultrasound can effectively guide surgical or endoscopic therapies. Bleeding is a possible complication.

Changes in indications for upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy and endoscopic findings during the last fifteen years in south-western Greece.

BACKGROUND: During the past years, major advances in the management of upper gastrointestinal diseases have been achieved. The aim of this study was to determine if changes in indications for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and endoscopic findings have occurred during the last 15 years in our area. METHODS: Indications for upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy and endoscopy findings of patients who underwent upper endoscopy in years 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2005 in our department were compared. RESULTS: Over the 15-year period, the number of diagnostic endoscopies performed in our department in years 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2005 increased (953, 1245, 2350, and 2528, respectively). Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding had become less frequent (40%, 42.8%, 19.7%, 14.3%, P<0.001), but dyspepsia (24.4%, 33.6%, 54.3%, 51.3%, P=0.002) and reflux (1.8%, 1.3%, 5.1%, 10.8%, P=0.005) more frequent indications for upper endoscopy. The endoscopic findings of duodenal ulcer (39.1%, 22.5%, 20.5%, 9.3%, P<0.001), gastric ulcer (15.9%, 8.3%, 5.7%, 4.6%, P=0.036) as well as erosive gastroduodenitis (35.6%, 22.2%, 15.3%, 4.7%, P<0.001) decreased, whereas that of reflux esophagitis (3.1%, 10.1%, 12%, 16%, P=0.034) increased. Moreover, the percentage of patients with negative endoscopy or minimal endoscopic findings (eg, nonerosive gastritis) increased (12.8%, 33.7%, 54.1%, 64.4%, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In south-western Greece, dyspepsia and reflux as an indication for upper endoscopy have been increasing, whereas acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding has been decreasing. The finding of peptic ulcers at the upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy has become significantly less frequent, while the percentage of patients with negative results of endoscopy seems to have been increasing rapidly.

How many duodenal biopsy specimens are required to make a diagnosis of celiac disease?

BACKGROUND: It is unknown how many endoscopic biopsy specimens are needed to diagnose celiac disease (CD). OBJECTIVE: To determine the numbers of duodenal biopsy specimens needed to diagnose CD. DESIGN: Retrospective medical record audit, histology slide analysis, and chart review. SETTING: A tertiary-care university hospital. PATIENTS: Adults who underwent EGD to diagnose CD. INTERVENTIONS: Our pathology database was searched for the keywords "consistent with celiac disease," "not consistent with celiac disease," "villous atrophy," and "intraepithelial lymphocytes" from January 2001 to May 2006. The number of biopsy specimens was determined and graded for a modified Marsh classification, and charts were reviewed for diagnosis verification. CD was confirmed if Marsh grade 3A was found, even on one biopsy specimen. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The number of biopsy specimens needed to make the diagnosis of CD. RESULTS: Of 247 cases, 102 patients were diagnosed with biopsy specimen-confirmed CD. In 9 patients, CD could not be confirmed on the basis of histology alone (highest Marsh lesion was grade 1 or 2), but a clinical diagnosis was made on the basis of presentation and serology. CD could be confirmed if only 2 biopsy specimens were obtained in 84 patients (90%), if only 3 biopsy specimens were obtained in an additional 5 patients (95%), and if at least 4 biopsy specimens were taken in the remainder. CD was ruled out in 145 patients. In 142 patients, biopsy specimens were uniformly negative; 3 patients had Marsh grade 1 lesions but negative serology. LIMITATIONS: A retrospective design. CONCLUSIONS: Only 2 biopsy specimens will lead to a confirmed diagnosis of CD in 90%, and a suspected diagnosis in all. For 100% confidence in diagnosis of CD, 4 duodenal biopsy specimens should be taken.

Duodenal levodopa infusion in Parkinson's disease--long-term experience.

Motor fluctuations in parkinsonian patients can be reduced by intraduodenal infusion of levodopa. Between 1991 and 1998 continuous daytime administration of levodopa through a transabdominal port has been used in 28 very advanced patients over a total period of 1045 months. A stable suspension of levodopa and carbidopa (Duodopa) has been developed. Patients were characterized by early onset, long history of disease and levodopa therapy. The reason for infusion was in all cases related to on-off fluctuations. All patients experienced a general improvement after the introduction of continuous treatment. There have been no severe complications. Six patients have taken the decision to curtail their treatment. The mean daily levodopa consumption has been slightly reduced on infusion as compared to oral therapy. Nine of the first group of patients participating in the new therapy have been regularly evaluated by means of rating scales and movement analyses. Short-term results have already been published and a follow-up showing continued positive effect after 4-7 years of continuous duodenal infusion is presented.

[Esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy of pediatric patients]. / Osofago-gastro-duodenoskopi af paediatriske patienter.

In total 199 oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopies (OGD) were performed in 71 female and 71 male paediatric patients (three months-15 years, median 8 years 2 months). The endoscopy was performed in general anaesthesia in children less than five years old, and in an intravenous sedation in older patients. The indications for OGD were: recurrent abdominal pain and concomitant positive antibodies against Helicobacter pylori as a part of a scientific project, upper dyspepsia, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, failure to thrive, coeliac disease, suspicion of chronic inflammatory bowel disease and a percutaneous gastrostomy. Seventy-two OGD were carried out in general anaesthesia, 86 in intravenous sedation with midazolam and pethidine and 41 in intravenous midazolam sedation. Complications related to the sedation or to the endoscopy were not observed. Amnesia was reported in 94/95 children who were sedated intravenously with midazolam and pethidine or midazolam alone. Six endoscopies could not be carried out in intravenous sedation because of agitation. In the primary OGD endoscopy revealed a normal mucosa in 121/142 (85%), oesophagitis in four (3%), nodular mucosa in six (4%), gastritis in four (3%) and a duodenal ulcer in one (0.7%). Histology disclosed active or inactive chronic gastritis at the primary endoscopy in 35/69 (51%) of the children with recurrent abdominal pain and antibodies against H. pylori. In children with failure to thrive an avillous duodenal mucosa was seen in 3/32 (9%). A comparison between histological and stereomicroscopical evaluation of the duodenal biopsies revealed agreement in 41/47 (87%). We conclude that OGD is a safe and tolerable procedure in paediatric patients, in whom possible morphological changes are suspected. The indications for an OGD need further evaluation.

[Neonatal esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy. Apropos of 123 examinations performed on 107 newborn infants]. / L'oesogastroduodénoscopie néonatale. A propos de 123 examens réalisés chez 107 nouveau-nés.

UNLABELLED: Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is frequently used in the neonatal period. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of the different lesions occurring as well as to precise indications of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in neonates. POPULATION AND METHODS: A retrospective study including 107 neonates referred between October 1986 and April 1995 has been achieved in the pediatric gastroenterology unit of the Lille University Hospital. Various factors were analysed: gestational age, sex, reasons for endoscopy and macroscopic lesions observed. Three groups were constituted according to macroscopic findings; group I: normal aspect (n = 22); group II: isolated esophagitis (n = 27); group III: esogastritis or gastroduodenitis or esogastroduodenitis (n = 38). Chi 2 test was performed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Signs recalling esophagitis (cry during feeding) were more frequent in group II than in group III: 37% vs 13% (P < 0.03). The neonates undergoing endoscopy for life-threatening events were more frequent in group I than in group II or III, respectively: 59% vs 15% (P < 0.01) and 59% vs 8% (P < 10(-4). Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy led to a precise diagnosis in 80% of the neonates. However 95% of those examined for hematemesis presented macroscopic lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Hematemesis and suspicion of esophagitis are good indications for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in neonatal period. In life-threatening events and suspicion of pyloric stenosis, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is only complementary of more contributive other examinations.

Tratamiento de la coledocolitiasis a cálculo grande / Treatment of the choledocholithiasis of great cyst

Entre enero de 1990 y junio de 1992, se demostró coledocolitiasis mediante colangiografía endoscópica a 187 pacientes, a todos ellos de acuerdo a protocolo de tratamiento en nuestro hospital. Se intentó en el mismo acto papilotomía endoscópica y extracción de cálculos con Dormia; en los casos en que por el tamaño de la litiasis esto no es aconsejable se utiliza un lipotriptor mecánico y si este falla se procede a colocar sonda nasobiliar (SNB) para aplicar posteriormente litotricia extracorpórea. Se controla mediante colangiografía por la SNB, la fragmentación adecuada del o los cálculos y si es necesario se realiza nuevamente una endoscopía para extraer residuos y limpiar la vía biliar. De estos 187 pacientes en 2 casos no fue factible realizar la papilotomía endoscópica, la que fue exitosa en 185 (98 por ciento ). En 163 (87 por ciento ) se logró la extirpación completa de los cálculos con canastillo de Dormia, pero en 22 casos el tamaño de los cálculos necesitó procedimientos complementarios. En 15 casos (8 por ciento ) la coledocolitiaisis se solucionó con litotricia mecánica vía endoscópica, y en 7 (4 por ciento ) con litotricia extracorporéa previa colocación de SNB. Todos los casos fueron controlados radiológicamente hasta limpiar la vía biliar y evolucionaron sin complicaciones secundarias.