Effect of Dotinurad on Serum Uric Acid Concentration in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Treated with Febuxostat.

BACKGROUND: Febuxostat is recommended for treatment of severe hyperuricemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD). We previously reported a significant positive correlation between fractional excretion of uric acid (FEUA) and estimated excretion of uric acid (eEUA) in patients receiving febuxostat and proposed that the addition of uricosuric agents could further decrease serum uric acid (sUA) levels by enhancing FEUA and eEUA in patients treated with febuxostat. METHODS: This retrospective study included 34 patients with CKD who were categorized into three groups (G3-G5) according to their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The effects on sUA, FEUA, and eEUA of adding dotinurad (0.5 mg/day) to febuxostat (10 mg/day) were evaluated in these patients. Specifically, we examined changes in sUA, FEUA, and eEUA in each group after the addition of dotinurad. RESULTS: Dotinurad significantly increased FEUA in all groups and notably decreased sUA in groups G3 and G4 but not in group G5. There was no significant change in eEUA in any group. Dotinurad maintained the significant positive correlation between FEUA and eEUA in patients receiving febuxostat. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to show the effect of combining dotinurad with febuxostat in lowering sUA levels in G3 and G4 patients. Additional research is required in order to clarify the pharmacological mechanisms of dotinurad in patients with CKD.

Comparative Risk of Gout Flares When Initiating or Escalating Various Urate-Lowering Therapy: A Systematic Review With Network Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: We systematically examined comparative gout flare risk after initiation or escalation of different urate-lowering therapies (ULTs), comparative flare risk with and without concomitant flare prophylaxis, adverse event rates associated with flare prophylaxis, and optimal duration of flare prophylaxis. METHODS: We searched the Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases and clinical trial registries from inception to November 2021 for trials investigating adults with gout initiating or escalating ULT. We performed random effects network meta-analyses and calculated risk ratios (RRs) between treatments. Bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. RESULTS: We identified 3,775 records, of which 29 publications (27 trials) were included. When compared to placebo plus prophylaxis, the RR of flares ranged from 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.87-1.33) for febuxostat 40 mg plus prophylaxis to RR 2.65 [95% CI 1.58-4.45] for febuxostat 80 mg plus lesinurad 400 mg plus prophylaxis. Compared to ULT alone, the RR of flares was lower for ULT plus rilonacept 160 mg (RR 0.35 [95% CI 0.25-0.50]), ULT plus rilonacept 80 mg (RR 0.43 [95% CI 0.31-0.60]) and ULT plus colchicine (RR 0.50 [95% CI 0.35-0.72]). There was limited evidence for other flare prophylaxis and on prophylaxis harms and optimal duration. Primarily because of missing outcome data and bias in the selection of reported results, 71.4% and 63.4% of studies were assessed as high risk of bias for flares and adverse events, respectively. CONCLUSION: The RR of flares when introducing ULT varies depending on ULT drug and dosing strategies. There were limited data on ULT escalation. Flare prophylaxis with colchicine and rilonacept reduces flare incidence. More research is required on the harms and optimal duration of prophylaxis.

Estimation of adherence to urate-lowering therapy in people living with gout using Australia's Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and patient-reported dosing.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to estimate adherence to urate-lowering therapy (ULT), predominately allopurinol, from Australia's Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) claims database in association with (1) patient-reported doses and (2) World Health Organization's (WHO) defined daily doses (DDD), namely, allopurinol (400 mg/day) or febuxostat (80 mg/day). METHODS: Proportion of days covered (PDC) was calculated in 108 Gout App (Gout APP) trial participants with at least two recorded ULT dispensings in an approximately 12-month period before provision of intervention or control apps. Adherence was defined as PDC ≥80%. We measured the correlation between the two methods of calculating PDC using a Wilcoxon signed rank test. Agreement between ULT-taking status (self-reports) and ULT-dispensed status (PBS records) was tested with Cohen's kappa (κ), and positive and negative percent agreement. RESULTS: Allopurinol was prescribed in 93.5% of participants taking ULT. Their self-reported mean daily dose (SD) was 291 (167) mg/day. Mean PDC (SD) for allopurinol was 83% (21%) calculated using self-reported dose, and 63% (24%) using WHO's DDD. Sixty-three percent of allopurinol users were identified as adherent (PDC ≥80%) using self-reported dose. There was good agreement between self-reported ULT use and PBS dispensing claims (κ = 0.708, P < .001; positive percent agreement = 90%, negative percent agreement = 82%). CONCLUSIONS: Participant-reported allopurinol daily doses, in addition to PBS dispensing claims, may enhance confidence in estimating PDC and adherence compared to using DDD. This approach improves adherence estimations from pharmaceutical claims datasets for medications where daily doses vary between individuals or where there is a wide therapeutic dose range.

The Association between High-Dose Allopurinol and Erythropoietin Hyporesponsiveness in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: JOINT-KD Study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to explore the association between urate-lowering agents and reduced response to erythropoietin-stimulating agents in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease G5. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional, multicenter study in Japan between April and June 2013, enrolling patients aged 20 years or older with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of ≤15 mL/min/1.73 m2. Exclusion criteria encompassed patients with a history of hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or organ transplantation. The patients were categorized into four groups based on the use of urate-lowering drugs: high-dose allopurinol (>50 mg/day), low-dose allopurinol (≤50 mg/day), febuxostat, and no-treatment groups. We used a multivariable logistic regression model, adjusted for covariates, to determine the odds ratio (OR) for erythropoietin hyporesponsiveness, defined by an erythropoietin resistance index (ERI) of ≥10, associated with urate-lowering drugs. RESULTS: A total of 542 patients were included in the analysis, with 105, 36, 165, and 236 patients in the high-dose allopurinol, low-dose allopurinol, febuxostat, and no-treatment groups, respectively. The median and quartiles of ERIs were 6.3 (0, 12.2), 3.8 (0, 11.2), 3.4 (0, 9.8), and 4.8 (0, 11.2) in the high-dose allopurinol, low-dose allopurinol, febuxostat, and no-treatment groups, respectively. The multivariate regression model showed a statistically significant association between the high-dose allopurinol group and erythropoietin hyporesponsiveness, compared to the no-treatment group (OR = 1.98, 95% confidence interval: 1.10-3.57). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that the use of high-dose allopurinol exceeding the optimal dose may lead to hyporesponsiveness to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.

Febuxostat ternary inclusion complex using SBE7-ßCD in presence of a water-soluble polymer: physicochemical characterization, in vitro dissolution, and in vivo evaluation.

Febuxostat (FBX), a potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor, is widely used as a blood uric acid-reducing agent and has recently shown a promising repurposing outcome as an anti-cancer. FBX is known for its poor water solubility, which is the main cause of its weak oral bioavailability. In a previous study, we developed a binary system complex between FBX and sulfobutylether-ß-cyclodextrin (SBE7-ßCD) with improved dissolution behavior. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of incorporating a water-soluble polymer with a binary system forming a ternary one, on further enhancement of FBX solubility and dissolution rate. In vivo oral bioavailability was also studied using LC-MS/MS chromatography. The polymer screening study revealed a marked increment in the solubility of FBX with SBE7-ßCD in the presence of 5% w/v polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000). In vitro release profile showed a significant increase in the dissolution rate of FBX from FBX ternary complex (FTC). Oral in vivo bioavailability of prepared FTC showed more than threefold enhancement in Cmax value (17.05 ± 2.6 µg/mL) compared to pure FBX Cmax value (5.013 ± 0.417 µg/mL) with 257% rise in bioavailability. In conclusion, the association of water-soluble polymers with FBX and SBE7-ßCD system could significantly improve therapeutic applications of the drug.

Cardiovascular Safety of Febuxostat in Patients With Gout or Hyperuricemia: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

INTRODUCTION: To this date, a causal relationship between febuxostat and cardiovascular disease remains controversial as comparison between trials can be challenging and may lead to misleading conclusions, especially when facing heterogeneous cardiovascular outcomes. We aimed to compare the cardiovascular outcomes in the most pertinent trials of febuxostat compared with controls. METHODS: We searched electronic databases using a PICOS-style approach search strategy of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on cardiovascular outcomes of febuxostat in patients with gout or hyperuricemia. We conducted a quality and risk of bias assessment of the included clinical trials. The definition of major adverse cardiovascular event as well as all reported cardiovascular outcomes were retrieved from every involved trial. RESULTS: Of the 1173 records identified from all sources, 20 RCTs were included in the analysis. The mean duration of follow-up was 69.7 ± 81.5 weeks, and febuxostat dose ranged from 10 to 240 mg with 80 mg being the most commonly used dosage. Overall, the quality of evidence deriving from all RCTs showed concerns in most studies (65%). Major adverse cardiovascular event was defined in 7 of the 20 RCTs (35%), and cardiovascular outcome reporting was very heterogeneous. Overall, the data of cardiovascular safety of febuxostat were reassuring. CONCLUSIONS: Our systematic review showed high level of concerns in quality assessment domains as well heterogeneous cardiovascular outcomes across included studies. Cardiovascular outcomes in the majority of White males with gout treated with febuxostat were reassuring when compared with allopurinol. Further studies are needed to draw conclusions in patients with severe cardiovascular disease.

Formulation, characterization, optimization, and in-vivo performance of febuxostat self-nano-emulsifying system loaded sublingual films.

Febuxostat (FXS) is a potent antigout drug with poor water solubility and relative high first-pass effect leading to moderate oral bioavailability (<49%). This study aimed to increase FXS solubility and bioavailability by optimizing sublingual fast-dissolving films (SFs) containing a selected FXS self-nano-emulsifying system (s-SNES) previously prepared by our team. The s-SNES was loaded into SFs by solvent casting technique. A full factorial design (32) was applied to study the effects of polymer and plasticizer types on mechanical characteristics and the dissolution profile of FXS from the SFs. Numerical optimization was performed to select the SF having highest desirability according to predetermined characteristics. The optimized SF (O-SF) contained 1 g of s-SNES, polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (6%w/v), polyethylene glycol 300 (20%w/w of polymer wt.), and Avicel PH101 (0.5%w/v). O-SF showed good permeation of FXS through sheep sublingual tissue. Storage of O-SF for three months showed no significant change in the FXS dissolution profile. In-vivo performance of O-SF in rabbits was compared to that of oral marketed tablets (Staturic® 80 mg). A cross-over design was applied and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated after ensuring absence of sequence effect. Statistical analysis revealed better performance for O-SF with significantly higher Cmax, AUC0-24, AUC0-∞, apparent t1/2 together with lower tmax, and apparent kel than marketed tablets. Relative bioavailability of O-SF compared to the marketed tablet was found to be 240.6%. This confirms the achievement of the study aims of improving dissolution rate and bioavailability of FXS using a patient-wise convenient formula.

Nephroprotective effects of febuxostat and/or mirtazapine against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity through modulation of ERK 1/2, NF-κB and MCP1.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to evaluate the potential nephroprotective effects of febuxostat, mirtazapine, and their combination against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. METHODS: Induction of nephrotoxicity was achieved via gentamicin injection (100 mg/kg, I.P., for 7 days). Two different doses of mirtazapine (15-30 mg/kg), febuxostat (5-10 mg/kg), and their combination were administered daily for 14 days prior to gentamicin injection and then concomitantly with gentamicin for additional 7 days. Nephrotoxicity was evaluated histopathologically and biochemically. Renal caspase-3, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), nuclear factor-kappa-ß (NF-κß), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1) were assayed. RESULTS: Febuxostat and mirtazapine significantly (p < 0.05) alleviated biochemical and histopathological alterations that were induced by gentamicin and, for the first time, significantly decreased the renal levels of ERK1/2 and MCP-1. Conclusion: Febuxostat and mirtazapine were found to have a synergistic impact in reducing gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. EXPERT OPINION: The utility of nonpurine xanthine oxidase inhibitor, such as febuxostat and mirtazapine are offering a new potential opportunity for the future nephroprotective effects therapy: Febuxostat and mirtazapine are found to have a synergistic impact in reducing gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Comparative efficacy of low-dose versus regular-dose colchicine to prevent flares in gout patients initiated on urate-lowering therapies.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the prophylactic effect of regular-dose (RD, 1.2 mg/day) vs low-dose (LD, 0.6 mg/day) colchicine on gout flare when initiating urate-lowering therapy. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we included gout patients who were initiated on either allopurinol or febuxostat, in combination with colchicine therapy and followed them up for 3 months. We analysed the rates of gout flare and adverse events according to the dose of colchicine. We performed the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) and weighted logistic regression analysis to assess the treatment effect. Analysis of gout flares and adverse events was performed on an intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) basis. RESULTS: Of the total of 419 patients with gout, 177 patients (42.2%) received LD colchicine, whereas 242 patients (57.8%) received RD colchicine. Lower BMI and estimated glomerular filtration rate, and higher incidence of cardiovascular disease were seen in the LD group than in the RD group. In IPTW-adjusted analysis, events of gout flare were not significantly different between the LD and RD groups [ITT: 14.3% vs 11.3%; odds ratio (OR): 1.309, 95% CI: 0.668, 2.566, P = 0.432; PP: 15.3% vs 10.0%; OR: 1.623, 95% CI: 0.765, 3.443, P = 0.207]. However, LD colchicine was associated with a lower rate of adverse events than RD colchicine [ITT: 8.2% vs 17.9%; OR: 0.410, 95% CI: 0.217, 0.777; P < 0.05; PP: 8.4% vs 17.2%; OR: 0.442, 95% CI: 0.223, 0.878; P < 0.05]. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that LD colchicine can adequately prevent gout flare with fewer adverse events compared with RD colchicine.

Combining Model-Based Clinical Trial Simulation, Pharmacoeconomics, and Value of Information to Optimize Trial Design.

The Bayesian decision-analytic approach to trial design uses prior distributions for treatment effects, updated with likelihoods for proposed trial data. Prior distributions for treatment effects based on previous trial results risks sample selection bias and difficulties when a proposed trial differs in terms of patient characteristics, medication adherence, or treatment doses and regimens. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the utility of using pharmacometric-based clinical trial simulation (CTS) to generate prior distributions for use in Bayesian decision-theoretic trial design. The methods consisted of four principal stages: a CTS to predict the distribution of treatment response for a range of trial designs; Bayesian updating for a proposed sample size; a pharmacoeconomic model to represent the perspective of a reimbursement authority in which price is contingent on trial outcome; and a model of the pharmaceutical company return on investment linking drug prices to sales revenue. We used a case study of febuxostat versus allopurinol for the treatment of hyperuricemia in patients with gout. Trial design scenarios studied included alternative treatment doses, inclusion criteria, input uncertainty, and sample size. Optimal trial sample sizes varied depending on the uncertainty of model inputs, trial inclusion criteria, and treatment doses. This interdisciplinary framework for trial design and sample size calculation may have value in supporting decisions during later phases of drug development and in identifying costly sources of uncertainty, and thus inform future research and development strategies.

Dapagliflozin Added to Verinurad Plus Febuxostat Further Reduces Serum Uric Acid in Hyperuricemia: The QUARTZ Study.

CONTEXT: Combining a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor (XOI) and a urate transporter 1 (URAT1) inhibitor may enhance serum uric acid (sUA) lowering. However, concerns exist regarding high urinary UA (uUA) excretion rates and subsequent crystallization in renal tubules. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether dapagliflozin added to verinurad, a selective URAT1 inhibitor, and febuxostat, an XOI, increases uUA excretion. DESIGN: Randomized, placebo-controlled, 2-way crossover study (NCT03316131). PATIENTS: Adults with asymptomatic hyperuricemia. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects (N = 36) were randomized to oral once-daily 9 mg verinurad plus 80 mg febuxostat plus 10 mg dapagliflozin for 7 days and 7 days of oral once-daily 9 mg verinurad plus 80 mg febuxostat plus placebo with an intervening 7- to 21-day washout period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Difference in peak uUA excretion between groups from baseline to day 7. Secondary outcomes included changes in sUA levels and 24-h uUA excretion. RESULTS: Both regimens lowered mean peak uUA excretion (least squares mean changes from baseline: -12.9 mg/h [95% confidence interval (CI): -21.0 to -4.7], dapagliflozin; -13.2 mg/h [95% CI -21.3 to -5.0], placebo). sUA concentrations were lower with dapagliflozin (mean treatment difference -62.3 µmol/L [95% CI -82.8 to -41.8]). Dapagliflozin did not impact verinurad pharmacokinetics, its main metabolites, or febuxostat or fasting plasma glucose levels vs verinurad plus febuxostat. There were no clinically relevant changes in safety parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Dapagliflozin further reduced sUA without influencing uUA excretion, suggesting that its combination with verinurad and febuxostat at the doses tested does not adversely affect kidney function. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03316131.

Effect of Intensive Urate Lowering With Combined Verinurad and Febuxostat on Albuminuria in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Trial.

RATIONALE & OBJECTIVE: Hyperuricemia has been implicated in the development and progression of chronic kidney disease. Verinurad is a novel, potent, specific urate reabsorption inhibitor. We evaluated the effects on albuminuria of intensive urate-lowering therapy with verinurad combined with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat in patients with hyperuricemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). STUDY DESIGN: Phase 2, multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS: Patients 18 years or older with hyperuricemia, albuminuria, and T2DM. INTERVENTION: Patients randomly assigned 1:1 to verinurad (9mg) plus febuxostat (80mg) or matched placebo once daily for 24 weeks. OUTCOMES: The primary end point was change in urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) from baseline after 12 weeks' treatment. Secondary end points included safety and tolerability and effect on glomerular filtration. RESULTS: 60 patients were enrolled (n=32, verinurad and febuxostat; n=28, placebo). UACRs after treatment with verinurad plus febuxostat were lower than after placebo at 1, 12, and 24 weeks: -38.6% (90% CI, -60.9% to-3.6%), -39.4% (90% CI, -61.8% to-3.8%), and-49.3% (90% CI, -68.2% to-19.0%), respectively. Serum urate levels after treatment with verinurad plus febuxostat were 59.6% and 63.7% lower than after placebo at 12 and 24 weeks, respectively. No clinically meaningful changes were observed in estimated glomerular filtration rate or serum creatinine or serum cystatin C concentrations. Verinurad plus febuxostat was well tolerated. LIMITATIONS: Sample size and study duration were insufficient to evaluate definitive effects of verinurad plus febuxostat on UACR and glomerular filtration. Generalizability was limited by exclusion of patients with stages 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease. CONCLUSIONS: Verinurad plus febuxostat reduced albuminuria and lowered serum urate concentrations in patients with T2DM, albuminuria, and hyperuricemia. Definitive assessment of their combined impact on preservation of kidney function awaits larger clinical studies. FUNDING: This study was supported by AstraZeneca. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with study number NCT03118739.

Long-term cardiovascular safety of febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with gout (FAST): a multicentre, prospective, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial.

BACKGROUND: Febuxostat and allopurinol are urate-lowering therapies used to treat patients with gout. Following concerns about the cardiovascular safety of febuxostat, the European Medicines Agency recommended a post-licensing study assessing the cardiovascular safety of febuxostat compared with allopurinol. METHODS: We did a prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint, non-inferiority trial of febuxostat versus allopurinol in patients with gout in the UK, Denmark, and Sweden. Eligible patients were 60 years or older, already receiving allopurinol, and had at least one additional cardiovascular risk factor. Those who had myocardial infarction or stroke in the previous 6 months or who had severe congestive heart failure or severe renal impairment were excluded. After a lead-in phase in which allopurinol dose was optimised towards achieving a serum urate concentration of less than 0·357 mmol/L (<6 mg/dL), patients were randomly assigned (1:1, with stratification according to previous cardiovascular events) to continue allopurinol (at the optimised dose) or start febuxostat at 80 mg/day, increasing to 120 mg/day if necessary to achieve the target serum urate concentration. The primary outcome was a composite of hospitalisation for non-fatal myocardial infarction or biomarker-positive acute coronary syndrome; non-fatal stroke; or cardiovascular death. The hazard ratio (HR) for febuxostat versus allopurinol in a Cox proportional hazards model (adjusted for the stratification variable and country) was assessed for non-inferiority (HR limit 1·3) in an on-treatment analysis. This study is registered with the EU Clinical Trials Register (EudraCT 2011-001883-23) and ISRCTN (ISRCTN72443728) and is now closed. FINDINGS: From Dec 20, 2011, to Jan 26, 2018, 6128 patients (mean age 71·0 years [SD 6·4], 5225 [85·3%] men, 903 [14·7%] women, 2046 [33·4%] with previous cardiovascular disease) were enrolled and randomly allocated to receive allopurinol (n=3065) or febuxostat (n=3063). By the study end date (Dec 31, 2019), 189 (6·2%) patients in the febuxostat group and 169 (5·5%) in the allopurinol group withdrew from all follow-up. Median follow-up time was 1467 days (IQR 1029-2052) and median on-treatment follow-up was 1324 days (IQR 870-1919). For incidence of the primary endpoint, on-treatment, febuxostat (172 patients [1·72 events per 100 patient-years]) was non-inferior to allopurinol (241 patients [2·05 events per 100 patient-years]; adjusted HR 0·85 [95% CI 0·70-1·03], p<0·0001). In the febuxostat group, 222 (7·2%) of 3063 patients died and 1720 (57·3%) of 3001 in the safety analysis set had at least one serious adverse event (with 23 events in 19 [0·6%] patients related to treatment). In the allopurinol group, 263 (8·6%) of 3065 patients died and 1812 (59·4%) of 3050 had one or more serious adverse events (with five events in five [0·2%] patients related to treatment). Randomised therapy was discontinued in 973 (32·4%) patients in the febuxostat group and 503 (16·5%) patients in the allopurinol group. INTERPRETATION: Febuxostat is non-inferior to allopurinol therapy with respect to the primary cardiovascular endpoint, and its long-term use is not associated with an increased risk of death or serious adverse events compared with allopurinol. FUNDING: Menarini, Ipsen, and Teijin Pharma Ltd.

Improved Parkinsons disease motor score in a single-arm open-label trial of febuxostat and inosine.

BACKGROUND: Cellular energetics play an important role in Parkinsons disease etiology, but no treatments directly address this deficiency. Our past research showed that treatment with febuxostat and inosine increased blood hypoxanthine and ATP in healthy adults, and a preliminary trial in 3 Parkinson's disease patients suggested some symptomatic improvements with no adverse effects. METHODS: To examine the efficacy on symptoms and safety in a larger group of Parkinsons disease patients, we conducted a single-arm, open-label trial at 5 Japanese neurology clinics and enrolled thirty patients (nmales = 11; nfemales = 19); 26 patients completed the study (nmales = 10; nfemales = 16). Each patient was administered febuxostat 20 mg and inosine 500 mg twice-per-day (after breakfast and dinner) for 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was the difference of MDS-UPDRS Part III score immediately before and after 57 days of treatment. RESULTS: Serum hypoxanthine concentrations were raised significantly after treatment (Pre = 11.4 µM; Post = 38.1 µM; P < .0001). MDS-UPDRS Part III score was significantly lower after treatment (Pre = 28.1 ±â€Š9.3; Post = 24.7 ±â€Š10.8; mean ±â€ŠSD; P = .0146). Sixteen adverse events occurred in 13/29 (44.8%) patients, including 1 serious adverse event (fracture of the second lumbar vertebra) that was considered not related to the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that co-administration of febuxostat and inosine is relatively safe and effective for improving symptoms of Parkinsons disease patients. Further controlled trials need to be performed to confirm the symptomatic improvement and to examine the disease-modifying effect in long-term trials.

Febuxostat mitigates concanavalin A-induced acute liver injury via modulation of MCP-1, IL-1ß, TNF-α, neutrophil infiltration, and apoptosis in mice.

AIM: Liver plays a crucial role in innate immunity reactions. This role predisposes the liver to innate-mediated liver injury when uncontrolled inflammation occurs. In this study, the effect of febuxostat administration on acute liver injury induced by concanavalin A (Con A) injection into mouse eye orbital sinus was studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two doses of febuxostat (10 and 20 mg/kg, orally) were administered either 1 h before or 30 min after the administration of Con A. Febuxostat at a low dose (10 mg/kg) before and after Con A modulated the elevation of serum ALT, liver uric acid, liver myeloperoxidase (MPO), and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) induced by Con A. The same dose of febuxostat before Con A also decreased serum total bilirubin and neutrophil infiltration, as evidenced by flow cytometry and histopathological analysis. KEY FINDINGS: Febuxostat at a high dose (20 mg/kg) significantly improved serum ALT, AST, albumin, total bilirubin, liver uric acid, MPO, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-1ß, and neutrophil infiltration induced by Con A administration. The results of histopathological examination of liver cells paralleled the observed biochemical improvements. Hepatocyte apoptosis as evidenced by immunohistochemical examination of cleaved caspase-3 was markedly decreased in the febuxostat protection and treatment groups, in a dose-dependent manner SIGNIFICANCE: These results indicate that febuxostat, especially at the higher dose, may be an effective inhibitor of immune reactions evoked by Con A administration.

A formula predicting the effective dose of febuxostat in chronic kidney disease patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia based on a retrospective study and a validation cohort
.

AIM: Febuxostat is initiated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients to lower uric acid but without any renal dosing scheme. This study aimed to determine a formula that predicts the effective dose of febuxostat in patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min and asymptomatic hyperuricemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of 100 CKD patients treated with febuxostat for asymptomatic hyperuricemia in two private Lebanese clinics. Patients with gout were excluded. Collected variables were age, sex, weight, serum creatinine, serum uric acid (sUA) before and after febuxostat, dose of febuxostat used, and diuretic use. Multiple regression analysis was used to derive a formula predicting the dose of febuxostat based on eGFR (2009 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation), baseline sUA, and sUA reduction ratio. A prospective cohort of 24 patients was then used to validate the derived model. RESULTS: 100 patients were included with a median age of 71.5 years (interquartile range (IQR), 64.2 - 79.0); 69% were men. Median baseline sUA was 9.1 mg/dL (IQR, 8.4 - 10.1). Mean eGFR was 31.80 ± 12.96 mL/min/1.73m2. Of the included patients, 18% had CKD stage 3a, 36% had CKD stage 3b, 38% had CKD stage 4, and 8% had non-dialysis CKD stage 5. A formula was computed to predict febuxostat dosing. Variables that were predictive of febuxostat dose and used in the final equation were eGFR, diuretic use, baseline sUA, and sUA reduction ratio. The validation cohort showed no significant difference between the expected sUA and the measured one (p = 0.16). CONCLUSION: With this new formula, physicians can initiate febuxostat in CKD patients at an effective dose for any desired sUA reduction ratio.

Bartter syndrome representing digenic-based salt-losing tubulopathies presumably accelerated by renal insufficiency.

Bartter syndrome and Gitelman syndrome (GS) are autosomal recessive disorders usually caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in causative genes. In some patients, these two syndromes cannot be discriminated based on clinical features or mutation type; thus, a single disease concept, salt-losing tubulopathies (SLTs), has been used instead. Despite the existence of several SLT causative genes, cases of digenic heterozygous mutations in two different genes are extremely rare. Here, we report the case of a 36-year-old woman with renal insufficiency and hypokalemia caused by an SLT. To evaluate the SLT phenotype, we performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) with a gene panel including SLC12A3, SLC12A1, CLCNKB, and CLCNKA as well as laboratory examinations and diuretic loading tests. The results of the diuretic loading tests were consistent with a GS phenotype, while the NGS results showed that the patient had heterozygous mutations in SLC12A1 and CLCNKB. Both genes have been associated with BS, suggesting that the SLT was caused by digenic heterozygous mutations in two different genes. To date, only a few SLT cases caused by digenic heterozygous mutations in two different genes have been reported. The digenic SLT phenotype in the patient was presumably accelerated by moderate renal insufficiency.

Association between long-term prescription of febuxostat and the progression of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in patients with hypertension and asymptomatic hyperuricemia.

Both hypertension and hyperuricemia are closely associated with the morbidity and mortality of heart failure. This study was designed to evaluate the influences of long-term xanthine oxidase inhibitor (febuxostat) prescription on left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), left ventricular (LV) diastolic function, and new-onset heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in these patients. Using a propensity score matching of 1:2 ratio, this retrospective claims database study compared febuxosatat prescription (n = 96) and non-urate-lowering therapy (n = 192) in patients with hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and asymptomatic hyperuricemia. With a follow-up of 36 months, febuxostat significantly decreased the level of serum uric acid as well as generated more prominent improvement in LVH and LV diastolic function. Besides, the new-onset symptomatic HFpEF occurred in 2 of 96 patients in febuxostat group and 13 of 192 patients in non-urate-lowering group (P = 0.091). No increased risk for major adverse cardiovascular events in patients prescribed with febuxostat was noted. In conclusion, long-term febuxostat exposure was associated with protective effects in terms of LVH or LV diastolic dysfunction in patients with hypertensive LVH and asymptomatic hyperuricemia. Febuxostat also displayed a trend for reduced risk of new-onset HFpEF in this population.

Febuxostat, But Not Allopurinol, Markedly Raises the Plasma Concentrations of the Breast Cancer Resistance Protein Substrate Rosuvastatin.

Xanthine oxidase inhibitors febuxostat and allopurinol are commonly used in the treatment of gout. Febuxostat inhibits the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) in vitro. Rosuvastatin is a BCRP substrate and genetic variability in BCRP markedly affects rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics. In this study, we investigated possible effects of febuxostat and allopurinol on rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics. In a randomized crossover study with 3 phases, 10 healthy volunteers ingested once daily placebo for 7 days, 300 mg allopurinol for 7 days, or placebo for 3 days, followed by 120 mg febuxostat for 4 days, and a single 10 mg dose of rosuvastatin on day 6. Febuxostat increased the peak plasma concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve of rosuvastatin 2.1-fold (90% confidence interval 1.8-2.6; P = 5 × 10-5 ) and 1.9-fold (1.5-2.5; P = 0.001), but had no effect on rosuvastatin half-life or renal clearance. Allopurinol, on the other hand, did not affect rosuvastatin pharmacokinetics. In vitro, febuxostat inhibited the ATP-dependent uptake of rosuvastatin into BCRP-overexpressing membrane vesicles with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.35 µM, whereas allopurinol showed no inhibition with concentrations up to 200 µM. Taken together, the results suggest that febuxostat increases rosuvastatin exposure by inhibiting its BCRP-mediated efflux in the small intestine. Febuxostat may, therefore, serve as a useful index inhibitor of BCRP in drug-drug interaction studies in humans. Moreover, concomitant use of febuxostat may increase the exposure to BCRP substrate drugs and, thus, the risk of dose-dependent adverse effects.