RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Muskoxen are important ecosystem components and provide food, economic opportunities, and cultural well-being for Indigenous communities in the Canadian Arctic. Between 2010 and 2021, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated from carcasses of muskoxen, caribou, a seal, and an Arctic fox during multiple large scale mortality events in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. A single strain ('Arctic clone') of E. rhusiopathiae was associated with the mortalities on Banks, Victoria and Prince Patrick Islands, Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Canada (2010-2017). The objectives of this study were to (i) characterize the genomes of E. rhusiopathiae isolates obtained from more recent muskox mortalities in the Canadian Arctic in 2019 and 2021; (ii) identify and compare common virulence traits associated with the core genome and mobile genetic elements (i.e. pathogenicity islands and prophages) among Arctic clone versus other E. rhusiopathiae genomes; and iii) use pan-genome wide association studies (GWAS) to determine unique genetic contents of the Arctic clone that may encode virulence traits and that could be used for diagnostic purposes. RESULTS: Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the newly sequenced E. rhusiopathiae isolates from Ellesmere Island, Nunavut (2021) also belong to the Arctic clone. Of 17 virulence genes analysed among 28 Arctic clone isolates, four genes - adhesin, rhusiopathiae surface protein-A (rspA), choline binding protein-B (cbpB) and CDP-glycerol glycerophosphotransferase (tagF) - had amino acid sequence variants unique to this clone when compared to 31 other E. rhusiopathiae genomes. These genes encode proteins that facilitate E. rhusiopathiae to attach to the host endothelial cells and form biofilms. GWAS analyses using Scoary found several unique genes to be overrepresented in the Arctic clone. CONCLUSIONS: The Arctic clone of E. rhusiopathiae was associated with multiple muskox mortalities spanning over a decade and multiple Arctic islands with distances over 1000 km, highlighting the extent of its spatiotemporal spread. This clone possesses unique gene content, as well as amino acid variants in multiple virulence genes that are distinct from the other closely related E. rhusiopathiae isolates. This study establishes an essential foundation on which to investigate whether these differences are correlated with the apparent virulence of this specific clone through in vitro and in vivo studies.
Asunto(s)
Erysipelothrix , Regiones Árticas , Erysipelothrix/genética , Erysipelothrix/patogenicidad , Erysipelothrix/aislamiento & purificación , Canadá , Animales , Virulencia/genética , Genómica , Genoma Bacteriano , Filogenia , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/microbiología , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Islas GenómicasRESUMEN
Goose erysipelas is a serious problem in waterfowl breeding in Poland. However, knowledge of the characteristics of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae strains causing this disease is limited. In this study, the antimicrobial susceptibility and serotypes of four E. rhusiopathiae strains from domestic geese were determined, and their whole-genome sequences (WGSs) were analyzed to detect resistance genes, integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs), and prophage DNA. Sequence type and the presence of resistance genes and transposons were compared with 363 publicly available E. rhusiopathiae strains, as well as 13 strains of other Erysipelothrix species. Four strains tested represented serotypes 2 and 5 and the MLST groups ST 4, 32, 242, and 243. Their assembled circular genomes ranged from 1.8 to 1.9 kb with a GC content of 36-37%; a small plasmid was detected in strain 1023. Strains 1023 and 267 were multidrug-resistant. The resistance genes detected in the genome of strain 1023 were erm47, tetM, and lsaE-lnuB-ant(6)-Ia-spw cluster, while strain 267 contained the tetM and ermB genes. Mutations in the gyrA gene were detected in both strains. The tetM gene was embedded in a Tn916-like transposon, which in strain 1023, together with the other resistance genes, was located on a large integrative and conjugative-like element of 130 kb designated as ICEEr1023. A minor integrative element of 74 kb was identified in strain 1012 (ICEEr1012). This work contributes to knowledge about the characteristics of E. rhusiopathiae bacteria and, for the first time, reveals the occurrence of erm47 and ermB resistance genes in strains of this species. Phage infection appears to be responsible for the introduction of the ermB gene into the genome of strain 267, while ICEs most likely play a key role in the spread of the other resistance genes identified in E. rhusiopathiae.
Asunto(s)
Erysipelothrix , Gansos , Profagos , Animales , Gansos/microbiología , Polonia , Erysipelothrix/genética , Profagos/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/microbiología , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/genética , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Genoma Bacteriano , Elementos Transponibles de ADN/genética , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Conjugación Genética , Plásmidos/genéticaRESUMEN
Infections by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae occur in domestic animals and cause the disease known as 'erysipelas'. The ubiquity of Erysipelothrix spp. makes infection possible in a wide range of vertebrates and invertebrates. Cetaceans are highly susceptible to erysipelas, especially those under human care. The number of cases documented in wild cetaceans is low, the pathogenesis is incompletely understood, and the full spectrum of lesions is not well defined. The possible serotypes and species of the genus that can cause disease are unknown. In October 2022, a common bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus stranded in Vilassar de Mar (Catalonia) showing skin lesions consistent with 'diamond skin disease', a characteristic lesion of erysipelas shared by swine and cetaceans. Necropsy was performed following standardized procedures, and multiple samples were taken for histopathology and bacteriology. Erysipelothrix sp. grew in pure culture in many tissue samples. Genetic characterization by multi-locus sequence analysis identified the species as E. rhusiopathiae. Histologically, the main lesions were an intense suppurative vasculitis of leptomeningeal arteries and veins with abundant intramural Gram-positive bacilli and meningeal hemorrhages. Meningeal lesions were considered the cause of death. The affected skin showed moderate suppurative dermatitis. Herein we document a case of erysipelas in a Mediterranean common bottlenose dolphin with unusual lesions in the leptomeningeal vessels and marked skin tropism. To our knowledge, this is the first case of severe brain involvement in erysipelas in a cetacean. We also provide a review of available cases in wild cetaceans, to highlight the characteristics of the disease and improve future diagnosis.
Asunto(s)
Delfín Mular , Erisipela , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix , Erysipelothrix , Animales , Encéfalo , Erisipela/veterinaria , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/microbiologíaRESUMEN
CASE: This article reports a case of a 72-year-old man with bilateral total hip joint replacements who suffered cuts to his hands while butchering a wild boar. He presented to the emergency department with fevers and unilateral hip pain. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (E. rhusiopathiae) was isolated on hip aspirate and blood cultures. E. rhusiopathiae is a well-recognized zoonotic infection in humans, particularly in at-risk hosts, most commonly infecting swine. Infection is spread by ingestion or through skin abrasion. CONCLUSION: This illustrates an example of successful operative and perioperative management of prosthetic joint infection secondary to E. rhusiopathiae, particularly microbiological identification, within a multispecialty team of physicians and surgeons.
Asunto(s)
Artritis Infecciosa , Artroplastia de Reemplazo , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix , Erysipelothrix , Masculino , Humanos , Animales , Porcinos , Anciano , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/microbiología , Artritis Infecciosa/microbiología , Articulación de la Cadera/cirugíaRESUMEN
An unusual case of swollen head syndrome in a 55-wk-old broiler breeder flock was identified in north Georgia in the summer of 2019. The presenting complaint was elevated mortality and visibly swollen heads. Necropsy of affected birds on the farm primarily revealed signs of bacterial septicemia, with few large scab lesions near the vent area. Bacterial culture analysis identified multiple organisms, but the primary organism of interest was identified as Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, cultured from affected liver, lung, sinuses, and one swollen wattle of birds in the affected house. Histopathologic analysis identified gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria in the spleen and liver (consistent with bacterial septicemia) confirmed with special staining (Brown & Hopps Gram stain). These organisms were noted to be consistent with E. rhusiopathiae; E. rhusiopathiae infection in broiler breeder chickens is a rare occurrence and is primarily associated with turkeys and/or swine production systems.
Reporte de caso- Infección por Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae asociada con el síndrome de cabeza hinchada en un pollo de engorde. En el verano del 2019, se identificó un caso inusual de síndrome de cabeza hinchada en una parvada de reproductoras de pollos de engorde de 55 semanas de edad en el norte de Georgia. Las observaciones iniciales incluyeron mortalidad elevada y cabezas visiblemente inflamadas. La necropsia de las aves afectadas en la granja reveló principalmente signos de septicemia bacteriana, con pocas lesiones costrosas grandes cerca del área de extractores de la ventilación. El análisis de cultivos bacterianos identificó múltiples organismos, pero el principal organismo de interés fue identificado como Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, cultivado a partir de hígado, pulmón, senos paranasales y de una barbilla inflamada de aves en la caseta afectada. El análisis histopatológico identificó bacterias grampositivas en forma de bastón en el bazo y el hígado (compatibles con septicemia bacteriana) confirmadas con tinción especial (tinción de Gram de Brown y Hopps). Se observó que estos organismos eran compatibles con E. rhusiopathiae; La infección por E. rhusiopathiae en pollos de engorde se presenta de forma esporádica y se asocia principalmente con sistemas de producción de pavos y/o cerdos.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Erysipelothrix , Erysipelothrix , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Sepsis , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Porcinos , Pollos/microbiología , Georgia/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/epidemiología , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/microbiología , Sepsis/veterinariaRESUMEN
The microbiology of infective endocarditis (IE) varies in different populations and depends on public health conditions and socioeconomic status. In low-income countries, oral Streptococci affect hearts with rheumatic valve disease in patients with poor dentition. In high-income countries, Staphylococci are the most common cause, affecting elderly and immunocompromised patients, or those with invasive devices. Gram - positive bacili as IE pathogens are unusual. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a Gram positive bacili. It causes skin diseases in domestic and farm animals, but in humans, is a very unusual pathogen. This infection is considered a zoonosis, since most cases are linked to direct contact with vector animals. We report a 62 year-old male patient with a history of exposure to animals, who developed an infective endocarditis with severe bivalve regurgitation and septic shock, requiring antimicrobials and surgical resolution. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated from blood and valve vegetation cultures. The patient had a successful evolution and was discharged from the hospital.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Animales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Endocarditis , Endocarditis Bacteriana/microbiología , Erysipelothrix , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/microbiología , ZoonosisRESUMEN
The microbiology of infective endocarditis (IE) varies in different populations and depends on public health conditions and socioeconomic status. In low-income countries, oral Streptococci affect hearts with rheumatic valve disease in patients with poor dentition. In high-income countries, Staphylococci are the most common cause, affecting elderly and immunocompromised patients, or those with invasive devices. Gram - positive bacili as IE pathogens are unusual. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a Gram positive bacili. It causes skin diseases in domestic and farm animals, but in humans, is a very unusual pathogen. This infection is considered a zoonosis, since most cases are linked to direct contact with vector animals. We report a 62 year-old male patient with a history of exposure to animals, who developed an infective endocarditis with severe bivalve regurgitation and septic shock, requiring antimicrobials and surgical resolution. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated from blood and valve vegetation cultures. The patient had a successful evolution and was discharged from the hospital.
Asunto(s)
Endocarditis Bacteriana , Endocarditis , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix , Erysipelothrix , Masculino , Animales , Humanos , Anciano , Persona de Mediana Edad , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/microbiología , Endocarditis Bacteriana/microbiología , ZoonosisRESUMEN
Erysipelas, caused by infection with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER) is an important emerging disease in laying hens. We have earlier observed prominent mannose-binding lectin (MBL) acute phase responses in experimentally ER infected chickens. The present study aimed to further examine immune responses to ER by using chickens selectively bred for high (L10H) and low (L10L) serum MBL levels. Chickens were infected with ER at 3 weeks of age and immune parameters and bacterial load were monitored in blood until day 18 after infection. Blood and spleen leukocytes collected on day 18 were stimulated in vitro with ER antigens and blast transformation of different T-cell populations was assessed. The ER infection gave a very varied outcome and no clear differences were observed between L10H and L10L chickens with respect to leukocyte counts, bacterial load or clinical outcome. Nonetheless, rapid innate responses, e.g., heterophilia and increased serum MBL levels were noted in bacteraemic chickens. All ER infected chickens also showed transient increased expression of mannose receptor MRC1L-B and decreased expression of major histocompatibility complex II on monocytes day 1 after infection indicating monocyte activation or relocation. In vitro ER stimulation showed antigen specific blast transformation of CD4+, TCRγ/δ-CD8αß+ and TCRγ/δ+CD8αß+ spleen cells from all infected chickens. For CD4+ and TCRγ/δ-CD8αß+ cells the proportions of blast transformed cells were significantly higher for samples from L10L chickens than those for samples from L10H chickens. This is the first observation of ER-specific T-cells in chickens and interestingly a Th1-type response comprising cytotoxic T-cells was indicated.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Erysipelothrix , Erysipelothrix , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Femenino , Pollos , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/microbiología , Recuento de Leucocitos/veterinariaRESUMEN
Prosthetic knee joint infection caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is uncommon and only one case of recurrent infection has previously been described. Here, we describe the case of a 77-year-old male patient who was admitted to the teaching hospital of Rennes (France) with bilateral and nocturnal gonalgia evolving for 1 month. He had bilateral knee prosthesis 10 years ago, and a history of large B-cell lymphoma in remission. A diagnosis of infective endocarditis, with prosthetic knee infection, was made, with positive cultures of synovial fluids and blood; colonies of E. rhusiopathiae were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Initial treatment involved debridement, implant retention surgery and intravenous amoxicillin (12 g day-1) for 6 weeks with gentamicin 3 mg kg-1 day-1 added for the first 4 days. One year later, a second episode of E. rhusiopathiae infection occurred, suggesting a recurrence or reinfection due to the same bacterial species. The patient was finally cured after a two-stage exchange with a cemented articulated spacer and a 3 month course of amoxicillin (12 g day-1, iv). Different characteristics of E. rhusiopathiae infection were discussed, with a review of all cases of prosthetic joint infections caused by Erysipelothrix species. This case highlights the need for a long-term survey of patients, and a good knowledge of their environment to avoid any risk of reinfection.
Asunto(s)
Artritis Infecciosa , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix , Erysipelothrix , Anciano , Amoxicilina , Animales , Artritis Infecciosa/microbiología , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/microbiología , Humanos , Masculino , ReinfecciónRESUMEN
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection and septicemia occurred in a 5-d old Boer goat found dead on a farm in western Pennsylvania. On autopsy, there was moderate, focally extensive hemorrhage along the remnants of the urachus and umbilical arteries and the apex of the urinary bladder. Microscopic examination of immunohistochemical stained tissues revealed abundant intracellular and extracellular E. rhusiopathiae antigen-positive bacilli in all tissues stained, including lung, heart, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, and thymus. Bacteria isolated from liver and urachus were identified as E. rhusiopathiae by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and further confirmed by a PCR assay. An epidemiologic investigation was conducted via an on-farm questionnaire after the owners noted a 70% mortality rate from the 2019 kidding season. The epidemiologic investigation showed that E. rhusiopathiae, an opportunistic zoonotic organism, was introduced to the farm through a breach in biosecurity and was likely perpetuated among the resident poultry species.
Asunto(s)
Erisipela , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix , Erysipelothrix , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Animales , Brotes de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Erisipela/epidemiología , Erisipela/veterinaria , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/microbiología , Granjas , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Cabras , Pennsylvania/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, is an important animal pathogen, but rarely reported in humans. To date, only fa ew cases of infective E rhusiopathiae endocarditis of the aortic valve have been described. We introduce the first reported case of severe damage of the native unicuspid aortic valve complicated with acquired ventricular septal defect caused by E rhusiopathiae endocarditis. This case may provide a better understanding of the disease process and transmission and underscores the need to include this pathogen in the differential diagnosis of infective endocarditis.
Asunto(s)
Endocarditis Bacteriana/etiología , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/etiología , Erysipelothrix/aislamiento & purificación , Defectos del Tabique Interventricular/complicaciones , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/complicaciones , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Ecocardiografía , Endocarditis Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/microbiología , Defectos del Tabique Interventricular/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Erysipelas, a disease caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER), is an increasing problem in laying hens housed in cage-free systems. This study aimed to monitor immune responses during ER infection of naïve chickens and chickens vaccinated intra muscularly with a commercial inactivated ER vaccine. Chickens were infected intra muscularly with ER at 30 days of age and blood leukocyte counts, serum levels of mannose binding lectin (MBL) and ER-specific IgY were monitored until the experiment was terminated at day 15 after infection. ER was detected in blood from more chickens and at higher bacterial counts in the naïve group (day 1: 1 of 7 chickens; day 3: 6 of 6 chickens) than in the vaccinated group (day 1: 0 of 7 chickens; day 3: 1 of 6 chickens). During the acute phase of infection transient increases in circulating heterophil numbers and serum MBL levels were detected in all ER infected chickens but these responses were prolonged in chickens from the naïve group compared to vaccinated chickens. Before infection IgY titers to ER in vaccinated chickens did not differ significantly from those of naïve chickens but vaccinated chickens showed significantly increased IgY titers to ER earlier after infection compared to chickens in the naïve group. In conclusion, the ER infection elicited prompt acute innate responses in all chickens. Vaccinated chickens did not have high IgY titers to ER prior to infection but did however show lower levels of bacteraemia and their acute immune responses were of shorter duration.
Asunto(s)
Pollos , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/inmunología , Erysipelothrix/fisiología , Inmunidad Innata , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/inmunología , Animales , Proteínas Aviares/sangre , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/microbiología , Femenino , Inmunoglobulinas/sangre , Recuento de Leucocitos/veterinaria , Lectina de Unión a Manosa/sangre , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Organismos Libres de Patógenos EspecíficosRESUMEN
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a zoonotic pathogen that causes erysipelas in a variety of animals. In humans, in contrast to the cutaneous form called erysipeloid, which is an occupational disease and common in individuals who handle raw meat and fish, invasive systemic infections are unusual. E. rhusiopathiae expresses an immunogenic surface protein, Spa (surface protective antigen), which is involved in virulence. Among the antigenically different Spa proteins (SpaA, B and C), which are mostly associated with serovars, SpaA is by far the most prevalent in E. rhusiopathiae isolates from diseased animals. However, the Spa type has not been examined for human isolates, and it is unknown whether SpaB- or SpaC-possessing isolates can cause disease in humans. A Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium isolated from a case of human pyogenic spondylitis was analysed. The bacterium was identified as E. rhusiopathiae by a routine biochemical test and MS, and ultimately confirmed by an E. rhusiopathiae-specific PCR assay. Spa typing by sequencing revealed the SpaB type, and the serovar of the strain was identified as untypeable by a conventional agar gel precipitation test, but determined to be serovar 6 by a serotyping PCR assay. Sequence analysis of the serovar-defining chromosomal region revealed that the isolate displayed the same gene organization as the serovar 6 reference strain, but the region was disrupted by an insertion sequence element, suggesting that the isolate originated from a serovar 6 strain. These results highlight that unusual, spaB-possessing E. rhusiopathiae strains can potentially pose serious risks to humans.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Superficie/inmunología , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/microbiología , Erysipelothrix/genética , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antígenos Bacterianos/inmunología , Antígenos Bacterianos/metabolismo , Antígenos de Superficie/metabolismo , Proteínas Bacterianas/inmunología , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Erysipelothrix/metabolismo , Erysipelothrix/patogenicidad , Femenino , Humanos , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/métodos , Serogrupo , Serotipificación , VirulenciaRESUMEN
The disease erysipelas caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER) is a major concern in pig production. In the present study the genomes of ER from pigs (n=87), wild boars (n=71) and other sources (n=85) were compared in terms of whole-genome SNP variation, accessory genome content and the presence of genetic antibiotic resistance determinants. The aim was to investigate if genetic features among ER were associated with isolate origin in order to better estimate the risk of transmission of porcine-adapted strains from wild boars to free-range pigs and to increase our understanding of the evolution of ER. Pigs and wild boars carried isolates representing all ER clades, but clade one only occurred in healthy wild boars and healthy pigs. Several accessory genes or gene variants were found to be significantly associated with the pig and wild boar hosts, with genes predicted to encode cell wall-associated or extracellular proteins overrepresented. Gene variants associated with serovar determination and capsule production in serovars known to be pathogenic for pigs were found to be significantly associated with pigs as hosts. In total, 30â% of investigated pig isolates but only 6â% of wild boar isolates carried resistance genes, most commonly tetM (tetracycline) and lsa(E) together with lnu(B) (lincosamides, pleuromutilin and streptogramin A). The incidence of variably present genes including resistance determinants was weakly linked to phylogeny, indicating that host adaptation in ER has evolved multiple times in diverse lineages mediated by recombination and the acquisition of mobile genetic elements. The presented results support the occurrence of host-adapted ER strains, but they do not indicate frequent transmission between wild boars and domestic pigs. This article contains data hosted by Microreact.
Asunto(s)
Animales Salvajes/microbiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/microbiología , Erysipelothrix/genética , Sus scrofa/microbiología , Animales , Adaptación al Huésped , Filogenia , Serogrupo , PorcinosRESUMEN
No disponible
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Humanos , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Celulitis (Flemón)/diagnóstico , Celulitis (Flemón)/microbiología , Erysipelothrix/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedad Relacionada con los Viajes , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/microbiología , BiopsiaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Muskoxen are a key species of Arctic ecosystems and are important for food security and socio-economic well-being of many Indigenous communities in the Arctic and Subarctic. Between 2009 and 2014, the bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated for the first time in this species in association with multiple mortality events in Canada and Alaska, raising questions regarding the spatiotemporal occurrence of the pathogen and its potential impact on muskox populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We adapted a commercial porcine E. rhusiopathiae enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to test 958 blood samples that were collected from muskoxen from seven regions in Alaska and the Canadian Arctic between 1976 and 2017. The cut-off between negative and positive results was established using mixture-distribution analysis, a data-driven approach. Based on 818 samples for which a serological status could be determined and with complete information, we calculated trends in sample seroprevalences in population time-series and compared them with population trends in the investigated regions. RESULTS: Overall, 219/818 (27.8%, 95% Confidence Interval: 24.7-31.0) samples were classified as positive for exposure to E. rhusiopathiae. There were large variations between years and regions. Seropositive animals were found among the earliest serum samples tested; 1976 in Alaska and 1991 in Canada. In Alaskan muskoxen, sample seroprevalence increased after 2000 and, in two regions, peak seroprevalences occurred simultaneously with population declines. In one of these regions, concurrent unusual mortalities were observed and E. rhusiopathiae was isolated from muskox carcasses. In Canada, there was an increase in sample seroprevalence in two muskox populations following known mortality events that had been attributed to E. rhusiopathiae. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate widespread exposure of muskoxen to E. rhusiopathiae in western Canada and Alaska. Although not new to the Arctic, we documented an increased exposure to the pathogen in several regions concurrent with population declines. Understanding causes for the apparent increased occurrence of this pathogen and its association with large scale mortality events for muskoxen is critical to evaluate the implications for wildlife and wildlife-dependent human populations in the Arctic.
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Artiodáctilos/microbiología , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix , Erysipelothrix/aislamiento & purificación , Alaska , Animales , Regiones Árticas , Canadá , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/epidemiología , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/microbiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Pruebas Serológicas/métodosAsunto(s)
Endocarditis Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/diagnóstico , Erysipelothrix/aislamiento & purificación , Accidente Cerebrovascular/etiología , Endocarditis Bacteriana/microbiología , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/microbiología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Accidente Cerebrovascular/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Erysipelas is a bacterial disease caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae that affects multiple mammalian and avian species. In poultry, the disease is of sporadic prevalence and more often observed in older birds, leading to decreased egg production and mortality. Among avian species, turkey breeders seem to be the most affected, but outbreaks have been reported in ducks, layer chickens, quails, geese, and various captive and free-range birds. Sixty-seven cases of erysipelas have been diagnosed in animals submitted for necropsy evaluation at the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System from January 2000 to December 2019. Of these, 38 cases (56.72%) were in avian species, and a retrospective analysis of these avian cases was performed. The majority of the avian cases were in turkeys (17/38, 44.74%). Most of the turkey breeder cases reported performing artificial insemination prior to the increase in mortality. In other birds, mortality was often observed without observing previous clinical signs. The majority of cases presented with coinfections with other pathogens (23/38, 60.53%), which might have affected the clinical outcome. Despite the occasional occurrence in avian species, erysipelas is an important pathogen in poultry and should be considered as a differential diagnosis in other avian species when acute septicemia is suspected as the cause of mortality.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Aves/epidemiología , Aves , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/epidemiología , Erysipelothrix/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Animales Salvajes , Enfermedades de las Aves/microbiología , California/epidemiología , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/microbiología , Incidencia , Aves de Corral , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae is a Gram-positive bacillus that is ubiquitous in nature. The bacterium is a zoonotic pathogen known to infect wild and domestic animals. Human infections, however, are uncommon and typically present with localised or generalised cutaneous lesions. Systemic infection in the form of bacteraemia with seeding to various organs is the least common form of the disease. Infections in humans tend to be associated with occupational exposure and close contact with animals. Clinical data of a 61-year-old male patient with Gram-positive bacilli bacteraemia and E. Rh usiopathiae-induced endocarditis are presented here. The patient presented with refractory congestive heart failure secondary to severe acute aortic regurgitation mandating surgical valve replacement. The described case has special clinical merit given the lack of fever and leukocytosis, absence of erysipeloid cutaneous manifestations and refractoriness to medical management. E. Rhusiopathiae should be considered in the differential diagnosis for Gram-positive bacilli bacteraemia and endocarditis. In the proper clinical setting, occupational exposure and animal contacts are helpful clues to raise suspicion for this bacillus. The high mortality associated with the pathogen should urge for early identification and initiation of antimicrobial treatment.
Asunto(s)
Bacteriemia/diagnóstico , Endocarditis Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/diagnóstico , Erysipelothrix/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Aórtica/etiología , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Aórtica/cirugía , Bacteriemia/complicaciones , Bacteriemia/microbiología , Bacteriemia/cirugía , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Endocarditis Bacteriana/microbiología , Endocarditis Bacteriana/cirugía , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/microbiología , Infecciones por Erysipelothrix/cirugía , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/etiología , Implantación de Prótesis de Válvulas Cardíacas , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , ZoonosisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Clinical cases of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, a zoonotic gram-positive bacterium, have been reported in many ruminant species, including in cattle, deer, moose and muskoxen. Fatal cases have been repeatedly reported in cattle over the years but to date there is only one Japanese study investigating the seroprevalence of this bacterium in cattle using the growth agglutination test (GAT). This technique is subjective, time-consuming, expensive and hazardous compared to modern serological tests such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or the newly developed fluorescent microbead-based immunoassays (FMIA). RESULTS: The FMIA based on the surface protein SpaA (rSpaA415) antigen of E. rhusiopathiae developed in this study had an almost perfect agreement with the GAT (k = 0.83) and showed a sensitivity of 89.7% and a specificity of 92.9% when compared to the GAT. Overall, detection rates of E. rhusiopathiae antibody positive samples were 13.8% (51/370) in British herds and 6% (12/200) in US herds. Positive cattle were present in 34.3% (24/70) of the investigated British farms and in 34.7% (8/23) of the US farms with an on-farm prevalence of 7.1 to 100% for the British farms and 8.3-30% for the US farms. CONCLUSIONS: FMIA is a fast, safe and economic alternative to the GAT for the diagnosis of E. rhusiopathiae in cattle. This work is the first seroprevalence study of E. rhusiopathiae in healthy farmed cattle in Great Britain and the US and revealed that infection occurs at a low level. Further investigations to evaluate risks of zoonotic transmission when handling cattle are needed.