Efficacy of non-surgical management and functional outcomes of partial ACL tears. A systematic review of randomised trials.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries represents a large burden of knee injuries in both the general and sporting populations, often requiring surgical intervention. Although there is much research on complete ACL tears including outcomes and indications for surgery, little is known about the short- and long-term outcomes of non-operative, physiotherapy led intervention in partial ACL tears. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate studies looking at the effectiveness of physiotherapy led interventions in improving pain and function in young and middle-aged adults with partial ACL tears. Additionally, the secondary aim was to evaluate the completeness of exercise prescription in randomised trials for physiotherapy led interventions in the management in partial ACL tears. METHODS: A comprehensive and systematic search was performed on six databases (Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, PEDro, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Cochrane). The search strategy consisted of two main concepts: (i) partial ACL tears, and (ii) non-operative management. 7,587 papers were identified by the search. After screening of eligible articles by two independent reviewers, 2 randomised studies were included for analysis. The same two reviewers assessed the completeness of reporting using the Toigio and Boutellier mechanobiological exercise descriptions and Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist. Group mean standard deviations (SD) for the main outcomes was extracted from both papers for analysis. Prospero Registration Number: CRD42020179892. RESULTS: The search strategy identified two studies; one looking at Tai Chi and the other Pilates. The analysis indicated that Tai Chi was significant in reducing pain scores and both Tai Chi and Pilates were found to increase Muscle Peak Torque Strength (MPTS) at 180 degrees. Furthermore, Tai Chi showed a significant increase in proprioception. CONCLUSIONS: Physiotherapy led interventions such as Pilates, and Tai Chi may improve pain, proprioception and strength in young and middle-aged adults with partial ACL tears, however full scale, high-quality randomised studies are required with long term outcomes recorded.

Development of a Pilates Teaching Framework from an international survey of teacher practice.

OBJECTIVE: Pilates is used increasingly in a variety of clinical settings. However, there is lack of clarity in the literature as to what is meant by the term. Teachers incorporating apparatus based on the designs of Joseph Pilates (1883-1967) into their practice refer to themselves as Comprehensive Teachers, and this group divides itself further into Classical and Contemporary practice. The aim of this research was to explore the meanings of these terms with Comprehensive Teachers and to develop a framework that reflects current views and practice. METHOD: Online international survey of Pilates Teachers through closed Facebook forums. Open questions were used to elicit views of the definition and practice of Pilates, and how standards should be set across the sector. RESULTS: Of 109 participants, 35% were based in the UK and 32% in the USA; 48% identified as Classical teachers, 32% as Contemporary, 5% as both and 15% as Matwork instructors. A thematic analysis of the qualitative data revealed agreement on the scope and content of Classical and Contemporary Comprehensive Pilates, however the discourse indicated there might be stereotyping about each other's practice. Classical teachers, for example, spoke of their own practice as authentic while Contemporary teachers used terms such as strict and inflexible for Classical practice. However, members of either group may incorporate both Classical and Contemporary approaches within their practice. We have designed a Pilates Teaching Framework to take into account the types of apparatus, the types of exercises and the order in which the exercises are executed. CONCLUSIONS: A framework that emphasises Pilates teaching rather than teacher practice is proposed for consistency and clarity when describing Pilates in professional and public contexts.

Load monitoring on Pilates training: a study protocol for a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Currently there are campaigns to raise the awareness of the need to practice physical exercise with several objectives, mainly as a preventive measure. The Pilates method is a form of therapeutic exercise for maintaining and improving health. However, despite being popular, there is still no scientific evidence on the standardization and progression of the method. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a protocol to monitor the progression of daily Pilates loads between the basic, intermediate, and advanced levels, as well as to analyze the effects of the method on psychometric, cardiorespiratory, and autonomic measures. METHODS/DESIGN: In total, 54 healthy men underwent 36 sessions of Pilates mat work. Before each training session, cardiorespiratory measures, pain (visual analogue scale), and a psychometric questionnaire were collected. Heart rate (HR), subjective perception of effort (SPE), and RR intervals were measured during the sessions and used later in the analysis of the progression of training load by monitoring the internal training load and heart rate variability. At the end of the sessions, cardiorespiratory measures, the visual analogue scale, and the psychometric questionnaire were measured again. After 15 min of rest, the final HR measurement was made and the participants noted the effort on the SPE scale. The psychometric, cardiorespiratory, and autonomic measures were evaluated before and after each of the 36 training sessions. DISCUSSION: This is a parallel randomized clinical trial of standardized Pilates training, with the aim of estimating training loads and measuring the efficacy of Pilates through clinical, cardiorespiratory, and autonomic outcomes. The protocol can easily be reproduced and could be used to support professionals in prescribing the method. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03232866 . Registered on 28 July 2017.

Pilates program design and health benefits for pregnant women: A practitioners' survey.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about recommendations for safe and appropriate instruction of Pilates exercises to women during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to examine Pilates practitioners' perspectives regarding Pilates program design for pregnant women. We also sought to elucidate their views on the potential benefits, restrictions and contraindications on Pilates in pregnancy. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was performed. Pilates practitioners were invited to participate via email. Participants were surveyed about their experience and views on: screening processes in alignment with The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) (2002) guidelines; (ii) optimal exercise program features and (iii) physical and mental health benefits of Pilates for pregnant women. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 192 Pilates practitioners from a range of settings. Practitioners reported conducting formal screening (84%) for safety in pregnant women prior to commencing Pilates classes. Most did not routinely seek medical approval from the woman's general practitioner. Divergent views emerged regarding the safety and benefits of Pilates exercises in the supine position. Mixed opinions were also generated regarding the effects of spinal flexion exercises, single-leg stance exercises and breathing manoeuvres. There was little agreement on the optimal frequency or dosage of exercises. Views regarding absolute contraindications to exercise differed from The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) (2002) guidelines which cautioned about the dangers of persistent bleeding, premature labour, pre-eclampsia, placental praevia and incompetent cervix. The most frequent reported physical and psychological benefit of Pilates was improving pelvic floor strength (12%) and improved social wellbeing (23%). CONCLUSIONS: The study highlighted wide variations in practice for Pilates exercises with pregnant woman as well as low adherence to clinical practice guidelines. Further evidence is required to advise on appropriate screening and individualized Pilates programming, particularly for women with medical conditions during pregnancy.

Ejercicio físico, calidad de vida y salud de diabéticos tipo 2 / Physical exercise, quality of life and health of type 2 diabetes / Exercício físico, qualidade de vida e diabetes tipo 2

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los efectos de diferentes tipos de ejercicios físicos, desarrollados durante 24 semanas, relacionados con la calidad de vida y salud de individuos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Fueron seleccionados 24 individuos inactivos de ambos sexos, con un promedio de edad de 60.41 años. Los individuos fueron divididos aleatoriamente en tres grupos: ejercicio aeróbico, ejercicio resistido y ejercicio de flexibilidad. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron una ficha de registros sobre anamnesis clínica, una ficha de registro de control diario, El Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q 1 y 2), cuestionario de calidad de vida relacionada a la salud SF-36 (Medical Outcomes Study 36 - Item Short-Form Health Survey) y las lipoproteínas de alta y baja densidad por medio de análisis bioquímico. Solamente en el ejercicio aeróbico fueron observadas alteraciones significativas en la concentración de lipoproteínas de alta y baja densidad. En relación a la calidad de vida, el ejercicio aeróbico contribuyó de manera significativa en los dominios de capacidad funcional, vitalidad y salud mental. El ejercicio resistido reveló significancia en los dominios de vitalidad y salud mental. Los resultados demostraron que la prescripción de ejercicio físico consiste en una herramienta fundamental en el control de la diabetes, mientras que el ejercicio aeróbico proporcionó un efecto positivo en la calidad de vida y salud de diabéticos tipo 2, siendo fundamental apoyo psicológico para estos pacientes a lo largo de su vida

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different types of physical exercises developed or 24 weeks-related quality of life and health of individuals with diabetes mellitus type 2. Were selected 24 individuals inactive men and women, with an average of age of 60.41 years. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups: aerobic exercise, resistance exercise and flexibility exercise. The instruments used were a form of records on clinical history, a registration of daily monitoring, the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q 1 and 2), health-related quality of life related to health SF-36 (Medical Outcomes Study 36 - item Short-Form Health Survey) lipoproteins and high and low density by means of biochemical analysis. Only aerobic exercise were observed significant alterations in lipoprotein concentration and higher density. Regarding quality of life, aerobic exercise contributed significantly in the domains of functional capacity, vitality and mental health. The resistance exercise revealed significance in the domains of vitality and mental health. The results showed that the prescription of physical exercise is an essential tool in the management of diabetes, while aerobic exercise provided a positive effect on quality of life and health of type 2 diabetes, and essential psychological support for these patients throughout his life

O objectivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos de diferentes tipos de exercício físico desenvolvidos visando 24 semanas de qualidade de vida e saúde para indivíduos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Foram seleccionados 24 indivíduos inactivos homens e mulheres, com média de idade de 60,41 anos. Os sujeitos foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos: exercício aeróbio, exercício de resistência e exercício de flexibilidade. Os instrumentos utilizados foram uma ficha de registo de história clínica, uma de registo de monitorização diário, o Questionário de Prontidão para a Actividade Física (PAR-Q 1 e 2), um Questionário de Qualidade de Vida relacionada com a saúde SF-36 (Medical Outcomes Study 36 - Item Short-Form Health Survey) e as de alta e baixa densidade por meio de análise bioquímica. Somente no exercício aeróbio foram observadas alterações significativas na concentração e densidade de lipoproteína. Em relação à qualidade de vida, o exercício aeróbio contribuiu significativamente nos domínios da capacidade funcional, vitalidade e saúde mental. O exercício de resistência revelou significância nos domínios da vitalidade e saúde mental. Os resultados mostraram que a prescrição do exercício físico é uma ferramenta essencial no controlo da diabetes, enquanto o exercício aeróbio proporcionou um efeito positivo na qualidade de vida e saúde, bem como um apoio psicológico essencial para estes pacientes ao longo da sua vida

Aportaciones sobre la eficacia del método Pilates en la fuerza, el equilibrio y el riesgo de caídas de personas mayores / Contribuições sobre a eficácia do método Pilates na força, equilíbrio e risco de quedas em pessoas idosas / Contributions on the effectiveness of the Pilates method in strength, balance and risk of falls in elderly people

Objetivo. Recopilar, resumir y comparar la evidencia científica sobre la eficacia del método Pilates en la fuerza, el equilibrio y las caídas en personas mayores. Método. Búsqueda acotada entre 2004 y 2014. Bases de datos: Medline, PubMed, Web of Knowledge, OVID, ScienceDirect y Academic Search Premier. La calidad metodológica se determinó con la escala PEDro. Resultados. En cuatro estudios se midió la fuerza y solo uno mejoró significativamente la fuerza isométrica de cadera. En nueve estudios se midió el equilibrio estático y dinámico, con resultados positivos en ocho de ellos. De estos, cinco estudios encuentran relación entre el equilibrio y la disminución del riesgo de caídas. Conclusiones. El método Pilates es eficaz para mejorar la fuerza isométrica de cadera y el equilibrio en personas mayores, reduciendo el riesgo de caídas. No existen evidencias suficientes para determinar si la fuerza del core tiene que ver con el equilibrio y las caídas (AU)

Objetivo. Coletar, resumir e comparar as evidências científicas sobre a eficácia do método Pilates na força, equilíbrio e risco de quedas em pessoas idosas. Método. Pesquisa foi delimitada entre 2004-2014. Bancos de dados: Medline, PubMed, Web of Knowledge, OVID, ScienceDirect e Academic Search Premier. A qualidade metodológica foi determinada pela escala PEDro. Resultados. Quatro estudos mediram a força e apenas um melhorou significativamente a força isométrica do quadril. Em 9 estudos, foi medido o equilíbrio estático e dinâmico, com resultados positivos em 8 deles. Destes, 5 encontraram relação entre o equilíbrio e redução do risco de quedas. Conclusões. O método Pilates é eficaz para melhorar a força isométrica e do quadril, e o equilíbrio em pessoas mais velhas, reduzindo o risco de quedas. Não há evidência suficiente para determinar se a força do core tem a ver com o equilíbrio e o risco de quedas (AU)

Objective. Collect, summarize and compare the scientific evidence on the effectiveness of the Pilates method in strength, balance and falls in older people. Method. Search limited between 2004 and 2014. Databases: Medline, PubMed, Web of Knowledge, OVID, ScienceDirect and Academic Search Premier. The methodological quality was determined by the PEDro scale. Results. Four studies measured the force and only one found significant improvements in isometric hip strength. In nine studies the static and dynamic balance was measured, showing positive results in eight of them. Of these, five studies are relationship between balance and reducing risk of falls. Conclusions. The Pilates method is effective for improving the isometric hip strength and balance in older people, reducing the risk of falls. There is insufficient evidence to determine whether the strength of the core has to do with balance and falls (AU)

Aerobic fitness in adolescents in southern Brazil: association with sociodemographic aspects, lifestyle and nutritional status / La condición física aeróbica en adolescentes del sur de Brasil: asociación con aspectos sociodemográficos, estilo de vida y el estado nutricional / Condicionamento aeróbio em adolescentes no Sul do Brasil: associação com aspectos sociodemográficos, estilo de vida e estado nutricional

Objective. The purpose was to investigate the factors related to aerobic fitness levels of adolescents in southern Brazil. Methods. The sample consisted of 1081 students (545 males and 536 females), with mean age of 12.8 (± 1.2) years. This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study. Aerobic fitness was assessed by the 9-min running test. The independent variables analyzed were: age, socioeconomic status, school system (public/private), sedentary behavior, physical activity level, nutritional status and body adiposity. Analyses were stratified by sex. We used the Student 't' test for independent samples and logistic regression to estimate odds ratio (OR) and confidence intervals of 95% (95% CI). Results. The prevalence of low aerobic fitness levels was 92.5%. Boys aged 13–14 years were 2.44 times more likely to have low aerobic fitness levels; poorer boys were 4.31 times more likely to have low aerobic fitness levels. Girls aged 13–14 years were 5.35 times more likely to have low aerobic fitness levels; poorer girls were 10.70 times more likely to have low aerobic fitness levels; girls with sedentary behavior were approximately 4 times more likely to have low aerobic fitness levels. Conclusion. Thus, it was concluded that almost all adolescents show low aerobic fitness levels, which makes necessary effective interventions in the school environment with the promotion of sports and regular practice of physical activity (AU)

Objetivo. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los factores relacionados con los niveles de aptitud aeróbica de los adolescentes en el sur de Brasil. Métodos. La muestra estuvo conformada por 1081 alumnos (545 varones y 536 mujeres), con edad media de 12.8 (± 1.2) años. Se trata de un estudio epidemiológico transversal. La condición física aeróbica se evaluó mediante Test de Caminata de 9 minutos. Las variables independientes analizadas fueron: edad, nivel socioeconómico, el sistema escolar (público/privado), el sedentarismo, el nivel de actividad física, el estado nutricional y la adiposidad corporal. Los análisis fueron estratificados por sexo. Se aplicó la prueba de 't' Student para muestras independientes y regresión logística para estimar la odds ratio (OR) y los intervalos de confianza de 95% (IC95%). Resultados. La prevalencia de bajos niveles de aptitud aeróbica fue de 92.5%. Los niños de edades de 13 a 14 años fueron 2.44 veces más propensos a tener bajos niveles de condición física aeróbica; los niños más pobres fueron 4.31 veces más propensos a tener bajos niveles de condición física aeróbica. Las niñas de 13 a 14 años fueron 5.35 veces más propensas, a tener bajos niveles de condición física aeróbica; las niñas más pobres eran 10.70 veces más propensas a tener bajos niveles de condición física aeróbica; las niñas con el comportamiento sedentario, fueron aproximadamente 4 veces más propensas a tener bajos niveles de condición física. Conclusión. Se concluyó que casi todos los adolescentes muestran bajos niveles de condición física aeróbica, lo que hace necesarias intervenciones eficaces en el ámbito escolar para la promoción del deporte y la práctica regular de actividad física (AU)

Objetivo. O objetivo foi investigar os fatores relacionados aos níveis de aptidão aeróbia dos adolescentes no Sul do Brasil. Métodos. A amostra foi constituída por 1081 estudantes (545 do sexo masculino e 536 do sexo feminino), com idade média de 12.8 (± 1.2) anos. Este é um estudo epidemiológico transversal. Aptidão aeróbica foi avaliada pelo teste de corrida de 9 minutos. As variáveis independentes analisadas foram: idade, nível socioeconômico, sistema de escola (pública/privada), comportamento sedentário, nível de atividade física, estado nutricional e adiposidade corporal. As análises foram estratificadas por sexo. Foi utilizado o teste de Student 't' para amostras independentes e regressão logística para estimar odds ratio (OR) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (CI95%). Resultados. A prevalência de baixos níveis de aptidão aeróbia foi de 92.5%. Meninos com idades entre 13-14 anos foram 2.44 vezes mais propensos a ter baixos níveis de aptidão aeróbia; meninos mais pobres eram 4.31 vezes mais propensos a ter baixos níveis de aptidão aeróbia. Meninas com idades entre 13-14 anos foram 5.35 vezes mais propensos a ter baixos níveis de aptidão aeróbia; as moças pobres foram 10.70 vezes mais propensas a ter baixos níveis de aptidão aeróbia; Meninas com comportamento sedentário foram aproximadamente 4 vezes mais propensas a ter baixos níveis de aptidão aeróbia. Conclusão. Assim, concluiu-se que quase todos os adolescentes apresentam baixos níveis de aptidão aeróbica, o que faz intervenções eficazes no ambiente escolar com a promoção do desporto e da prática regular de atividade física necessária (AU)

Ejercicio terapéutico para epicondilalgia lateral: revisión sistemática / Exercise therapy for lateral epicondylalgia: systematic review

La epicondilalgia lateral es una de las lesiones más comunes del brazo, siendo el músculo extensor radial corto del carpo (ERCB) la estructura más afectada, por movimientos repetitivos, rápidos y monótonos, principalmente afecta entre 1-3% de la población general, siendo más común en mujeres. El ejercicio terapéutico, es uno de los elementos claves en los programas diseñados para el manejo de esta condición. Se realizará una búsqueda de la evidencia a través de una revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que hayan determinado la efectividad del ejercicio terapéutico para el manejo de estos pacientes. El objetivo de esta Revisión es determinar si existe evidencia científica que avale la efectividad clínica del ejercicio terapéutico sólo o dentro de un programa de tratamiento en pacientes adultos con epicondilalgia lateral. La estrategia de búsqueda incluyó ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) y ensayos clínicos controlados (ECC); las bases de datos usadas fueron: Medline, Cinahl, PEDro, Central, Lilacs. Los resultados obtenidos fueron de treinta y seis artículos que cumplían con nuestros criterios de elegibilidad. Se concluye que existe evidencia moderada que el ejercicio terapéutico comparado con una intervención única, disminuye el dolor, mejora la funcionalidad y aumenta la fuerza libre de dolor en corto, medio y largo plazo. Existe evidencia de que el ejercicio terapéutico disminuye el dolor, y aumenta la fuerza sin dolor a corto plazo. Existe evidencia fuerte de que el ejercicio terapéutico disminuye el dolor, aumenta la fuerza y mejora la funcionalidad a corto, medio y largo plazo (AU)

The lateral epicondylalgia is one of the most common injuries of the arm; with the muscle extensor carpi radialis brevis (ERCB) affected the structure, repetitive motion, rapids and monotonous, mainly affects between 1-3% of the general population, being more common in women. Therapeutic exercise is one of the key elements in programs designed for the management of this condition. There will be a synthesis of evidence through a systematic review of randomized clinical trials that established the effectiveness of exercise therapy in the management of these patients. The aim of this review is to determine whether there is scientific evidence to support the clinical effectiveness of exercise therapy alone or in a treatment program for adult patients with LE. The search strategy included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs) databases were used: Medline, CINAHL, PEDro, Central, Lilacs. The results obtained were thirty-six articles that met our eligibility criteria. We conclude that there is moderate evidence shows that therapeutic exercise alone compared with a single intervention, decreases pain, improves function and increases strength pain free in short, medium and long term. There is strong evidence that exercise therapy reduces pain, increases strength and free from short-term pain. There is strong evidence that exercise therapy reduces pain, increases strength and improves functionality in the short, medium and long term (AU)

Supervised walking in comparison with fitness training for chronic back pain in physiotherapy: results of the SWIFT single-blinded randomized controlled trial (ISRCTN17592092).

Effectiveness of brief/minimal contact self-activation interventions that encourage participation in physical activity (PA) for chronic low back pain (CLBP >12 weeks) is unproven. The primary objective of this assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial was to investigate the difference between an individualized walking programme (WP), group exercise class (EC), and usual physiotherapy (UP, control) in mean change in functional disability at 6 months. A sample of 246 participants with CLBP aged 18 to 65 years (79 men and 167 women; mean age ± SD: 45.4 ± 11.4 years) were recruited from 5 outpatient physiotherapy departments in Dublin, Ireland. Consenting participants completed self-report measures of functional disability, pain, quality of life, psychosocial beliefs, and PA were randomly allocated to the WP (n = 82), EC (n = 83), or UP (n = 81) and followed up at 3 (81%; n = 200), 6 (80.1%; n = 197), and 12 months (76.4%; n = 188). Cost diaries were completed at all follow-ups. An intention-to-treat analysis using a mixed between-within repeated-measures analysis of covariance found significant improvements over time on the Oswestry Disability Index (Primary Outcome), the Numerical Rating Scale, Fear Avoidance-PA scale, and the EuroQol EQ-5D-3L Weighted Health Index (P < 0.05), but no significant between-group differences and small between-group effect sizes (WP: mean difference at 6 months, 6.89 Oswestry Disability Index points, 95% confidence interval [CI] -3.64 to -10.15; EC: -5.91, CI: -2.68 to -9.15; UP: -5.09, CI: -1.93 to -8.24). The WP had the lowest mean costs and the highest level of adherence. Supervised walking provides an effective alternative to current forms of CLBP management.

Interrater reliability of a Pilates movement-based classification system.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the interrater reliability for identification of a specific movement pattern using a Pilates Classification system. METHOD: Videos of 5 subjects performing specific movement tasks were sent to raters trained in the DMA-CP classification system. RESULTS: Ninety-six raters completed the survey. Interrater reliability for the detection of a directional bias was excellent (Pi = 0.92, and K(free) = 0.89). Interrater reliability for classifying an individual into a specific subgroup was moderate (Pi = 0.64, K(free) = 0.55) however raters who had completed levels 1-4 of the DMA-CP training and reported using the assessment daily demonstrated excellent reliability (Pi = 0.89 and K(free) = 0.87). CONCLUSION: The reliability of the classification system demonstrated almost perfect agreement in determining the existence of a specific movement pattern and classifying into a subgroup for experienced raters. There was a trend for greater reliability associated with increased levels of training and experience of the raters.

La resolución de problemas como estrategia de enseñanza para el aprendizaje de la táctica ofensiva en la categoría pre-benjamín de fútbol 8 / Problem solving as a strategy in teaching offensive tactics at the under 8 level in 8-a-side-soccer / A resolução de problemas como estratégia de ensino para a aprendizagem táctica ofensiva no escalão traquinas de futebol de 8

Este trabajo se centra en la enseñanza de la táctica ofensiva en fútbol. La acción de ataque u ofensiva del fútbol constituye una estrategia de juego fundamental y de gran complejidad en este deporte, por todos los elementos que son necesarios coordinar. Se pretende conocer qué desarrollo se produce en dicha acción ofensiva en un equipo de fútbol 8 de categoría pre-benjamín durante la implementación en los entrenamientos de una serie de ejercicios utilizando el entrenador un estilo de enseñanza de resolución de problemas. Los resultados indican mejoras en los dos elementos trabajados que forman parte de dicha táctica: 1) conservar el balón y 2) progresar el balón y los jugadores hacia portería, avanzando desde la zona media adelantada a la zona adelantada del campo contrario, si bien el aprendizaje del primer elemento se manifiesta en sesiones anteriores al del segundo elemento. Es necesario completar el entrenamiento de esta táctica con su tercer elemento (lanzar a portería) y conocer la transferencia de todo ello a situaciones más complejas como son los partidos

This study focuses on teaching offensive tactics in soccer. Attacking tactics are a key strategic aspect of play in this sport and, given the number of factors that need to be coordinated, they are highly complex moves. The aim here was to study the way in which attacks were constructed during 8-a-side training sessions at the under 8 level where the coach used a series of drills based on the problem-solving approach to teaching. The results revealed improvements in two techniques that were worked on as part of offensive strategies, namely 1) keeping the ball, and 2) moving the ball and players towards the opponent’s goal and, more specifically, the transition from an advanced midfield position to the attacking zone. The first of these techniques was shown to have been learnt prior to the second. Teaching attacking tactics needs to be complemented with a third technique (shooting at goal), and an analysis must be made of the extent to which all these skills are transferred to more complex match situations

Estilo de ensino de resolução de problemas, Futebol, Metodologia observacional, Padrão comportamental, Táctica ofensiva. RESUMO: Este trabalho centra-se no ensino da táctica ofensiva no futebol. A acção de ataque ou ofensiva no futebol constitui-se como uma estratégia fundamental do jogo e de grande complexidade neste desporto, por todos os elementos que são necessários coordenar. Pretende-se conhecer que desenvolvimento se produz na acção ofensiva numa equipa de futebol 8 no escalão de Traquinas durante a implementação em contexto de treino de uma série de exercícios, utilizando o treinador um estilo de ensino de resolução de problemas. Os resultados indicam melhorias nos dois elementos trabalhados que fazem parte desta táctica: 1) conservar a posse de bola e 2) progredir com bola até à baliza adversária, avançando desde a zona intermédia até à zona avançada do campo contrário. É necessário complementar o treino desta táctica com um terceiro elemento (remate à baliza) e conhecer o transfer de todas estas situações para um contexto mais complexo como são os jogos

Análisis de la pronación global de miembros inferiores completos en deportistas de edad escolar / Analysis of global pronation of the entire lower extremities in school-age sport children

Objetivo. Un componente cinético importante durante el ciclo de la marcha humana es la rotación interna global de la extremidad inferior (rotación interna de cadera y valgo de rodilla) con pronación simultánea del pie, lo que clínicamente se describe como pronación global de la extremidad inferior completa. El objetivo fue analizar el patrón de la marcha en niños deportistas de edad escolar durante tres meses. Método. Se examinaron 58 niños, pertenecientes al Cajasol Ciencias Club de Rugby de Sevilla, de los cuales 10 presentaron una excesiva pronación global de las extremidades inferiores completas, conformando así la muestra de estudio. Se les realizó un análisis biomecánico de la marcha mediante una plataforma baropodométrica y se les calculó ángulos de Helbing, Fick y línea femorotibial en dinámico en ambas extremidades inferiores. Se analizó la evolución del patrón de marcha durante tres meses. Resultados. Inicialmente y tras los tres meses, los niños presentaron un patrón de marcha patológico caracterizado por una excesiva rotación interna de caderas, excesivo valgo de rodilla y excesiva pronación del pie, en ambas extremidades inferiores. Conclusión. Una excesiva pronación global de las extremidades inferiores completas presentes en deportistas de edad escolar no cambió con el crecimiento natural de los niños tras 3 meses de seguimiento, requiriendo un abordaje terapéutico específico (AU)

Objetive. An important kinesiologic component during human gait is a global internal rotation of the lower extremity (hip intoeing and knock knee) in conjunction with foot pronation. This motion is often loosely described clinically as global pronation of the entire lower extremity. The aim was to analyze the gait pattern in school-age sport children for three months. Method. We examined 58 children, belonging to Cajasol Sciences Sevilla Rugby Club. Only 10 children had excessive overall pronation complete lower limb and they made up the study sample. Gait biomechanical analysis was performed using modular-platform electronic baropodometer. Angle helbing, angle fick and line femorotibial during walking were calculated in both lower extremities. We analyzed evolution of gait pattern for three months. Results. Initially and after three months, the children presented a pathological gait pattern characterized by excessive hip internal rotation, excessive knee valgus and foot overpronation in both lower extremities. Conclusion. Global pronation of the entire lower extremity school-age sport children did not change with the natural growth of children after 3 months follow-up. We think it will be necessary a specific therapeutic treatment (AU)

Pruebas angulares de estimación de la flexibilidad isquiosural: descripción de los procedimientos exploratorios y valores de referencia / Angular tests for estimating hamstring flexibility: description of their measurement method and reference values

Las pruebas de valoración basadas en medidas angulares son empleadas frecuentemente en el ámbito clínico y científico para estimar y monitorizar la flexibilidad de la musculatura isquiosural. Son varias las pruebas angulares descritas en la literatura científica, entre las que se destacan: a) la prueba de elevación de la pierna recta; b) la prueba del ángulo poplíteo; y c) las pruebas que estudian la disposición de la pelvis y la porción caudal del raquis lumbar en posición de máxima flexión de tronco, diferenciando entre "pruebas lumbo-vertical en flexión" y "pruebas lumbo-horizontal en flexión". Se han descrito limitaciones e inconvenientes para todos los protocolos, fundamentalmente en cuanto a la posible participación de pelvis y raquis, posición de la articulación del tobillo (en flexión dorsal o posición neutra), diferentes límites de normalidad en las exploraciones, aplicación de distinta velocidad y fuerza en la realización de los tests, existencia o no de calentamiento previo y variabilidad de los instrumentos empleados. Esta especificidad metodológica puede repercutir en la decisión final de elección de una u otra prueba por parte de científicos, clínicos y demás profesionales del ámbito de las Ciencias del Deporte. Por ello, los objetivos principales de esta revisión bibliográfica son: describir la metodología de valoración de las pruebas angulares más empleadas en el ámbito clínico y científico; así como aportar valores de referencia que puedan ser utilizados por los profesionales para categorizar la flexibilidad isquiosural como normal o acortamiento(AU)

The assessment tests based on angular measurements are widely used to estimate and monitor hamstring muscle flexibility in both clinic and scientific settings. Several angular assessment tests have been described in the scientific literature, among which stand out: a) the straight leg raise test; b) the knee extension test; and c) the assessment tests that study the hip position and the caudal portion of lumbar spine at maximal trunk flexion position, distinguishing between "vertical hip joint angle" and "horizontal hip joint angle". Several limitations have been reported regarding the precision of these tests to estimate hamstring flexibility, such as: the influence of pelvis and spine movements, the position of the ankle joint (neutral position vs. dorsi-flexion), the use of different cut off values, the magnitude of the strength and speed used to carry on the tests, the warm-up design and the variability of the measurement tools used. This variability in the assessment methodologies might affect the final decision of choosing one or another assessment test by scientists, clinicians, and sport practitioners. Therefore, the main purposes of the current literature review are: to describe the assessments methodology of the most common angular tests used in clinic and scientific settings, as well as to report the cut-off values, which could be used for practitioners in order to categorize the hamstring flexibility as normal or limited(AU)

Mejora del equilibrio en los enfermos de Parkinson mediante el ejercicio calisténico-recreativo: un estudio piloto / Improvement of balance in Parkinson's disease patients using calisthenics and recreational physical exercise: a pilot study

Introducción. La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP), presenta unos síntomas característicos que afectan al movimiento voluntario, y entre los que destaca una reducida capacidad de equilibrio. El propósito de este estudio piloto fue determinar los efectos que sobre la misma tiene la realización de un programa de ejercicio calisténico-recreativo de corta duración. Material y métodos. Un total de 23 pacientes con una edad media de 73±8,4 años y un nivel de afectación de 2,17±0,7 (Hoehn & Yahr Staging Scale), desarrollaron un programa de ejercicio calisténico-recreativo, a razón de 2 sesiones de una hora semanales, durante 7 semanas. La prueba de equilibrio de la batería Short Physical Performance (compuesto por las pruebas Side by Side; Semitandem Stand y Tandem Stand), fue realizada para determinar los efectos de la intervención sobre esta capacidad. Resultados. Todos los participantes finalizaron el estudio, desarrollándose un total de 14 sesiones. No se observaron diferencias significativas en la capacidad de equilibrio a juzgar por la diferencia entre la puntuación inicial y final obtenida en la puntuación total de las pruebas realizadas (de 2,9 a 3,1 puntos). Al comparar el tiempo total alcanzado en cada prueba por separado, se pudo apreciar que los participantes incrementaron su nivel de equilibrio en cada una de las mismas, si bien las diferencias solo se mostraron significativas para la prueba Tandem Stand (p=0,011). Conclusión. Un programa de ejercicio calisténico-recreativo de corta duración, es bien tolerado por los pacientes con Parkinson, aunque sus efectos sobre el equilibrio parecen no ser de gran magnitud (AU)

Introduction. Parkinson's disease (PD) has some characteristic symptoms that affect voluntary movement. Standing out among them is reduced balance capacity. This pilot study aimed to describe the effects on balance capacity of persons with PD of a short calisthenics and recreational physical exercise program. Material and methods. Twenty-three patients (Hoehn & Yahr Staging Scale) with a mean age of 73±8.4 years and 2.17±0.7 severity of involvement participated in a two weekly, one hour session program. The program was based on the performance of calisthenics and recreational exercises. The program included two sessions per week of one hour each, over a seven week period. The balance test included in the «Short Physical Performance Battery» (composed of the «Side by Side» test; «Semitandem Stand» and «Tandem Stand») was performed to assess the effects of the intervention on the participant's balance capacity. Results. All the participants finished the study, participating in a total of 14 sessions. Considering the difference between the initial and final score obtained in the total score of the tests performed (from 2.9 to 3.1 points), no significant differences were observed. When total time reached in each test was compared separately, it could be seen that the participants increased their balance level in each one of them. However, the differences were only significant for the «Tandem Stand» test (P=.011). Conclusion. A short calisthenics-recreational exercise training program is well-tolerated by patients with Parkinson's Disease. However, its effects on their balance capacity do not seem to be very great (AU)

La velocidad de contracción rápida en ejercicio de fuerza produce mayor volumen de carga total levantada y pérdida de la fuerza muscular en hombres entrenados / Fast contraction velocity in resistance exercise induces greater total volume load lifted and muscle strength loss in resistance-trained men

Objetivo. Comparar la influencia de las velocidades de contracción lenta y rápida en el volumen total de carga levantada en una sesión de entrenamiento de resistencia con ejercicios de pesos libres para miembros superiores, y analizar el tiempo de recuperación de la fuerza máxima del músculo después del ejercicio en la resistencia de hombres entrenados. Métodos. Dieciséis hombres jóvenes que tenían experiencia en el entrenamiento de la resistencia fueron divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos: la velocidad de contracción rápida (FCV - n = 8) y la velocidad de contracción lenta (SCV - n = 8). Ambos grupos realizaron el ejercicio de press de banca y press banca inclinado (pesos libres) con 4 series de 12 repeticiones máximo; y un intervalo de 50 segundos de descanso entre cada serie y 2 minutos entre los ejercicios. La velocidad de contracción fue de 6 segundos para el grupo SCV y 1,5 segundos para el grupo de FCV. El volumen total de carga fue anotado durante la sesión de ejercicio; y una repetición máxima (1RM) fue evaluada antes (basal) y durante 96 horas después del ejercicio para medir la función neuromuscular. Resultados. Los resultados demostraron que el grupo de FCV proporcionó un mayor (p < 0,05) volumen de carga levantada durante la sesión de ejercicio, y tuvo una disminución significativa (p < 0,05) en el rendimiento neuromuscular después del ejercicio, en comparación con el grupo SCV. Conclusión. Estos datos sugieren que además de la velocidad de contracción, el volumen total de carga elevada determina la disminución de la función neuromuscular después del ejercicio en la resistencia de hombres entrenados(AU)

Objective. To compare the influence of slow and fast contraction velocities in the total volume of load lifted in a resistance training bout with free weights exercises for upper limbs, and analyze the recovery time of the maximum muscle strength post-exercise in resistance-trained men. Methods. Sixteen young men, who were experienced in resistance training were randomly divided into two groups: fast contraction velocity (FCV - n = 8) and slow contraction velocity (SCV - n = 8). Both groups performed bench press and incline bench press exercises (free weights) with 4 sets of 12 repetitions maximum. There was a 50 seconds rest interval between each set, and 2 minutes interval between the exercises. The contraction velocity was 6 seconds for the SCV group and 1.5 seconds for the FCV group. The total volume of load was recorded during the exercise bout, and the one repetition maximum (1RM) was evaluated before (baseline) and for 96 hours after exercise to measure the neuromuscular function. Results. The results demonstrated that the FCV group provide a higher (p < 0.05) volume of load lifted during the exercise bout, and had a significant decline (p < 0.05) in the neuromuscular performance post-exercise, when compared to the SCV group. Conclusion. These data suggest that besides the contraction velocity, the total volume of load lifted determines the decline of neuromuscular function post-exercise in resistance-trained men(AU)

Pilates based core stability training in ambulant individuals with multiple sclerosis: protocol for a multi-centre randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: People with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) frequently experience balance and mobility impairments, including reduced trunk stability. Pilates-based core stability training, which is aimed at improving control of the body's stabilising muscles, is popular as a form of exercise with people with MS and therapists. A replicated single case series study facilitated by the Therapists in MS Group in the United Kingdom (UK) provides preliminary evidence that this approach can improve balance and mobility in ambulant people with MS; further evidence is needed to substantiate these findings to ensure that limited time, energy, finances and resources are used to best effect.This study builds upon the pilot work undertaken in the case series study by implementing a powered randomised controlled study, with the aims of: 1 Establishing the effectiveness of core stability training; 2 Comparing core stability training with standardised physiotherapy exercise; 3 Exploring underlying mechanisms of change associated with this intervention METHODS: This is a multi-centre, double blind, block randomised, controlled trial. Eligible participants will be recruited from 4 UK centres. Participants will be randomly allocated to one of three groups: Pilates based core stability training, standardised physiotherapy exercise or contract-relax relaxation sessions (placebo control). All will receive face to face training sessions over a 12 week period; together with a 15 minute daily home programme. All will be assessed by a blinded assessor before training, at the end of the 12 week programme and at 4 week follow-up. The primary outcome measure is the 10 metre timed walk. Secondary outcome measures are the MS walking Scale (MSWS-12), the Functional Reach (forwards and lateral), a 10 point Numerical Rating Scale to determine "Difficulty in carrying a drink when walking", and the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale. In addition, ultrasound imaging of the abdominal muscles will be performed before and after intervention to assess changes in abdominal musculature at one of the four centres (Plymouth). DISCUSSION: This pragmatic trial will assess the effect of these exercise programmes on ambulatory people with MS. It may not be possible to extrapolate the conclusions to those who are non-ambulatory. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01414725.

Calidad de la información sobre ejercicios en las páginas de Internet dirigida a sobrevivientes de cáncer de seno / Quality of the information on exercise found on websites aimed at breast cancer survivors

Objetivo. Describir la calidad de la información acerca de ejercicios en Internet dirigida a sobrevivientes de cáncer de seno. Método. El diseño del estudio es exploratorio descriptivo. Se evaluó la calidad de la información acerca de ejercicios en un total de 40 páginas de Internet: se utilizaron 3 instrumentos para evaluar la calidad de la información: Discern, InEje (calidad de la información de ejercicios) y FRES/Huertas. Resultados. Los porcentajes de los promedios obtenidos con respecto a la puntuación máxima posible para cada instrumento fueron: Discern 62,67%, InEje 15,23%, y FRES/Huertas 56,51%. Conclusión. La evidencia sugiere que es necesario mejorar la calidad de la información sobre ejercicios de las páginas de Internet en inglés y español para sobrevivientes de cáncer de seno (AU)

Goal: To analyze the changes produced by therapeutic massage on systemic autonomic activity by analyzing the modification of cardiac autonomic activity. Material and methods: A comparative study was performed on 15 women on the variability of heart rate variability (HRV) (RR interval) obtained by photoplethysmography for 2 20-minute sessions: control and massage. HRV was measured at 4 different times for periods of 5 minutes each. The massage session consisted of effleurage massage and wide-ranging sliding pressure. In addition, the participants had to fill out the well-being visual analogue scale (Well Being VAS) questionnaire immediately after the control and massage session. Results: The paired Student’s t-test was used to compare the results obtained. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to quantify the relationship existing between the different times in each one of the parameters. A statistically significant increase was observed in HRV (total power) as well as an increase in parasympathetic activity in the massage session during the last 5 minutes (relative to baseline) compared to control session. However, this response tends to decrease 5 minutes after its interruption/timeout. Finally, the Well Being VAS score shows a significant increase after the massage. However, its gain is not correlated to the changes in the physiological variables. Conclusions: The massage applied on healthy subjects affects the autonomic nervous system (AU)

Efectos de la técnica de Mulligan en un paciente quemado. A propósito de un caso / Effects of Mulligan's technique on a burn patient. A case report

Las quemaduras son lesiones tisulares que causan severas alteraciones metabólicas, originando importantes secuelas físicas y psicológicas. La técnica de Mulligan ha demostrado su efecto inmediato en la reducción del dolor y la mejoría de la funcionalidad mediante la aplicación de un deslizamiento accesorio en la articulación mientras el paciente realiza el movimiento libre de dolor. Se describe el caso de un paciente al que, tras sufrir una quemadura doméstica, se realiza escisión tangencial de las quemaduras, con autoinjerto en dorso de manos y dedos. Presenta dolor intenso a la flexión en metacarpofalángicas e interfalángicas de ambas manos, con limitación de la movilidad y déficit funcional. Aplicamos la técnica de Mulligan en las articulaciones afectadas utilizando movimientos accesorios variables. Tras 10 sesiones realiza la flexión completa con mínimo dolor (AU)

Burns are tissue lesions that provoke severe metabolic alterations, causing substantial physical and psychological sequels. The Mulligan technique has demonstrated its immediate effect in reducing pain and improving functionality by implementing an accessory glide in the joint while the patient performs the movement without pain. Herein, we describe the case of a patient who, after suffering a domestic burn, was subjected to tangential excision of burns and auto-graft on the back of both hands and fingers. The patient had severe pain in the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal flexion of both hands, with limitation of mobility and functional deficit. The Mulligan technique was performed in the affected joints using variable accessory movements. After 10 sessions, the patient performed full flexion with minimal pain (AU)

Repercusión del ejercicio físico sobre la salud / Repercussion of the physical exercise on the health

En este trabajo se analizan las relaciones-generalmente beneficiosas-que la práctica del ejercicio físico mantiene con la salus global de una persona. Estos beneficios se producirán siempre que el ejercicio físico se convierta en un hábito regular. Se describen algunos de esos beneficios y se evalúa en que forma-a menudo indirecta-el ejercicio físico influye sobre el funcionamiento psicológico de los indivduos. se repasan los motivos que llevan a las personas a iniciarse, mantenerse y/o abandonar la práctica del ejercicio físico. Asimismo, se revisan algunos de los trastornos psicológicos a los que se ha aplicado al ejercicio físico como método de actividad terapéutica y a la manera en que se producen sus efectos. Por último se advierte de los posibles perjuicios que produciría una mala o abusiva práctica del ejercicio físico sobre la salud(AU)

In this work there are analyzed the generally beneficial relations that the practice of the physical exercise supports with the global salus of a person. These benefits will take place providing that the physical exercise turns into a regular habit. There are described some of these benefits and it is evaluated in that it forms often hint the physical exercise influences the psychological functioning of the indivduos. there are revised the motives that lead the persons to beginning, to be kept and / or to leave the practice of the physical exercise. Likewise, there are checked some of the psychological disorders to which it has been applied to the physical exercise as method of therapeutic activity and to the way in which his effects take place. Finally one warns of the possible prejudices that it would produce a bad or improper practice of the physical exercise on the health (AU)