Ethics , National Socialism , Prejudice , Publishing , Humans , Ethics/history , Ethics, Medical/history , Germany , History, 20th Century , Medicine , National Socialism/history , Prejudice/ethics , Prejudice/ethnology , Prejudice/history , Propaganda , Publishing/ethics , Publishing/history , Publishing/standards , Science/ethics , Science/history , Systemic Racism/ethics , Systemic Racism/ethnology , Systemic Racism/history , United States , Human Rights/ethics , Human Rights/history
Ethics, Medical , Journalism, Medical , Medicine , Social Justice , Humans , Medicine/standards , Social Justice/ethics , Social Justice/history , Social Justice/injuries , Social Justice/standards , Ethics, Medical/history , Scientific Misconduct , Ethics, Professional/history , Journalism, Medical/history , Journalism, Medical/standards , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century
El artículo repasa la evolución de la deontología de la Organización Médica Colegial a través de cómo se ha plasmado en los Códigos de Deontología aprobados por esta institución. Tras una aproximación al espíritu y contenidos del primer Código de Deontología de 1978, nacido tras la Constitución Española, aprobada ese mismo año, que estableció el reconocimiento y la necesidad de regular los colegios profesionales y el ejerci cio de los profesionales titulados. Se compara Código de 1978 con el recientemente aprobado en diciembre del 2022, utilizando como puente el segundo Código de 1990. En la comparación encontramos muchas cuestiones bioéticas sobre las que, a través de las últimas décadas, se ha reflexionado y se han introducido respuestas que responden a los numerosos cambios sociales y tecnológicos que se han producido. Se hace es pecial referencia al concepto de respeto, plasmado en la relación entre el médico y el paciente. Se trata de una relación que, con frecuencia, no es simétrica porque quien sufre puede sentir o soportar una extrema vulnerabilidad. Se reflexiona también sobre la evolución de temas relevantes o que pueden plantear más controversias, como el respeto a la vida inicial y final. La síntesis del actual Código de Deontología médica de 2022 se puede hacer en tres palabras: Respeto y Derechos Humanos (AU)
The article reviews the evolution of the deontology of the Spanish Medical Organization through how it has been reflected in the diverse codes of deontology approved by this institution. After an approxima tion to the spirit and contents of the first Code of ethics approved in 1978, born after the Spanish Cons titution, passed that same year, which established the recognition and the need to regulate professional associations and the exercise of qualified professionals. The 1978 Code is compared with the one recently approved in December 2022, using the second 1990 Code as a bridge. In the comparison we find many bioethical issues on which, through the last decades, reflections have been made and answers have been introduced that respond to the many social and technological changes that have occurred. Special referen ce is made to the concept of respect, embodied in the relationship between the doctor and the patient. It is a relationship that is often not symmetrical because the sufferer may feel or endure extreme vulnerability. The article also reflects on the evolution of relevant issues or those that may raise more controversies, such as respect for initial and final life. The synthesis of the current 2022 Code of Medical Ethics can be done in three words: Respect and Human Rights (AU)
Humans , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Codes of Ethics/history , Ethics, Medical/history , Patient Rights , Ethical Theory
Gary Humphreys talks to Kazuto Kato about the ethical and societal challenges posed by biotechnologies that allow for the editing of the human genome.
Bioethical Issues , Biotechnology/ethics , Ethics, Medical , Gene Editing/ethics , Bioethical Issues/history , CRISPR-Cas Systems , Ethical Theory , Ethics, Medical/history , Gene Editing/history , History, 21st Century , Human Characteristics , Humans
Ophthalmology/history , Professionalism/history , Ethics, Medical/history , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , History, Ancient , Humans , Physician-Patient Relations , Professional Competence
The COVID-19 Pandemic a stress test for clinical medicine and medical ethics, with a confluence over questions of the proportionality of resuscitation. Drawing upon his experience as a clinical ethicist during the surge in New York City during the Spring of 2020, the author considers how attitudes regarding resuscitation have evolved since the inception of do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders decades ago. Sharing a personal narrative about a DNR quandry he encountered as a medical intern, the author considers the balance of patient rights versus clinical discretion, warning about the risk of resurgent physician paternalism dressed up in the guise of a public health crisis.
COVID-19 , Paternalism , Patient Rights , Resuscitation Orders/ethics , Ethicists/history , Ethics, Medical/history , History, 20th Century , Humans , Medical Futility/ethics , New York , Resuscitation Orders/legislation & jurisprudence
After the dramatic coronavirus outbreak at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, on 11 March 2020, a pandemic was declared by the WHO. Most countries worldwide imposed a quarantine or lockdown to their citizens, in an attempt to prevent uncontrolled infection from spreading. Historically, quarantine is the 40-day period of forced isolation to prevent the spread of an infectious disease. In this educational paper, a historical overview from the sacred temples of ancient Greece-the cradle of medicine-to modern hospitals, along with the conceive of healthcare systems, is provided. A few foods for thought as to the conflict between ethics in medicine and shortage of personnel and financial resources in the coronavirus disease 2019 era are offered as well.
Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Ethics, Medical/history , Health Care Rationing/ethics , Hospitals/history , Pandemics/history , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Quarantine/history , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Cholera/epidemiology , Cholera/history , Health Workforce , Hippocratic Oath , History, 15th Century , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , Humans , Leprosy/epidemiology , Leprosy/history , Plague/epidemiology , Plague/history , Resource Allocation , SARS-CoV-2 , United States/epidemiology
This paper uses the history of kidney transplantation in South Africa as a lens through which to write a racialized, micro history that illustrates the politics of medical discoveries and medical research at one of South Africa's most prestigious medical research universities, the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) in Johannesburg. Between 1966 and the 1980s, the Wits team became the most advanced and prolific kidney transplant unit in the country. Yet the racist, oppressive Apartheid system fundamentally shaped these developments. Transplantation, as this paper shows, became an elite medical procedure, performed by a select group of white doctors on mostly white patients. For these doctors, transplantation showed their medical prowess and displayed the technical advancements they were able to make in research and clinical practice as they strove to position South Africa as a significant international player in medical research, despite academic boycotts and increasing sanctions. Transplantation became a symbol of white supremacy in a country where the black majority were excluded from anything but the most basic health care.
Academic Medical Centers/history , Apartheid/history , Ethics, Medical/history , Kidney Transplantation/history , Racism/history , Biomedical Research/ethics , Biomedical Research/history , Black People , Heart Transplantation/ethics , Heart Transplantation/history , History, 20th Century , Humans , Immunosuppression Therapy/history , Kidney Transplantation/ethics , South Africa , White People
This article deals with the discourses produced by the Argentine medical field relating to body transformation initiatives on the part of transvestites and transsexuals in Argentina from 1971-1982. Based on the compilation and analysis of a set of articles published in academic medical journals, it examines the meanings that health professionals assigned to these initiatives prior to the legal rulings and national legislation that recognized gender identity as a human right. This analysis helps identify the particular features of those body transformation initiatives during the period studied, as well as the ways in which the medical field in Argentina attached moral, technical and professional meanings to them.
Periodicals as Topic/history , Sex Reassignment Procedures/history , Transsexualism/history , Transvestism/history , Argentina , Ethics, Medical/history , Female , Gender Identity , Government Regulation/history , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Male
Resumen El presente artículo aborda los discursos producidos por el campo médico argentino en torno a las iniciativas de corporización de travestis y transexuales en Argentina entre 1971 y 1982. A través del relevamiento y análisis de una selección de artículos publicados en revistas académicas de medicina, se analizan los sentidos que profesionales de la salud asignaron a las mismas antes de la producción de fallos judiciales y normativas nacionales que reconocen la identidad de género como un derecho humano. El análisis realizado permite identificar las particularidades que asumían dichas iniciativas de corporización en el período de estudio, así como las formas en las que el campo médico argentino les imprimió sentidos morales, técnicos y profesionales.
Abstract This article deals with the discourses produced by the Argentine medical field relating to body transformation initiatives on the part of transvestites and transsexuals in Argentina from 1971-1982. Based on the compilation and analysis of a set of articles published in academic medical journals, it examines the meanings that health professionals assigned to these initiatives prior to the legal rulings and national legislation that recognized gender identity as a human right. This analysis helps identify the particular features of those body transformation initiatives during the period studied, as well as the ways in which the medical field in Argentina attached moral, technical and professional meanings to them.
Humans , Male , Female , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Periodicals as Topic/history , Transsexualism/history , Transvestism/history , Sex Reassignment Procedures/history , Argentina , Government Regulation/history , Ethics, Medical/history , Gender Identity
Ethics, Medical , Gynecology/history , Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation/history , Racism , Ethics, Medical/history , Female , Gynecology/ethics , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Male , Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation/ethics , Racism/ethics , Racism/history , United States
Michel Foucault's preoccupation with medicine, its history and its impact on society, is a constant in his work. The goal of this study is to contrast the content of the lectures Foucault gave in Rio de Janeiro, in October 1974, with the preparatory notes for them which are part of the archival holdings acquired by the National Library of France. One of the key questions in those lectures is the relationship between ethics and contemporary social medicine. This question, analyzed from Foucault's point of view, constitutes the background and ultimate interest of this article.
La preocupación de Michel Foucault por la medicina, su historia y su impacto en la sociedad, es una constante en su obra. El objetivo de este trabajo es contrastar el contenido de las conferencias que Foucault impartió en Río de Janeiro, en octubre de 1974, con los materiales preparatorios de las mismas que forman parte de los fondos adquiridos por la Biblioteca Nacional de Francia. Una de las cuestiones clave en dichas conferencias es la relación entre la ética y la medicina social contemporánea. Esa cuestión, analizada desde el punto de vista de Foucault, constituye el trasfondo e interés último del presente trabajo.
Ethics, Medical/history , Social Medicine/history , Brazil , Congresses as Topic/history , Health Policy/economics , Health Policy/history , History, 20th Century , Humans , Hygiene/history , Right to Health/history , Social Medicine/ethics
Resumen La preocupación de Michel Foucault por la medicina, su historia y su impacto en la sociedad, es una constante en su obra. El objetivo de este trabajo es contrastar el contenido de las conferencias que Foucault impartió en Río de Janeiro, en octubre de 1974, con los materiales preparatorios de las mismas que forman parte de los fondos adquiridos por la Biblioteca Nacional de Francia. Una de las cuestiones clave en dichas conferencias es la relación entre la ética y la medicina social contemporánea. Esa cuestión, analizada desde el punto de vista de Foucault, constituye el trasfondo e interés último del presente trabajo.
Abstract Michel Foucault's preoccupation with medicine, its history and its impact on society, is a constant in his work. The goal of this study is to contrast the content of the lectures Foucault gave in Rio de Janeiro, in October 1974, with the preparatory notes for them which are part of the archival holdings acquired by the National Library of France. One of the key questions in those lectures is the relationship between ethics and contemporary social medicine. This question, analyzed from Foucault's point of view, constitutes the background and ultimate interest of this article.
Humans , History, 20th Century , Social Medicine/history , Ethics, Medical/history , Social Medicine/ethics , Brazil , Hygiene/history , Congresses as Topic/history , Right to Health/history , Health Policy/economics , Health Policy/history
Kazimierz Filip Wize (1873-1953) was a Polish multidisciplinary scholar, a microbiologist, a lepidopterologist, a psychiatrist, and a philosopher. He was an avid promoter of care of the mentally ill. After defending a Ph.D. in medicine in Munich (Germany) in 1899, Wize specialized in bacteriology at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. In 1907 he defended his second Ph.D. in philosophy in Leipzig. Soon, Wize became an internationally active scholar and a prolific writer, working especially on esthetics and the philosophy of medicine. For Wize, philosophy of action was a bridge between abstract academic philosophy, practical ethics, and the philosophy of medicine understood as an art and a science. Later in his life, Wize moved back to practicing medicine, and in the 1930s he specialized in psychiatry. The new field enabled him to apply his esthetic concepts to the treatment of patients and become a pioneer of art therapy. Music, painting, and dance, Wize argued, are a means to achieve serenity and freedom and play an important part in the process of recovery. Much later, Wize witnessed the extermination of psychiatric patients in Poland during a Nazi T4 action.
Ethics, Medical/history , Psychiatry/history , Psychology/history , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Humans , Poland
